Introduction Since most companies are constantly confronted with incremental technology obsolescence and the risk of disruptive innovations, they have been struggling to pursue both incremental and radical new product developments (NPD). Due to these practical concerns, scholars have conducted research to reveal which factors promote “ambidexterity (O’Reilly & Tushman, 2008)” of both explorative activities, including radical NPD, and exploitative activities, including incremental NPD, mainly focusing on organizational structures and systems. For example, previous studies have suggested organizational structures (Gibson & Birkinshaw, 2004), cross-functional integration (Brettel, Heinemann, Engelen and Neubauer, 2011), and management systems (Benner & Tushman, 2003) are the factors to promote ambidexterity. Furthermore, recent studies have emerged suggesting the importance of cognition in pursuing both radical and incremental NPD (Smith & Tushman, 2005; Eling, Griffin, & Langerak, 2014). Although the importance of cognitive processes in NPD has been suggested in some studies, the research exploring these roles is scarce. Therefore, this study attempts to fill in the gaps by revealing the roles of cognitive processes (analytical processing, intuitive processing, and associative processing) on radical and incremental NPD performance empirically. Theoretical Background and Literature Review The purpose of this section is to attempt to reveal the points not addressed adequately in extant literature. In order to do so, firstly, this section tries to classify the cognitive processing in previous studies, according to some criteria. Secondly, the section reviews the empirical research regarding the effects of cognitive processing on decision-making. Lastly, it goes on to compare the reviewed empirical studies with the classification of cognitive processing that are indicated and attempts to review the gaps in previous research. The research on cognitive processing Referring to the rule-based processing and the associative processing, proposed in Smith & Decoster (2000), as well as the logico-deductive manner of rational choice and the associative thinking, proposed in Gavetti (2005, 2012), this study proposes three types of cognitive processing: analytical, intuitive, and associative processing.Analytical processing involves a comprehensive consideration of various factors, such as market environments, competitors’ behaviors and strategic alternatives, to make a judgement. One example of analytical processing is that we use a 3C framework to make a judgement regarding a new product concept. Intuitive processing involves making a judgement based on intuition, or judging without deliberation. One example of intuitive processing is adopting the product design that arouses feeling of rightness of choice (Dijksterhuis & Nordgren, 2006) or excitement (Agor, 1986) without clear bases. Associative processing involves consciously searching for a past experience or knowledge which is similar to a current situation, and making a judgement based on it. One example of this is when we intentionally recall a past experience in NPD, or a case in another industry that is similar to the current NPD situation, and determine the strategy by following it. The empirical research on the effect of cognitive processing There is an accumulation of empirical research on the effect of cognitive processing on decision making performance, management, and marketing literature. Dean and Sharfman (1996) empirically considered the relationship between the procedural rationality, defined as “the extent to which the decision process involves the collection of information relevant to the decision and the reliance upon analysis of this information in making the choice” (p. 373) and strategic decision effectiveness. Menon, Bharadwaj, Adidam and Edison (1999) empirically examines the relationship between situation analysis, referring to “rational and systematic consideration of the organizational SWOTs in a marketing strategy domains” (p. 21), and market performance, strategy creativity, and organizational learning. Yamashita, Fukudome, Uehara, and Sasaki (2012) studies the relationship between marketing strategy, referring to the extent that the marketer uses STP framework in the phase of decision making, and business unit’s performance. The constructs, such as procedural rationality, situational analysis, and marketing strategy, seem to approximately correspond to the analytical processing indicated in the previous section. Although previous research reviewed so far only focuses on analytical processing, there is research considering other cognitive processing. De Visser et al. (2014) examines the effects of NPD team’s intuitive information processing and analytical information processing on incremental and radical NPD’s overall performance. This study suggests that analytical processing affects overall NPD performance positively while intuitive processing affects only radical NPD performance in a positive manner. Table 1 indicates the arrangement of the reviewed empirical studies. The gaps in the literature From the previous research review, this study indicates three points not addressed adequately in the literature. First, as shown in Table 1, there is little research focusing on cognitive processing aside from analytical processing (especially on associative processing). Second, the research considering the relationship between cognitive processing and radical/ incremental NPD performance is scarce (except for de Visser etal (2014)). Third, little research has considered the effects of the cognitive processing of a new product development (NPD) leader, on the NPD performance. Given these points, this study focuses on the cognitive process of a NPD leader and considers the effects of analytical processing, intuitive processing, and associative processing, on incremental/ radical NPD project performance. Table 1 Research Hypotheses Generally, the uncertainty of incremental NPD projects is low. In such situations, it is relatively easy for NPD leaders to collect and analyze various data for judgements (analytical processing), enabling them to estimate and predict the surrounding situation more accurately. Thus, analytical processing affects the incremental NPD project positively. Using intuitive processing, a NPD leader makes judgements, automatically referring to past repeated experiences (cf. Smith & DeCoster, 2000). These judgements are correct in most cases, but judgement errors are sometimes brought about, due to inaccurate application of repeated experiences to a judgement. Furthermore, due to its automatic and preconscious nature, the bases of the judgement guided by intuitive processing cannot be explained clearly (Smith & DeCoster, 2000; Eling et al., 2014), which seems to increase the frequency of conflicts. Taking these effects in consideration, this study predicts that intuitive processing does not affect incremental NPD project performance. Using associative processing, a NPD leader replaces an uncertain situation with a past experience or knowledge that is more familiar to them, in order to make a judgement. However, such replacement is not effective in incremental NPD projects because, in general, they tend to be less uncertain. Thus, it is predicted that associative processing does not affect incremental NPD project performance. H1a: As a NPD leader uses the analytical processing more frequently in an incremental NPD project, the NPD project performance will be higher. H1b: The frequency of using intuitive processing by a NPD leader does not affect the incremental NPD project performance. H1c: The frequency of using associative processing by a NPD leader does not affect the incremental NPD project performance. Generally, as the needs of radical NPD deviates from organizations’ existing routines (Smith & Tushman, 2005), its uncertainty increases. In these situations, analytical processing is not appropriate for judgements due to the factors such as a lack of information and defined criteria (March, 2006). Part of the previous research suggests the positive effect of intuitive processing on radical NPD performance due to its tendency to generate creative ideas (de Visser et al., 2014). Given this, it is predicted that intuitive processing by a NPD leader positively affects the radical NPD performance. In contrast, it is also said that intuitive processing is likely tocause error of judgement in novel situations or strategies (cf. Miller & Ireland, 2005), and conflicts. Considering these, this study does not posit that any directional relationship between intuitive processing and radical NPD project performance. Associative processing can cope with uncertain situations by relating and drawing similarities from a previous familiar experience to the current uncertain situation (Gavetti, 2012). In addition, since associative processing is a conscious mental activity, its risk of error of judgement is lower than that of intuitive processing (cf. Stanovich & West, 2000). Considering this, it is predicted that there will be a positive effect of associative processing on radical NPD project performance. H2a: The frequency of using analytical processing by a NPD leader does not affect the radical NPD project performance. H2b: The frequency of using intuitive processing by a NPD leader affects the radical NPD project performance. H2c: As a NPD leader uses the associative processing more frequently in a radical NPD project; the NPD project performance will be higher. The depth of NPD leader’s experience refers to the extent that he has engaged in many NPD projects in one product category. The width of the NPD leader’s experience means the extent that he has engaged in NPD projects in various product categories. For want of space, the detailed explanation of H3 is skipped in this abstract. H3: The depth and width of the NPD leader’s experience moderate the relationship between cognitive processing and NPD project performance. Figure 1 METHODOLOGY This study uses the data collected from Japanese high-tech manufacturing companies, through survey research. The collected data will be used to empirically test the hypotheses. At the empirical test, the samples will be divided into two groups according to the NPD radicalness, and each group will be applied hierarchical multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship among the constructs. This study incorporates three independent variables, one dependent variable, three moderator variables and three control variables, into the model. The independent variables are analytical, intuitive, and associative processing. The dependent variable is overall NPD project performance. The moderator variables are NPD radicalness, depth and width of NPD leader’s experience. The control variables are firm size, devoted resource and the development period of a new product. The main variables of this model will be measured as follows. The scales of analytical processing and intuitive processing are developed, referring to those of Epstein et al. (1996) and de Visser et al. (2014). The scale of associative processing is developed for this study by drawing on the extant literature such as Gavetti(2005; 2012). Overall NPD project performance is measured by adopting the scale of Hoegl, Weinkauf, and Gemuenden (2004). The results of the analysis will be reported at the presentation in 2016 Global Marketing Conference in Hong Kong.

Population density of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), in Japanese pear orchards remained low until mid-August, even after inoculation of pear leaves with a considerable number of adult female P. citri from May onwards. This raised the possibility that pear leaves contain a natural compound that suppresses an increase of P. citri populations. The rate of development from larva to adult was significantly lower on leaves collected in July than on leaves collected earlier or later, in several years. The population suppression was caused by molting inhibition and ovicidal activity, according to our close observation in the laboratory [Gotoh and Kubota (1997) Exp. Appl. Acarol. 21: 343-356]. To clarify whether a natural pear compound caused this molting inhibition, a methanol crude extract of pear leaves was isolated and added to a newly developed artificial diet, consisting of sodium caseinate, sucrose, levulose, glucose and inositol. The compound extracted from pear leaves resulted in the molting inhibition as observed on pear leaves. Based on infrared and NMR spectral analysis, the compound extracted from pear leaves closely resembled the synthetic acaricide hexythiazox. Furthermore, the LC50-values of the compound extracted from pear leaves for ovicidal activity of P. citri eggs and for inhibition of molting to protonymphs were similar to those of hexythiazox. These results strongly suggest that the molting deterrent extracted from pear leaves was in fact hexythiazox, an acaricide in use on pear trees, rather than a natural product. This suggestion becomes even stronger, considering that the molting inhibition was observed in a hexythiazox-spray year, but not in a non-spray year.

High-purity and super-hard nano-polycrystalline diamond has been successfully synthesized by direct conversion from high-purity graphite under static pressures above 15 GPa and temperatures above . This paper describes research findings on the formation mechanism of nano-structure and on the contributing factor leading to high hardness.

Y-type barium ferrite was prepared by the glass-ceramic method. Glasses with composition of were prepared, and the precipitation behavior of Y-type ferrite from the glass matrix was investigated by heating glass specimens at various temperature. which is a precursor of M-type ferrite was precipitated at about 813 K and an unknown compound, phase X, was precipitated at about 850 K. M-type ferrite and Y-type ferrite started to form at about 923 K and 1103 K, respectively. The formation of Y-type ferrite was int erpreted as the result of the reaction of M-type ferrite with a melt of phase X.

Y-type barium ferrite ( Me=Zn, Co, Cu) expected as an electromagnetic wave absorber were prepared by the glass-ceramic method. The glasses with composition of were prepared. Single-phase powders of Y type barium ferrite were obtained with the composition . The shape of Y-type crystals depended strongly on the heating temperature and changed from a plate-like hexagon to a complex polyhedron with increasing heating temperature. Correlation was recognized between saturation magnetization and crystal shape. Electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics was affected by the saturation magnetization and crystal shape.

TZM alloy having elongated coarse-grain structure was developed by three-step internal nitriding treatment at 1423 to 1873 K in and subsequent recrystallization treatment at 2173 K in vacuum. Some specimens were subjected to re-nitriding treatment at 1873 K for 16 h. After the recrystallization treatment, aspect ratio (L/W) of grains for rolling direction was about 50 at the maximum. Yield stress obtained at 1773 K after re-nitriding treatment was about 6 times as large as that of recrystallized specimen. Re-nitriding was very effective in the improvement in strength of TZM alloy having elongated coarse-grain structure.

In order to overcome the recrystallization embrittlement and irradiation embrittlement of Mo, which are major problems for its fusion applications, internally nitrided Mo alloys were prepared by a novel multi-step internal nitriding. Neutron irradiation was performed in the Japan Material Testing Reactor (JMTR). After irradiation, nitrided Mo alloys exhibited ower ductile-brittle transition temperature than irradiated TZM. These results suggested that multi-step internal nitriding was effective to the improvement in the embrittlement by irradiation. Transmission electron microscope observation revealed that TiN particles precipitated by nitriding acted as a sink for irradiation-induced defects.

For pure Molybdenum carburized in mixed gases of argon and carbon monoxide, microstructural observations were carried out. X-ray diffraction analysis for carburized specimens revealed that brittle - layer hardly formed in the case of low carbon monoxide concentration. Fracture strength of the specimen carburized at 1673 K for 16 h is about 550 MPa higher than that of the un-carburized specimen. SEM observation revealed that with increasing carburizing temperature, the region demonstrating a transgranular fracture mode progressed towards the center of specimen. This result means that the grain boundaries were strengthened by the grain boundary diffusion of carbon and the strength of grain boundaries exceeded that of grain itself.

Internally nitrided dilute W-Ti alloy specimens having a heavily deformed surface microstructure were prepared by a multi-step internal nitriding at 1573-2073 K. Primary nitriding below their recrystallization temperature induced a precipitation of ultrafine TiN particles. After secondary and tertiary nitriding, those precipitates grew into rod-like TiN with a length of 20-60 nm. The recrystallization temperature after nitriding was elevated above 2073 K. The yield strength at 1773 K obtained from nitrided W-0.5 mass% Ti alloy was about 5 times as large as that of the recrystallized specimen. DBTT of the nitrided alloys was about 373 K.

The coating of conductive polypyrrole (Ppy) on nonconductive ceramic substrates was performed by polymerization of pyrrole (Py) in an aqueous solution. The Ppy film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and conductivity measurements. Electrophoretic deposition of bimodal alumina suspension prepared with a phosphate ester was performed using Ppy film as a cathode. Fabrication of alumina ceramics with irregular shapes or complicated patterns were also attempted by sintering the deposits together with the Ppy coated substrates in air.

The mechanical properties of ceramics materials can be tailored by designing their microstructures. We have reported that development of texture can be controlled by slip casting in a strong magnetic field followed by heating even for diamagnetic ceramics such as alumina. A strong magnetic field of 12T was applied to the suspension indcuding alumina powder to rotate each particle during slip casting. The sintering was conducted at the desired temperature in air without a magnetic field. C-axis of alumina was parallel to the magnetic field. Bending strength of textured alumina depended on the direction of oriented microstructure.

This work will report a highly textured β-Si3N4 ceramic by aqueous slip casting in a magnetic field and subsequent pressureless sintering, Effects of the sintering aids, polymer dispersant, pH and stirring time on the stability of the Si3N4 slurries were studied. The textured β-Si3N4 with 97 % relative density could be obtained by slip casting in a magnetic field of 12 T and subsequent sintering at 1800 oC for 1 h. The textured microstructure is featured by the alignment of c-axis of β-Si3N4 crystals perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the Lotgering orientation factor, f, is determined to be 0.8.