Twenty-six learners of English enrolled in an MA course were asked to give the metaphors which they think best capture the essence of their learning experience so far. Their metaphors tell how English learning had introduced them to a brand new world and, once they were inside it, led them to a seemingly endless series of new discoveries. The unpredictability of these discoveries had been like ‘reading a magic story’. Students had often faced challenges but had also derived satisfaction from overcoming them. The metaphors connect more strongly with ‘intrinsic’ motivation than with the more utilitarian concepts of ‘extrinsic’ and ‘instrumental’ motivation. This might reflect the composition of the learner group, who had all chosen to specialize in some form of English study in their previous education. However that may be, they encourage us to create space in our teaching for the humanistic dimensions of imagination and creativity, even in courses where the explicit aim is to serve a specific pragmatic purpose.

19세기말 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(Map)이 요네병(Johne’s disease)의 원인균임이 밝혀진 이후, 불현성 감염된 동물들의 국제적 이동은 요네병을 전 세계로 퍼뜨리기 시작하였다. 이러한 요네병이 축산분야에 나타남과 동시에 새로운 형태의 대장염으로서 요네병과 같은 증상을 나타내는 질병(크론병)이 사람에게서도 나타나기 시작하였다. 그러나 Map이 이러한 새로운 대장염의 원인균이며 인수공통전염병의 원인체라는 인식은 20세기 후반 이러한 질병을 앓고 있는 사람의 조직으로부터 Map을 검출할 수 있게 되고서야 나타나기 시작했다. 본 총설은 어떻게 Map이 축산분야와 사람의 공중보건 측면 에서 심각한 문제를 야기시키게 되었고, Map 감염에 의한 대장염 환자의 치료가 어떻게 발전되어 왔는지 간단히 요약하고, 축산에서 Map의 통제를 위한 새로운 백신개발 전략에 대하여 소개한다.

When Wan Zhang 萬章 asked Mencius about how Yi Yin sought an introduction to Tang, Mencius replied that he had done so by “plowing the wilderness of the Youxin’s Clan, delighting in the principles of Yao and Shun.” (孟子曰: “否不然, 伊尹耕於有莘之野, 而樂堯舜之道焉.”《孟子•萬章上》) When King Hui of Liang asked Mencius about “royal government,” Mencius began his response by emphasizing the way King Wen of Zhou ruled at Qi, focusing again on plowing: “昔者文王之治岐也, 耕者九一, 仕者世祿, 關市譏而不征, 澤梁無禁, 罪人不孥. (《孟子•梁惠王下》). Mencius responded to Zhou Xiao’s 周霄 question whether superior men of old took office (古之君子仕乎?) by quoting a lost passage from the Book of Rites which reads: “A prince ploughs himself, and is assisted by the people, to supply the millet for sacrifice. His wife keeps silkworms, and unwinds their cocoons, to make the garments for sacrifice.” (禮曰: 諸侯耕助, 以供粢盛; 夫人蠶繅, 以爲衣服.《孟子•滕文公下》) Later still in discussion with Zhou Xiao, Mencius also draws a direct parallel between plowing and governing: “An officer’s being in office is like the ploughing of a husbandman.” (“士之仕也, 猶農夫之耕也.”《孟子•滕文公下》) Shun was noticed by Yao because of his work with the common people who modeled themselves on him, leading to the formation of polities: “When Shun ploughed on Li mountain, the inhabitants yielded the boundaries; when he fished in Thunder lake, the men on the lake yielded to him the best place; and when he made pots on the bank of the river, his vessels had no holes or flaws in them. If he dwelt in a place for a year he formed an assemblage, in two years it became a town, and in three years a metropolis.” (舜耕歷山, 歷山之人皆讓畔, 漁雷澤, 雷澤上人皆讓居; 陶河濱，河濱器皆不苦窳. 一年而所居成聚, 二年成邑, 三年成都.《史記•五帝本紀》). Moreover, famous figures such as Sima Qian 司馬遷, Wu Zixu 伍子胥, and Chen She 陳涉 all began their careers behind a plow. This paper will therefore attempt to examine the use of the motif of plowing in early Chinese texts, examining the scenario of “plowing in the wilds” (耕於野) and other tropes, and stressing especially the close relationship between plowing and ruling.

본 연구는 한국과 관련된 유교적 사상에 근거한 Fry (2003) 의 spiritual leadership**의 모델을 입증함과 동시에 한국의 금융 분야에서 직업의 불확실성에 직면한 고용인들과의 연관성 모델의 기반을 확립하기 위해 계획 되었다. Spiritual leadership은 leader, follower, 조직문화 및 직무성과의 관계를 요약한 새롭게 주목받는 전체론적 이론이다. 본 이론은 개인주의적인 문화와 연관된 서양에서 광범위하게 연구되어 져 온 반면, 한국과 같은 집단주의적 문화 안에서의 타당성은 최근 들어 연구되어 왔다. 게다가, spiritual leadership 과 관련된 기반산업 연구, 특히 직업 불확실성과 구조체계의 변화에 직면한 산업에 관한 연구 는 미미한 상태다. 본 연구는 spiritual leadership이라는 가치관의 출현과 더불어 구조 방정식 모델을 통해 소속감과 소명의식의 spiritual survival 변수에 의해 매개되어지는 조직몰입과 생산성과의 관계에 대해 살펴보았다. 통계자료는 한국의 강한 유교적 가치관을 지닌 한 금융회사에서 수집되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 참여자들이 높은 직업 불확실성에 직면있음에도 불구하고 Fry (2003)의 유교와 관련된 spiritual leadership 모델의 보편성을 잘 보여주었다. 신뢰도와 타당성지수는 적정수준 이상이었고 선행된 연구 결과의 범위 내에 있었다. 또한, NNFI와 CFI같은 부합지수는 1% 유의수준에서 모두 유의하였으며, 적정수준 (.95) 이상이었다. 따라서, 한국의 향후 금융분야의 조직연구의 기반이 될 것이다. 본 연구는 (a) spiritual leadership의 출현과 (b) spiritual leadership의 집단 차원의 분석과 관련된 유교의 긍정적인 면과 부정적인 면을 살펴봐야 할 필요성을 제안한다. 특히, 본 결과는 유교적 가치관이 공동 소속감을 통해 직무성과에 긍정적으로 기여되거나, leader와 follower들 간 상호 신뢰와 충성도에 따라 약한 권한부여를 통해 부정적으로 기여될 수 있음을 나타낸다. 더불어, 선행연구들과 비교하여 본연구의 spiritual leadership의 가치관의 낮은 평균 점수는 여러 다른 가능성들 중, 불확실성과 위기상황에서 leader와 follower의 잠재적인 관계 약화는 spiritual leadership의 강점을 뒤집을 수 있음을 제안한다. 또한, 향후 종단 연구을 통해 spiritual leadership에서 직무 불확실성의 관계를 보다 면밀히 살펴봐야 할 필요가 있다.

When communicative language teaching (CLT) was first developed in the 1970s, it was widely seen as the definitive response to the shortcomings of previous approaches and the communication needs of a globalized world. As such, it was exported enthusiastically over the world as a ready-to-use package of ideas and techniques. From the outset, however, there was no clear consensus about its nature,and teachers experienced difficulty in defining and implementing it. There is now a widespread view that teachers need to adapt CLT to suit specific contexts. CLT cannot now be defined in terms of precise characteristics but serves rather as an umbrella term for approaches that aim to develop communicative competence through personally meaningful learning experiences. In this spirit, we should aim to develop principles which help each teacher to develop a form of communication-oriented language teaching (COLT) suited to his or her own specific context.

지금까지 보고된 하부 오르도비스기의 Tremadocian과 Arenigian에 속하는 방산충 군집들 간에는 유사성이나 연관성이 거의 보이지 않았다. Tremadocian에서 Arenigian의 방산충 군집의 진화경향을 알 수 없었던 이유는 후기 Tremadocian 방산충 군집에 대해 알려진 바가 없었기 때문이다. 캐나다 뉴파운드랜드의 Cow Head Group에서 후기 Tremadocian에 속하는 방산충 화석 군집들이 처음으로 발견되었다. 이 새로운 방산충 군집들은 모두 6과, 11속, 26종에 속한다. 이들 가운데 6속 17종이 새로이 발견된 것들이다. Arenigian에서만 보고되었던 Proventocitidae에 속하는 종들이 다양하게 산출되었다. 초기 Tremadocian에 번성했던 Protoentactiniidae와 Echidniniidae에 속하는 것들은 감소하고 Aspiculumidae에 속하는 것들은 더욱 분화되어 다양하고 풍부하게 산출되었다. 방산충과 함께 출현하는 코노돈트 연구로 Low Diversity Interval에서 M. dianae Zone 그리고 하부 P. proteus Zone에 속하는 후기 Tremadocian 방산충 군집들로 밝혀졌다. 또한 R. manitouensis Zone에 속하는 코노돈트 화석군집이 발견되어 중기와 후기 Tremadocian에 속하는 Cow Head Group이 분포하는 여러 지역 간의 (Martin Point, Western Brook Pond, Broom Point, 그리고 St. Paul's Inlet) 층서대비를 보다 정확하게 할 수 있었고, 코노돈트 생층서에서는 R. manitouensis Zone, Low Diversity Interval, M. dianae Zone, 그리고 하부 P. proteus Zone이 식별되었다.

Many experimental and numerical approaches have been developed to evaluate paving materials and to predict pavement response and distress. Micromechanical simulation modeling is a technology that can reduce the number of physical tests required in material formulation and design and that can provide more details, e.g., the internal stress and strain state, and energy evolution and dissipation in simulated specimens with realistic microstructural features. A clustered distinct element modeling (DEM) approach was implemented In the two-dimensional particle flow software package (PFC-2D) to study the complex behavior observed in asphalt mixture fracturing. The relationship between continuous and discontinuous material properties was defined based on the potential energy approach. The theoretical relationship was validated with the uniform axial compression and cantilever beam model using two-dimensional plane strain and plane stress models. A bilinear cohesive displacement-softening model was implemented as an intrinsic interface and applied for both homogeneous and heterogeneous fracture modeling in order to simulate behavior in the fracture process zone and to simulate crack propagation. A disk-shaped compact tension test (DC(T)) with heterogeneous microstructure was simulated and compared with the experimental fracture test results to study Mode I fracture. The realistic arbitrary crack propagation including crack deflection, microcracking, crack face sliding, crack branching, and crack tip blunting could be represented in the fracture models. This micromechanical modeling approach represents the early developmental stages towards a 'virtual asphalt laboratory,' where simulations of laboratory tests and eventually field response and distress predictions can be made to enhance our understanding of pavement distress mechanisms, such its thermal fracture, reflective cracking, and fatigue crack growth.

The possibilities for HPLC analysis of lipids have been revolutionised by the availability of evaporative light-scattering detectors, with which the response is independent of the nature of the mobile phase and does not depend On the presence of specific chromophores in the lipids. It was thus possible to develop an HPLC procedure, involving ternary gradient elution, for separating all the lipid classes in animal tissues in a single step. Although reversed-phase HPLC has been widely used for the analysis of molecular species of lipids, sliver ion chromatography can be a valuable alternative. For example, a stable silver ion column for HPLC was developed which permitted resolution of molecular species of triacylglycerols, even from such complex samples as fish oils, again With light-scattering detection and gradient elution. The capacity for HPLC resolution of diastereomeric diacyl-sn-glycerol derivatives, prepared from triacylglycerols. has lead to a new simple method for stereospecific analysis of the latter.

Investigation of the environmental impact of widespread pesticide use has revealed a virtue/vice relationship. Although many pesticides perform their function and disappear without harm to the environment, others persist beyond their useful purpose and cause direct of indirect hazard to man, domestic animals and wildlife. Concurrently, many pests have rapidly adjusted to chemical control practices through changes in behavior that avoid exposure to pesticides of throuth genetic selection for populations resistant to the toxicants. The prospect of losing control over insect herbivores and desease vectors and returning to the days of global hunger and disease is unthinkable. Fortunately, from basic studies of insect and plant biology many opportunities for the development of safe, selective and environmentally pacific strategies for insect pest management are being realized.