This paper aims to experimentally and numerically explore fracture mechanism characteristics of ultra-thin chopped carbon fiber tape-reinforced thermoplastics (UT-CTT) hat-shaped hollow beam under transverse static and impact loadings. Three distinct failure modes were observed in the impact bending tests, whereas only one similar progressive collapse mode was observed in the transverse bending tests. The numerical model was to incorporate some hypothetical inter-layers in UT-CTT and assign them with the failure model as cohesive zone model, which can perform non-linear characteristics with failure criterion for representing delamination failure. The dynamic material parameters for the impact model were theoretically predicted with consideration of strain-rate dependency. It shows that the proposed modeling approach for interacting damage modes can serve as a benchmark for modeling damage coupling in composite materials.

This research was conducted to examine repeat online grocery shoppers behavior based on the S-O-R paradigm (Mehrabian and Russell, 1974) for a five year time frame. Not considering any artificial intelligence, generally in the online shopping environment, the image of the store is communicated through their product and site offerings as well as their user-friendliness of the website. Childers et al. (2001) discussed hedonic aspects of an online store environment such as web atmospherics. Furthermore, with a growing importance of atmospheric cues, researchers are now paying attention to consumer characteristics (Moriuchi and Takahashi, 2018). In general, the results show that atmospherics has an impact on pleasure and satisfaction. Both pleasure and satisfaction have an effect on loyalty. Trust served as a moderator between O-R and was significant. Comparing between the 2012 and 2016 data, results show that satisfaction consumers in the 2012 sample did not see an impact on satisfaction on loyalty, and trust was not a moderating factor on satisfaction and loyalty. However, all the other hypothesized relationships were significant for the 2016 sample. The results suggest a couple of practical implications. First, the ease of navigation are important in pleasing and satisfying online grocery shoppers. Marketing practitioners should focus on how to make the overall website easily navigable. This could include having clear display of the products, reviewing of product descriptions and ease of going back to the main menu after adding items to cart. Second, marketing practitioners should focus their attention on the variety of products available and the quality of products available such as pleasure.

The full-fledged Japanese census of commerce was conducted in 2014 and its data were publisized recently. We have chased the census data since 1991 in order to explore the determinants of Japanese household expenditure on consumer goods specialty retailers. The purpose of this study is to add some new findings to our previous research. In this research we theoretically address, and empirically estimate, key factors that affect sales per household at three major lines of retail trade that include frequently purchased consumables (food and drink), less frequently bought non-durables (apparel, shoes and dry goods), and infrequently acquired durable goods (furniture). We examine Industrial Classifications 57-60: Dry Goods, Apparel and Apparel Accessory stores (largely clothing, shoe, linen and accessories); Food and Beverage stores (primarily grocery, liquor, and specialty food stores); and Furniture, Household Utensils, and Appliances. These three trade lines deal with the necessities and supplies of life; they consist of relatively small specialty retailers. In addition, they have been an important target of urban planning and retail distribution policy of cities in Japan. Our data, which is drawn from six successive Japanese retail trade censuses (1991, 1994, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2014) encompasses 790 cities in all 47 prefectures. It is notable that the Japanese babble economy ceased in 1991; since then it has experienced an extended period of low growth. Note also that data from the most recent census (2014) is not yet available. Our theoretical model argues that retail sales per household are determined by three fundamental factors: the Market Environment (which is beyond the control of retail managers), Intertype Competition (which is influenced, but not controlled, by managers in each line of trade), and the Marketing Mix in each line of trade (which is set by managers). The essence of our argument is that the Market Environment determines a base level of sales per household; Intertype Competition may raise or lower sales in our focal lines of trade; and, the Marketing Mix in each line of trade can augment sales by (a) doing an above average job of appealing to customers and (b) countering the negative impact of Intertype Competition. Based on our research framework, we conduct a three-stage, hierarchical multiple regression analysis in each line of trade. Within Market Environment we include nine variables in a first-stage regression model: average number of people per household, household growth rate, average home size in square meters, income per household, population ratio aged 65+, auto ownership per household, distance to the prefectural capital city, residential land prices, and daytime population ratio. We expect each of these independent variables (except for population ratio aged 65+) to increase retail sales per household – which is our dependent variable. For Intertype Competition we use General Merchandise Stores (largely department stores and supercenters) that, in Japan, directly compete with Apparel, Food, and Furniture stores. In the second-stage regression model we include GMS sales per household along with the above nine Market Environment variables. GMS is anticipated to lower sales per household in Food stores, but is expected to raise sales per household in Apparel and Furniture stores as a spillover effect. For the Marketing Mix we measure four variables: assortment (proxied as square meters of selling space per store), service (employees per square meter of selling space), access (number of stores per land surface area of the city), and advertising (newspaper subscribers per household). These variables are included in the third-stage regression model along with the aforementioned ten independent variables; each of them should increase retail sales per household in its line of trade (e.g., the marketing mix for Food stores should only affect food sales per household). Thus, in of our analysis we show the results of eighteen regressions (i.e. the six census years and three lines of trade) . Our empirical research makes five contributions. First, we incorporate five independent variables that rarely (if ever) appear in studies of sales per household: out-shopping (daytime population ratio), home size, population ratio aged 65+, distance from the prefectural capital city, and residential land price. Second, we show the impact of intertype competition on sales in specific lines of retail trade. Third, we investigate data from five censuses that span a sixteen year period; few previous studies have examined changes in retail structure over such a lengthy time span. Fourth, we examine consumer goods retailers – who are an important target of urban planning and retail distribution policies of Japanese cities. Fifth, Japan had three important characteristics during the time span we examine: it was the world’s second largest economy and it is a nation of gradually declining population. As such, it may be a harbinger of the future of retailing in other large, wealthy economies. Additionally, Japan has rarely been the focus of retail trade studies.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine retail brand equity driver and equity components, and discuss the differentiation of retail branding strategy of three types of supermarket (national chain, local chain and specialty chain) especially in Japan. Design/methodology/approach –The empirical study is based on a sample of 3,062 customers usually using supermarket chain stores (total 58 chain stores) via Internet research household panel to develop this model, and using multiple-group structural equation modeling. Findings – First, store equity driver influence the retail brand equity than policy of corporate driver, and the most affect factor of store equity driver is a service and support. Second, Retail brand equity components were distinctiveness, emotional loyalty, experience value, and trustworthiness. Emotional loyalty and experience value influences the behavioral loyalty. Third, three types of supermarket have different equity drivers, and they influence the purchase behavior. Specialty chain has a strong store driver, which increases of price per unit. National chain and local chain has a strong covariance policy of corporate driver and store equity driver, which influences the retail brand equity. Originality/value – Understanding the retail brand equity in Japanese supermarkets. Retail brand equity is made from a holistic aggregation of some components, and equity driver is made from store attributes and corporate attributes, which are attribution level of operational activities. Consumer recognizes the store as a holistic brand but company wants to know how to increase the behavioral loyalty (purchase behavior), this retail brand equity model integrates the retail brand as holistic and attribution level approach follows retail-marketing activities.

Market potential for a line of retail trade within a geographic market has been defined as the difference between (i) actual sales of the line of trade in the geographic market and (ii) potential sales based on the marketing environment, current retailers’ marketing efforts, and competition from related lines of trade and nearby geographic markets (Ingene and Takahashi 2012). In this current research we examine the rate of change of retail market potential in Japan over a sixteen year span (1991-2007).We theoretically address, and empirically estimate, key factors that affect the rate of change of retail sales per household in four major lines of retail trade: frequently purchased consumables (food and drink), less frequently bought non-durables (apparel, shoes and dry goods), and infrequently acquired durable goods that range from moderately costly (furniture) to truly expensive (autos). Information on these lines is drawn from the Japanese Retail Trade Censuses of 1991 and 2007 at the Industrial Classification (IC) level. We examine Dry Goods, Apparel and Accessory stores (largely clothing, shoe, linen and accessories (IC 56; Share of retail trade in 2007: 8%)); Food and Beverage stores (primarily grocery, liquor, and specialty food stores (IC 57; Share of retail trade: 30%)); Furniture, Household Utensils, and Appliances (IC 59; Share of retail trade: 9%); and Motor Vehicles and Bicycle stores (IC 58; Share of retail trade: 12%). Note that because our measure is sales, autos dominate in the IC 58 category. These four lines of trade collectively comprise about 60% (1991: 62%, 2007: 58%) of all retail sales. We previously explored determinants of the absolute value of retail sales per household in these lines of retail trade (Ingene and Takahashi 2013). However, this research deals with the rate of change of retail sales per household. Thus, we explain differences in change of retail market potential among 528 Japanese cities, in all 47 prefectures, that are home to over 75% of Japan’s people. According to our previous study (Ingene and Takahashi 2013), retail sales are determined by three fundamental factors: the Market Environment (which is beyond the control of retail managers), Intertype Competition (which is influenced, but not controlled, by managers in the line of trade), and the Marketing Mix in each line of trade (which is set by managers). The essence of our argument is that the Market Environment determines a base level of rate of change in sales per household. Intertype Competition takes sales away from the focal lines of trade. Finally, the Marketing Mix in each line of trade augments sales (a) by appealing to customers and (b) by countering the negative impact of Intertype Competition.Turning to our empirical model (Figure 1), we include seven variables in the Market Environment that are measured by their rate of change between 1991 and 2007: per capita income, home size in square meters (a proxy for household wealth), population growth, daytime population relative to residential population, auto ownership per capita (a proxy for mobility), distance to the prefecture’s capital city (a proxy for out-shopping), and newspapers per capita. We expect each of these independent variables to increase our dependent variable: retail sales per household.For the Marketing Mix we measure three variables in terms of their rate of change in the same time period: average square meters of selling space per store (a proxy for assortment), employees per square meter of selling space (a proxy for service), and number of stores per 1000 people (a proxy for locational convenience); each of them should increase retail sales per household in its line of trade, but not in other lines (e.g., the marketing mix for Food stores should only affect food sales per household).For Intertype Competition we use General Merchandise Stores (largely department stores and supercenters (IC55; Share of retail trade in 2007: 12%)) that, in Japan, directly compete with Clothing, Furniture and Food stores. We focus on the same three variables (assortment, service, and access); they are expected to be inversely related to the rate of change in sales per household in the lines with which they compete. There is no intertype competition in our Motor Vehicle regressions. In the first stage of our analysis we use the change of the Market Environment to explain the variation in the rate of change in retail sales per household and four lines of trade (i.e., four regressions). The Market Environment generates adjusted R2’s of 2% (Clothing) to 25% (Autos).In our second-stage analysis our dependent variable is the residuals from the first-stage regressions. Here we include the Marketing Mix and Intertype Competition variables as explanatory; they account for 2% (Autos) to 43% (Clothing) of the variation in the first-stage residuals. Taking the two stages together, we are able to explain26% (Autos) to 54% (Food) of the variation in retail sales per capita across the four lines of trade. We make four contributions with our empirical research. First, we investigate data from two censuses that span a sixteen year period; few previous studies have examined changes in retail structure over time (e.g., Hall, et al. 1961). Second, we demonstrate the time-variant stability of the Marketing Mix variables. Third, we show the importance of intertype competition – although in our data it appears that only the Food and Beverage category experiences significant intertype competition. Fourth, we examine retailing in Japan; the world’s third largest economy has rarely been the focus of retail trade studies.

We present the results of far-infrared spectroscopic observations of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) with FIS-FTS. We covered a large area across the LMC, including 30 Doradus (30 Dor) and N44 star-forming regions, by 191 pointings in total. As a result, we detect the [OIII] and [CII] line emission as well as far-infrared dust continuum emission throughout the LMC. We find that the [OIII] emission is widely distributed around 30 Dor. The observed size of the distribution is too large to be explained by massive stars in 30 Dor, which are assumed to be enshrouded by clouds with the constant gas density estimated from the [OIII] line intensities. Therefore the surrounding structure is likely to be highly clumpy. We also find a global correlation between the [OIII] and the far-infrared continuum emission, suggesting that the gas and dust are well mixed in the highly-ionized region where the dust survives in clumpy dense clouds shielded from energetic photons. Furthermore we find that the ratios of [CII]/CO are as high as 110,000 in 30 Dor, and 45,000 even on average, while they are typically 6,000 for star-forming regions in our Galaxy. The unusually high [CII]/CO is also consistent with the picture of clumpy small dense clouds.

The preparation of single-phase with delafossite-type structure by means of the solid-state reaction method was investigated using X-ray diffraction. The results showed that notwhistanding the fact that there was a trace of metallic copper, nearly single-phase was obtained by using as a lanthanum source and by firing the mixed powder with nonstoichiometric composition ratio of in a vacuum at 1273 K for 10 h. The measurement of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient showed that thus obtained was a p-type semiconductor and had a Seebeck coefficient of approximately .

Metallic compound of ternary Al-B-C system was prepared by mechanical alloying (MA) using Al, boron and graphite powders as starting materials. MA was carried out using Spex 8000 mixer/mill for 50 hours in an argon atmosphere without process control reagent such as methyl alcohol. The MA powders obtained were heat-treated in vacuum at the temperature of 873 and 1273 K for 5 hour. Pure ternary Al-B-C compound was obtained in the chemical content of Al:B:C=55:27:18. The ternary compound obtained in this study has a new phase whose crystal structure is not identified yet.

In late years, from a trend for ecology of auto motive engine, low emission and low fuel consumption of engine become a social assignment. At the same time, the high output (high efficiency) is required, too. In order to meet those requirements, in comparison with conventional engines, lean A/F (Air fuel ratio) setting is becoming popular for the high performance engines of late years. Exhaust valve seat (sintered material) used in these engines has a problem in wear resistance, because it is exposed to the surroundings that is clean and a high temperature in comparison with the conventional engines. Therefore, wear mechanism with lean A/F of engine was analyzed.The exhaust valve seat (sintered material), that was superior in wear resistance, was developed.