농작물의 재배기술이 발전하면서 다양한 작물의 재배가 가능해지고, 지구 온난화에 따른 겨울철 기온 상승으로 해충 종의 다양화와 발생이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 전북지역에 발생하는 돌발 해충과 남방해충의 발생 상황을 파악하기 위해 지대별로 구분하여 4개 시군에서 정점 조사하였다. 조사 결과, 갈색날개매미충의 30 ㎝ 당 난괴 밀도는 0.8개, 약충 밀도는 6월 상순 0.19마리, 6월 하순 0.21마리로 작년보다 밀도가 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 미국선녀벌레는 산간지인 장수에서 밀도가 높았으며, 먹노린재는 평야지에서 20주당 평균 3마리 발생하였다. 애멸구는 6월 상순 평야지인 부안에서 발생을 확인하였으며, 볼록총채벌레는 5월 중순부터 발생하기 시작하여 7월 초순에서 8월 초순까지 발생이 많았다.

The aim of this study was to provide a basis for the molecular mechanism underlying the pharmacological action of ethanol. We studied the effects of 1-propanol on the location of n-(9-anthroyloxy)palmitic acid or stearic acid (n-AS) within the phospholipids of synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (SPMV). The SPMV were isolated from the bovine cerebral cortex and liposomes of total lipids (SPMVTL) and phospholipids (SPMVPL). 1-Propanol increased the rotational mobility of inner hydrocarbons, while decreasing the mobility of membrane interface, in native and model membranes. The degree of rotational mobility varied with the number of carbon atoms at positions 16, 12, 9, 6 and 2 in the aliphatic chain of phospholipids in the neuronal and model membranes. The sensitivity of increasing or decreasing rotational mobility of hydrocarbon interior or surface by 1-propanol varied with the neuronal and model membranes in the following order: SPMV, SPMVPL and SPMVTL.

This study is investigated the growth characteristics(number of available stipe, pileus diameter, pileus thickness, stipe length, stipe thickness, object weight, comparison yield ability of 1 cycle) and storage characteristics of ‘Sanjo 701’ (S7) cultivars according to relative humidity. The S7 growth characteristics were investigated by quantifying the growth and the characteristics according to the relative humidity, The storage stability was investigated every 5 days and freshness was measured by ‘Minamide Method’. S7 pileus diameter is The higher the relative humidity was confirmed becomes larger and the more increased relative humidity also increase the comparison yield ability of 1 cycle. However, pileus diameter or stipe length This could not see the big difference in the three treatment groups, the plieus thickness was no significant difference in the treatment of 80% and 95%. The fresh weight of S7 decreased significantly at 80% and 95% relative humidity after 10 days of storage, but decreased continuity in 65% humiditiry. The elongation percentage of S7 pileus was observe in 95% relative humidity, values of L, a and b (SCI), showed the highest L value in 65% and the a value in 95%. b values were similar in 65%, 80% and 95% treatments. On the ‘Minamide Method’ measure freshness was changed from the 10th day of storage at relative humidity of 95%, but humidity of 65% and 80% treatments, it changed after 15 days of storage. In this study growth characteristics and yield were increased at higher relative humidity, but storage stability was decreased. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to change the relative humidity to produce high quality mushrooms.

‘Baekseung’, a new variety of Flammulina velutipes, was bred by mating two monokaryotic strains isolated from KMCC 4210 and KMCC 4216 in Mushroom Research Division, Baekseung ARES in 2016. Baekseung showed fast mycelial growth and high mycelial density on MEA (Malt Extract Agar) media for 7days of incubation. Spawn running period on the sawdust substrate required 30days at 25°C. The cultivation period and optimum temperature were 11±1 days at 14°C for primordia formation and 14±1 days at 7°C for fruiting body development. The length of pilei and stipes in Baekseung harvested in optimal stage exhibited 11.3±0.4㎜ and 89.2±7.1㎜ and Megumi harvested in optimal stage showed 8.2±1.0㎜ and 95.9±5.0㎜ respectively. Yield of Baekseung and Megumi strain grown of sawdust substrate was 153.7±12.5g and 150.5±29.7g per 850ml in bottle cultivation. The inferred tree exhibited the difference of phylogenetic relationship between the Korean white fruiting body strains such as Baekseung, Uri1ho, Fv-14-a-38, and Fv-14-a-51 and the Japanese white fruiting body strain Megumi.

The CRISPR/Cas9 system is proved to be a powerful tool for knock-out and knock-in in various species. By introducing genetic materials of two components (Cas9 and small guide (sg) RNA) into cells or pronuclear of the fertilized embryo, gene editing occurs. Some studies reported that efficiency of gene editing would be increased as Cas9 was integrated into cells or animals since Cas9 is indispensable in the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Accordingly, the production of Cas9 expressing cattle may provide the broadly used gene editing platform in cattle. For this study, Cas9 and RFP genes were cloned into PiggyBac (PB) transposon system. PB-Cas9-RFP and transposase were microinjected into 1436 in vitro fertilized embryos and 241 blastocysts were formed. Blastocysts with RFP expression accounting for 14.1% of total formed blastocysts were selected and transferred into 5 recipient cow. After gestation periods, four transgenic cattle were delivered without any veterinary assistance. From a transgenic cattle, ear skin tissue was collected for primary culture. On those primary cells, sgRNAs in DNA form for various genes such as PRNP, RB1 and BLG were transfected as 2ug of sgRNA per 5x105 cells using Nucleo factor system (Neon®, invitrogen, program#16). As expected, every group of each sgRNA delivered was confirmed to be mutated by T7E1assay. Those data demonstrated that for the first time, transgenic cattle with Cas9 expression were born, grown up to date and will be avaluable resource for genome-editing in cattle. This work was supported by BK21PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science and Seoul Milk Coop (SNU550-20160004).

농촌체험의 관심과 체험이 증가되는 상황에서 농촌체험의 지속성과 경쟁력의 확보 차원으로 서비스품질이 중요해지고 있다. 이 연구는 농촌체험을 경험한 서울지역 소비자를 대상으로 서비스품질과 고객만족, 고객만족과 추천의도 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 설문분석은 총 234부이며, 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 가설검정을 하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신뢰도의 크론바흐 알파값은 0.6 이상, 타당도의 요인적재량은 0.7 이상, 평균분산추출은 0.5 이상이 었다. 둘째, 확인적 요인분석의 모형적합도는, CMIN/DF, GFI, TLI, CFI, RMSEA이 전반적으로 적합하였다. 셋째, 가설검정의 결과, H1의 H1-2(유형성)와 H1-3(응답성)을 제외한 H1-1(신뢰성), H1-4(확신성), H1-5(공감성)는 고객만족 에 긍정적인 영향을 주었고, H2는 고객만족이 추천의도에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 따라서 농촌체험의 서비스를 이용자와 제공자 간의 상호작용으로 볼 때, 서비스품질에 대한 지속적인 개선이 필요할 것이다.

Educational robots are used to teach skills in problem-solving, cooperation, logical thinking, and computer programming. Diverging from mundane classroom studies, robots can be used effectively to develop children’s study habits and encourage creativity and imagination. Although students and parents are showing increasing interest in robot education, it has not been widely commercialized in the student education market because parents find it too costly. This research focuses on the robot education industry and strives to develop a 1) customized education program that alleviates parents’ resistance to the financial burden and a 2) marketing strategy to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty for sustainable growth in the robot education industry. The study shows that the industry must first understand students’ and parents’ needs and wants and then develop customized service packages for each client type. Continual improvement is key for achieving customer satisfaction, providing differentiated service, and consolidating the service with teacher education. It is essential that children show that they are achieving and that they are satisfied if companies are to maintain customers and attract new business. Also, if children are enthusiastic about robot education, their parents will be more willing to finance such programs. Therefore, robot education companies must increase customer satisfaction by increasing the quality of robot education through home visitation and instruction delivered through education centers.

Supply Chain Management(SCM) is getting important, because size of the company is getting bigger and the kinds of product are various. In the case of manufacturing corporation, for the optimization of SCM, we have to make production and distribution plan by considering the various fluctuation in the aspect of integration. In this paper, first, It proposed the reasonable operational way of the SCM about when the customer’s demanding is various and demanding expectation fluctuates in capacity standardization of producer stage. Second, the paper proposed the management way for demanding by considering confirmed demanding information, related inventory expense and demanding shortage expense when we make production and distribution plan. The paper applied the genetic algorithm proved for current usefulness. it proposed the optimal operational way for SCM by dividing into 2 ways for dealing with the duration of confirmed demanding information and various fluctuation.

The objective of this study was to determine the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility gained in young adults with calf muscle tightness, as measured by increases in ankle active and passive dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) after three stretching interventions. Twenty subjects (5 men and 15 women) with calf muscle tightness received the following three stretching interventions in one leg (assigned at random): static stretching (SS), eccentric training on stable surface (ETS), and eccentric training on unstable surfaces (ETU). The subjects received all three interventions to the same leg, applied in a random order. Each intervention had a break of at least 24 h in-between, in order to minimize any carryover effect. Each intervention used two types of stretching: with the calf muscle stretched and both knees straight, and with the knee slightly bent in order to maximize the activation of the soleus muscle. All three interventions were performed for 200 seconds. We measured the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility through active and passive ankle DFROM before intervention, immediately after intervention (time 0), and then 3, 6, 9, 15, and 30 min after intervention. We found a difference in the duration of maintained calf muscle flexibility between the three interventions. In the ETS and ETU interventions, a significant improvement in calf muscle flexibility, both ankle active and passive dorsiflexion ranges of motion (ADFROM and PDFROM), was maintained for 30 min. In the SS intervention, however, ADFROM before 9 min and PDFROM before 6 min were statistically different from the baseline. Our results suggest that ETS and ETU may be more effective than SS for maintaining calfmuscle flexibility in young adults.

Brucellosis is an important bacterial zoonotic infection worldwide responsible for economic losses in livestock industries which represents a considerable and increasing public health burden. The disease is caused by Brucella which possess the ability to invade and replicate within phagocytes and may result to chronic infection, leading to difficulty in medical therapy of the disease. The treatment for brucellosis employs conventional principles that have been applied for a long time and a combination of antibiotics is currently used due to low efficacy of monotherapies. However, vital effects with respect to health and safety are neglected. Nevertheless, the preventive methods and treatments for brucellosis using traditional medicine have not yet been thoroughly studied, hence, alternative therapies such as the use of natural plant extracts as traditional medicine that are safe, efficient and economical should be explored in order to identify candidates that eliminate complications due to brucellosis. Coptis chinensis Franch (Huanglian) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb and its extract has been known to possess strong antibacterial activity. In this study, the antibacterial effects of C. chinensis Franch extracts, and the major components of the herb namely berberine and palmatine, were investigated on B. abortus. The C. chinensis Franch ethanol extracts (CCFE) showed bactericidal effects at 1,000 μg/ml concentration and berberine at 100 μg/ml concentration. However, C. chinensis Franch and its components did not affect invasion and intracellular growth of B. abortus in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, C. chinensis Franch ethanol extracts, water extract and its major components such as berberine and palmatine would be a beneficial antimicrobial agent without affecting phagocytic pathway within macrophages, and further study for the precise mechanisms of antibacterial effect would be necessary.

Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular pathogens that have the ability to survive and multiply in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and cause abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. Brucella species can survive in a variety of cells, including macrophages and their virulence and chronic infections are thought to be due to their ability to avoid the killing mechanisms within macrophages. Inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion has been proposed as a mechanism for intracellular survival of Brucella in professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of a skillful system for detection of invasion by microbial pathogens. Recognition of microbial components by TLRs triggers signaling pathways that promote expression of genes and regulate innate immune responses. Recent studies for the interaction between TLRs-Brucella have indicated the importance of control of Brucella infection. Here, we review selected aspects of TLRs-Brucella interaction, which may be helpful to understanding the mechanism of Brucella pathogenesis.

The biodiesel production characteristics in a pulsed-corona plasma reactor has been investigated through parametric tests. Transesterification of rapeseed oil together with camelina oil was done with the change of such variables as voltage of power, molar ratio, KOH catalyst and temperature. The energetic electrons emitted from pulsed-corona plasma has contributed to the enhancement of yield on rapeseed oil in short time (15 min). The higher yield on camelina oil was observed in 5 min. The optimal parameters were shown as the voltage of 23 kV, the molar ratio of 5/1, the content of KOH catalyst of 0.6 wt% and the temperature of 28℃ under the rotating rate of spark gap of 900 rpm.

This study was conducted in order to examine the safety of bee venom as an alternative for antibiotics using male ICR mice. Five-week-old male mice received a single intravenous injection of a dried honey bee venom at the concentration of 0.25 mg/kg (a clinical dose) or 0.5 mg/kg through the tail vein and various pathophysiological analyses were performed after three days. No significant differences in changes of body weight were observed between the saline-treated control group and the experimental groups. In the hematological analysis, none of the parameters were affected by bee venom. In blood biochemistry analysis, none of the markers were affected by administration of bee venom. Similarly, there were no significant effects on markers for liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle functions in all treated- groups. On macroscopic examination, no remarkable lesions were detected in these organs. Because there were no adverse effects of the bee venom in a single intravenous toxicity test for three days, it was concluded that bee venom could be a candidate for a safe natural antibiotic for use in the animal production industry.

The necessity of conditional gene expression in pigs for transgenic models is raised. Thus, in this study, Cre-loxP conditional expression in porcine fetal fibroblasts was investigated and the transformed fibroblasts were reprogrammed in enucleated oocytes for further early embryonic development. Fetal fibroblasts from miniature pigs were used for transfection with pCALNL-DsRed including floxed neomycin resistant gene and selected with 750 ug/mL neomycin for two weeks. The transfected cells did not express DsRed under fluorescence microscope. After transient transfection of plasmid DNA expressing Cre, the fibroblasts began to express DsRed. The cells expressing Ds- Red were employed into somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). A total of 121 oocytes were used for SCNT and 76 cloned embryos (62.8%)were cleaved. Six blastocysts were grown up after SCNT and expressed DsRed. Deletion of floxed neomycin resistant gene was confirmed by RT-PCR in cloned blastocysts. Taken together, this study demonstrated that Cre-loxP recombination in miniature pig fibroblasts were successfully worked and those sequential transformed cells were developed into pre-implantation stage via SCNT.