To increase the selection efficiency for new cultivars in cut roses during breeding programs, phenotypes of seedlings in two cross combinations, C1 (Rosa hybrida ‘Yellow King’ x ‘Aladin’) and C2 (R. hybrida ‘Evelien’ x ‘Sunny Isle’), were investigated. Although most seedlings showed classic-type flower shapes, some (0.4% - 0.7%) had tomato-shaped flowers, especially at the young plant stage (6 months old). The variation in petal color was high, and pink and pink-mixed flowers were dominant, accounting for 72% in C1 and 76% in C2 at the mature plant stage (13-month-old plants). However, the seedlings had changes in the expression of petal color at different growth stages. The number of petals at the young plant stage had a strong positive correlation with those at the mature plant stage in C1 (r = 0.84***) and C2 (r = 0.73***). Sizes of flowers and petals increased with the growth of the seedlings, and their traits at the young plant stage had positive correlations with those at the mature plant stage in both C1 (r = 0.32***) and C2 (r = 0.39***). Prickle expression on stems was mostly in level 5 at the young plant stage and then dispersed to various classes at the mature plant stage, which increased the variation and coefficient of variation. To select seedlings for new cultivars through breeding processes, breeders should consider the growth stage for targeted traits.

This study evaluated the effect of steel slag and steel wool fibers (SWF) on self-healing performance of asphalt mixture. The microstructure and distribution of SWF in mixture were examined by a computerized tomography scan and image analysis program. Thermal conductivity was investigated using the thermal constant analyser. The heating rate and healing performance were measured by induction heating system. The results showed the uneven distribution and the agglomeration in the mixtures when the content of fibers exceed a certain dosage. It was found that the mix with steel slag had higher heating rate than the mix with normal aggregate; however, its healing performance was slightly lower because of the breaking of weak steel slag. Finally, the mechanical test results indicated that SWF can enhance the resistance and prolong the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures.

The citrus leaf miner (CLM) is an important citrus pest. A thorough understanding of the biology and population dynamics of CLM are essential for development of reliable pest population prediction system. We investigated the developmental periods of the species under ten constant temperature schemes (12.5℃~39℃). Furthermore, we established a development model of CLM, based on the result of a laboratory experiment. The immature developmental duration of CLM at constant temperatures were 63.5 days at 15℃, 23.9 days at 21℃, 15.6 days at 27℃, and 12.3 days at 33℃, showing statistically significant difference among temperature regimes. The lower threshold temperature and thermal constant were 11.3℃ and 243.7 DD, respectively, for immature development. In relation to temperature, non-linear development models were established for each developmental stage of CLM.

The citrus leaf miner (CLM) is a of important citrus pests in Jeju island, but it’s not clear about ecology of over-wintering in Jeju. We investigated the developmental stage to know how the CLM overwinters in 20 sites. And we investigated the mortality of larvae, pupae and adult stage of CLM in open citrus cultivated field December, 2017 to April 2018 and growth chamber conditions(from –10 to 5 ℃). As a result, no larvae and adult survived open field during winter. We concluded that the CLM usually overwinters as pupa during winter.

‘Well-being’ is an important trend and issue that requires consumers to be satisfied with various functional fabrics; subsequently, functional fabrics that are highly sensible, functional, and environmentally friendly have a competitive edge (O’Mahony & Braddock, 2002; Hui, Lau & Ng, 2004). Recent interest in environmental protection due to global warming has led to various energy reduction campaigns. Fabric research has focused on developing cool summer fabrics and warm winter fabrics. The selection of a correct textile material is important to form a pleasant clothing climate. New fabric development requires new measurement methods. Warm/cool touch is a major factor that influences thermal clothing comfort. Current measurements of warm/cool touch is mainly assessed by Q-max using Thermo-LaboⅡ. The potential of using an infrared thermography camera (widely used because of its relatively cheap price) on warm/cool touch research has increased because it can visually show changes in clothing surface temperature. Skin temperature is a factor that influences heat exchange between the body and environment. It also indicates the effectiveness of the heat transfer process. It is an important standard to evaluate thermal comfort in thermal physiology. The techniques to measure skin temperature have been investigated to find more accurate data (Min, Chung, Sung, Jeon, & Kim, 2001). A thermometer is generally used to measure body temperature; however, there are some difficulties to accurately measure skin temperature using a thermometer. First, skin temperature was determined by only a few points on the body. Second, heat occurs during exercising due to fabric and thermometer friction that creates difficulties for the accurate measurement of skin temperature. A previous study by Choi & Lee (2008) indicated that it would be possible to evaluate the thermal properties of clothing using infrared thermal images. This study used a garment with different triacetate and PET high absorbance quick dry filament blending ratios and chose three healthy female subjects in their twenties to evaluate wear comfort sensations. They walked at 3.3 km/h for 20 minutes under conditions of 29±2℃ and 75±5% R.H. Subjective assessments of wear coolness, microclimate, and the thermogram image under the clothing were measured before and after exercising. We compared the results of the microclimate and subjective assessments with the results of the thermogram analyses. Clothing, high blended with triacetate, had a small average temperature difference as indicated by infrared thermal image. This result corresponded to subjective thermal sensation, microclimate humidity, and subjective wear comfort.

Clothing comfort indicates the comfortableness of the in varying environmental situations while wearing specific clothing. Various factors affect clothing comfort such as skin moisture perception and heat transmission characteristics via clothing; however, cool and warm touch are the most important factors (Kwon, Yi, & Sung,1999; Hong & Kim, 2007; Manshahia & Das, 2014). The thermal comfort of clothing is perceived through sensory receptors on the skin surface and is highly related to a cool and warm touch. An infrared thermography camera detects infrared-ray-form energy, a type of electromagnetic wave radiated from the subject's surface that assesses the intensity of radiant heat. The changing intensity then presents a real-time infrared thermal distribution using various colors. The advantages of an infrared thermography camera are the ability to use a non-contacting method to measure temperature distribution and analyze temperatures. Therefore, an infrared thermography camera is widely used in material characteristic assessment, boiler heat distribution analysis, process control, and building insulation assessments that indicate system deficiencies. This technique has also recently been used in human-body-related temperature measurements with potential for application to medical fields that include breast cancer examinations, joint muscle disorders, and body reactions under specific conditions. The most significant advantage of infrared thermography cameras to evaluate heat conductivity according to wearing conditions are its inexpensive price, ease-of-use and visual representation of surface heat dispersion on clothing that maintains body temperature and helps dissipate sweat(B. Lee, Hong, & Y. Lee, 2010; Lee, K. Hong, & S. A. Hong, 2007). This technique is also used in a quantitative analysis of thermal sensation when wearing clothes (Choi & Lee, 2008). This study helps develop a method to evaluate the warm feeling of fabrics using an infrared thermal image of a small test specimen. An infrared thermal image helped develop5 types of fabrics for heat storage fabric; consequently, the average temperature difference of the human palm when the fabric is on or off was used for the scale of the fabrics’ warm feeling. The relationshipbetween this average temperature difference on the palm surface Qmax, and warmth keep-ability rate was examined. Fabric had a significant average temperature difference in the infrared thermal image with alow Qmax value and was evaluated with high values in the warmth keep-ability rate. Infrared thermography camera was shown to be effective in the fabric's warm feeling evaluation.

Hereditary dentin defects consists of dentin dysplasia(DD) and denti nogenesis imperfecta(Dr) ‘ The Dl associated with osteogenesis imperfecta has been classified as DI type 1. whereas isolated inherited defects have been categori zed as DI types II and III , However‘ whether DI type III should be considered a distinct phenotype 01' a variation of DI type 1I is debatable , Recent genetic findings have focused attention on the role of the dentin sialo phosphoprotein(DSPP) gene in the etiology of inherited defects of tooth dentin, We have identified novel mlltation( c,727G - > A, p,D243N) at the 243th codon of exon 4 of the DSPP gene in a Korean patient with DI type III The radiographic and histologic features of the patient revealed the classic phenotype of shell teeth These findings sllggest that DI type II and III are not separate diseases bllt rather the phenotypic variation 01' a s ingle disease

Magnetic flux ropes, often observed during intervals of interplanetary coronal mass ejections, have long been recognized to be critical in space weather. In this work, we focus on magnetic flux rope structure but on a much smaller scale, and not necessarily related to interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Using near-Earth solar wind advanced composition explorer (ACE) observations from 1998 to 2016, we identified a total of 309 small-scale magnetic flux ropes (SMFRs). We compared the characteristics of identified SMFR events with those of normal magnetic cloud (MC) events available from the existing literature. First, most of the MCs and SMFRs have similar values of accompanying solar wind speed and proton densities. However, the average magnetic field intensity of SMFRs is weaker (~7.4 nT) than that of MCs (~10.6 nT). Also, the average duration time and expansion speed of SMFRs are ~2.5 hr and 2.6 km/s, respectively, both of which are smaller by a factor of ~10 than those of MCs. In addition, we examined the geoeffectiveness of SMFR events by checking their correlation with magnetic storms and substorms. Based on the criteria Sym-H < -50 nT (for identification of storm occurrence) and AL < -200 nT (for identification of substorm occurrence), we found that for 88 SMFR events (corresponding to 28.5 % of the total SMFR events), substorms occurred after the impact of SMFRs, implying a possible triggering of substorms by SMFRs. In contrast, we found only two SMFRs that triggered storms. We emphasize that, based on a much larger database than used in previous studies, all these previously known features are now firmly confirmed by the current work. Accordingly, the results emphasize the significance of SMFRs from the viewpoint of possible triggering of substorms.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. Accordingly, a chemical control system was made with the aim of effectively control gray mold, anthrax, and spotting disease which occur during growth period. fungicide resistance of gray mold rot was examined to find out whether the chemical control system can be used over the long term. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geumsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. The chemical control system was done to the plants of two years old or older. As for the order of the treatment, from the end of April to May Fludioxonil (A) and Pyraclostrobin (B) were used; from the mid-May to the end of July of growth stages Difenoconazole (C), Iminoctadinetris (albesilate) (D), Cyprodinil (E), Metconazole (F), Fluazinam (G) and Pyrimethanil (H); from August to September nonresidualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb (K); in November of hibernating period, Fenhexamid (I) and Carbendazim/diethofencarb (J) were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The isolation of Botrytis cinerea for examination into mycelial growth inhibition rate was conducted to 4-year old ginseng in Geumsan, 5-year old in Yesan, and 3-year old in Sejong. In Geumsan, the mycelial growth inhibition rate to Botrytis cinerea was 75.5% - 100%. Every fungicides showed good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was seen in fungicide B at 75.5%. K showed the prevention rate at 76.8%, D at 82.7%, and I at 82.2%, and other fungicides at 100%. In Sejong area, the hyphal prevention rate of Botrytis cinerea was 71.0% - 100%, indicating all fungicides show good rate of mycelial growth inhibition. The lowest rate was recorded by fungicide B at 71.1%, D at 81.1%, K at 85.4%, and I at 95.4%. Yesan area also showed similar results to those of Geumsan and Sejong. Conclusion : Botrytis cinerea was isolated from ginseng and mycelial growth inhibition effect was examined in concentration of 11 kinds of fungicides. In all three areas where chemical control system were applied, resistance was not found, suggesting that the chemical control system can be applied to control diseases of ginseng.

Background : Ginseng is a perennial plant and damaged by various diseases and insect pests. The damage lowers harvest and quality. In particular, gray mold rot occurs to plants of every year, growth duration, and hibernating stage, and decays leaves, stems, and roots, lowering the amount of harvest. This experiment was conducted with the aim of effectively preventing gray mold rot, and other major diseases such as anthrax and spotting disease, and establishing chemical control system. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in three areas including Geunsan-gun, Yesan-gun, and Sejong city. As for the procedure of medical treatment, from the end of April to early May of germination period, Fludioxonil and Pyraclostrobin were used. From the mid-May to the end of July of growth period, Difenoconazole, Iminoctadine tris (albesilate), Cyprodinil, Metconazole, Fluazinam, and Pyrimethanil were used. From August to September, non residualizing polyoxinB + mancozeb was used. In November of hibernating stage, Fenhexamid and Carbendazim/diethofencarb were used. As for the interval, from the end of April to the end of July the interval was 10 days, in August and September once a month, and twice in every ten days in November. The chemical control system effect was compared with conventional prevention. When chemical control system was used, stem spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 0.34% than 1.2% of the conventional method. Leaf spotting disease occurred at a lower rate of 1.4% compared with 7.1% of the conventional method, and anthrax occurred at a lower rate by more than 10% than the conventional method. Stem gray mold rot occurred at a rate of 4.1% when the conventional method was used, but the rate stood at 5.3% in Geumsan, 8.9% in Yesan, 2.3% in Sejong when the prevention method was used, which suggest the chemical control system was effective. Conclusion : When chemical control system was applied to prevent major diseases of ginseng, spotting disease, anthrax, and gray mold occurred at lower rates compared with the case where the conventional method was used. The finding is that the chemical control system can be utilized to prevent major diseases of ginseng.

Background : Tetraploid plants are bigger in the size of fruits, leaves, stems, and roots than diploid plants due to bigger cells attributed to chromosome multiplication. The advantage of tetraploid plants includes breakdown of self-incompatibility and increase of disease resistance. This study was carried out to gain tetraploid resources for breeding of new boxthorn varieties having pest resistance, higher yield, and self-compatibility. Methods and Results : Tetraploid lines and maternal varieties used in this study were C0148-10 and C0412-1 from Cheongyang-jaerae, M0148-94 and M0148-120 from Myongan, B0148-43 and B0148-78 from Bulro, D0148-62 and D0148-72 from Cheongdae, and Y0148-2 and Y0148-24 from Youngha. For organic acid composition of tetraploid lines and matrenal varieties, malic acid was highest as 1.47 – 4.6 ㎎/g in fruit, and citric acid and succinic acid were highest in leaf as 2.67 – 4.08 ㎎/g and 4.28 – 6.00 ㎎/g. Total organic acid content in root ranged from 1.78 to 3.23 ㎎/g, lower than in fruit and leaf. Of 11 fatty acids composing the boxthorn fruit, linoleic acid was highest as 25.36 – 50.33 ㎎/g. For leaf, linolenic acid was highest as 4.39 – 8.77 ㎎/g. Linoleic acid was highest as 1.65 – 6.98 ㎎/g of all fatty acids in root. 19 free amino acids were analyzed. Average content of essential amino acids in fruit was 6.64% and lysine was highest as 1.57%. Non-essential amino acid content was 8.26% and serine was highest as 2.72% of all non-essential amino acids in fruit. D0148-62 was highest in the total amino acid and the essential amino acid as 23.58% and 10.19%, respectively. Total amino acid content in leaf was 26.49%. Essential amino acid was 12.12% and leucine was highest as 2.08%. Non-essential amino acid was 14.37% and serine was highest as 4.61%. Total amino acid content in root was 13.25%. Essential amino acid was 6.66% and arginine was highest as 2.58%. Non-essential amino acid was 6.59% and serine was highest as 2.60%. Conclusion : Organic acid content increased in fruit of tetraploid lines and lines induced from Cheongyang-jaerae, Myongan, and Cheongdae were higher in contents of linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid, resulted in total fatty acid increasing. This shows several induced tetraploid boxthorn lines are very useful resources in breeding new varieties.