This study investigates whether model dialogues in currently available middle school English textbooks present appropriate pragmatic input in the realization of speech acts or communicative functions with a focus on the authenticity of the textbook dialogues. To attain this purpose, a total of 18 textbooks were scrutinized in terms of communicative functions. The results showed that many of the textbook dialogues are devoid of adequate treatment of speech acts or communicative functions. The poor representation was evident in a wide array of communicative functions such as requesting/favor-asking, thanking, inviting, encouraging, complaining, responding to complaints, expressing sympathy, expressing surprise, refusing and responding to refusals. The misrepresented functions were largely due to the lack of sensitivity to situational constraints, interlocutor variables, and/or formality. Some cases were ascribed to pragmatic transfer from the native language. This study will contribute to the improvement of the currently available textbooks so that they can provide authentic speech act input.

]ung, Woo-hyun 2009 The Funcbons of the Enghsh Utterance of fIghtmg’ m Korean Dlscourse πJe Soαolmguzstzc Joumal 01 Korea lη2) Trus study exammes the functIons of the Enghsh utterance, fIghtmg', m Korean chscourse, Wlth specIal attentIon to how and when trus expreSSlon IS employed by Korean natIve speakers To trus end, trus study collected data from naturally occumng sltuatlOns and the scnpts of some TV programs The res띠ts showed that the expreSSlon, fightmg', fulfIlls the pnmary functlOn of encouragmg the addressee, and that tlns PIVOtal functIon IS extended to such functIons as Wlsrung, congratulatmg, thankmg, prorrusmg, consolmg, beggmg, and leave-takmg, but not to as fIllmg a pause The fmchngs of the study corroborated the wldely-held c1rum that an utterance can fulfl11 plunva1ent functIons The study a1so mamfested other features fzghtmg' can be verba1ιed， lt can or cannot be responded, lt can be employed recIProca11y, and lt can be used to rughly va1ue a trung as well as a person These results WJll surely shed hght on the study of mscourse functIona1 pers야ctIve of Enghsh loan-words m Kor，않n chscourse, thus, leachng to a better understanchng of the natlVlzatlOn of Enghsh mto another language

This paper seeks to analyze the passive voice in English textbooks in terms of sufficiency, sequencing, variety, interest, authenticity, and appropriateness. A total of thirty textbooks was randomly chosen for the analysis, six exemplars being selected from each grade from intermediate middle school through advanced high school. The results show that the subtypes of passives presented were substantial enough to fully understand the nature of the passive, and that the various sub-types of passives were sequenced reasonably. However, limitations were revealed in providing enough variety of activities/exercises on the one hand and of visual aids on the other. The textbooks were also found to contain several non-authentic language patterns such as wrong choice of the verb, collocation problems, etc. More serious was not only heavy reliance on sentence-level mechanical practices, particularly conversion exercises, but also the lack of attention paid to function-oriented instructions on the passive. These findings are expected to contribute to the effective design of new textbooks under the revised curriculum.

In this study, the diffusion behaviors of C and Co in liquid phase sintering of WC-Co system were investigated whether these two components diffused in the same direction in case of having opposite gradient each other with not being phase. The green compacts with controlled compositions in not being of phase and gradient composition which one is WC-5Co-1.2%C, the other is WC-XCo-0.2%C (where X = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25) were sintered at and and then the diffusion behaviors of C and Co were investigated by analyses of compositional change, also determined for microstructure and microhardness. Also, same testing was carried out on the specimens with dual layers sintered in upright and reverse positions to evaluate the effect of gravity on the diffusion in liquid Co. From the results of this study, we can find the fact that the direction of diffusion for C and Co in WC-Co system during liquid phase sintering was different and the effect of gravity for the liquid was insignificant. Also other physical properties were changed on the diffusion of elements.

This paper deals with an information processing dimension of listening activities. The main purpose of the study is to investigate how selected listening activities proposed by Peterson (1991) and Brown (2001) for ESL contexts are employed by students in Korean middle schools, high schools, and universities, with special attention to different types of listening processing: bottom-up, top-down, and interactive. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected from 600 students to identify their use of listening activities. The results indicated that the listening activities used by Korean students were generally limited in variety and were not in accordance with their education levels. The learners in general resorted to the top-down type most frequently. An investigation of how each education group (middle school, high school, and university) employs different types of listening activities revealed that each group employed the top-down type most frequently, lacking the bottom-up and interactive types. On the basis of the results, pedagogical implications are discussed and suggestions are made for activating listening activities, which is in turn expected to lead to learners’ increased listening competence.