Silicon (Si) has the potential to improve plant growth and stress tolerance. The study aimed to explore Si-involving plant responses and molecular characterization of different Si-responsive genes in alfalfa. In this study, the exogenous supplementation of Si enhanced plant growth, and biomass yield. Si-acquisition in alfalfa root and shoot was higher in Si-supplemented compared to silicon deficient (-Si) plants, implying Si-acquisition has beneficial on alfalfa plants. As a consequence, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly increased in silicon-sufficient (+Si) plants. The quantitative gene expression analysis exhibited a significant upregulation of the Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes in alfalfa roots, while BOR1, BOR4, NIP2, and NIP3 showed no significant variation in their expression. The MEME results further noticed the association of four motifs related to the major intrinsic protein (MIP). The interaction analysis revealed that NIP5;1 and Lsi1 showed a shared gene network with NIP2, BOR1, and BOR4, and Lsi2, Lsi3 and NIP3-1, respectively. These results suggest that members of the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) family especially Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes helped to pass water and other neutral solutes through the cell membrane and those played significant roles in Si uptake and transport in plants. Together, these insights might be useful for alfalfa breeding and genome editing approaches for alfalfa improvement.

Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) has been reported worldwide as a major pathogen associated with acute hemorrhagic enteritis. The disease is a major infectious cause of death, particularly in young dogs. The earliest type of CPV-2 was replaced with three main subspecies, CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c, within a few years. Vaccination is carried out regularly, but the emergence of antigenic variants and the influence of maternal antibodies have limited the efficacy of commercial vaccines. New vaccines, such as the subunit vaccine, have been developed for alternative, safe, and effective vaccination. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is an excellent eukaryotic expression system with a high-level expression of foreign proteins and the ability of post-translational modification. Therefore, it is used widely to produce recombinant protein and subunit vaccines. In this study, the VP2 protein of CPV-2b cloned in the gateway vector system was generated using a baculovirus expression system in Spodoptera frugiperda (SF9) insect cells. Hemagglutination assay (HA) titers (24) were obtained, and the expression was detected in 6-His tagged VP2 and monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CPV-2 by western blotting. The VP2 protein of CPV-2b expressed in this study may provide a basis for a clinical diagnosis and vaccination applications for CPV-2.

The present study was conducted to analyze agronomic characteristics of 8 ecotypes of Arundinella hirta (A. hirta) and the correlation among them. Changes in phenotypic characteristics of 8 ecotypes were measured at equal intervals of time from May to September. Among ecotypes, Jangsoo-1 has the highest plant height (172.33 cm), number of leaves (9.00) and leaf length (55 cm) while the ecotype Youngduk has the highest leaf width (1.57 cm), fresh mass (26.63 g), dry mass (7.06 g), number of spikelets per spike (53.33), amount of seeds per spike (0.74 g) and amount of seeds per 10 spikes (7.23 g). The ecotype Jinju-1 has the shortest plant height (119 cm) and leaf number (6.33), while Okgye-2 has shortest leaf length (30.67 cm), leaf width (0.93 cm), fresh mass (12.60 g), dry mass (3.30 g), spike length (30.33 cm), spikelet per spike (39.67), amount of seeds per spike (0.61 g) and amount of seeds per 10 spikes (6.00 g). Correlation coefficients were estimated among the studied agronomic characteristics which showed positive and significant association with each other. In the present study, the agronomic data collected would be useful to understand the potential of A. hirta as a forage resource and helpful in selecting the high-yielding genetic resource for future forage improvement.

This study investigated ethopabate (EPB) residues in edible tissues of broiler chickens given in drinking water and established the withdrawal time (WT) of EPB in poultry tissues. Twenty-four healthy Ross broiler chickens were orally administered with EPB at the concentration of 3.8 mg/L for 14 days (EPB-1, n=24) and 15.2 mg/L for 7 days (EPB-2, n=24) through drinking water, respectively. After the drug treatment, tissue samples were collected from six broiler chickens at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days, respectively. EPB residue concentrations in poultry tissues were determined using LC-MS/MS. Correlation coefficient values ranged from 0.9980 to 0.9998, and the limits of detection and quantification (LOQ) were 0.03~0.09 and 0.1~0.3 μg/kg, respectively. Mean recoveries in muscle, liver, kidney and skin/fat tissues were 95.9~109.8, 108.7~115.3, 89.9~96.6 and 86.7~96.8%, respectively, and coefficient of variations were less than 17.11%. At the end of the drug-administration period (0 day), EPB was detected at levels under the LOQ in all tissues from both the EPB-1 and EPB-2 groups. According to the results of EPB residue in Ross broiler tissues, withdrawal periods of both EPB-1 and EPB-2 in poultry tissues were established to 0 day. In conclusion, the developed analytical method is suitable for the detection of EPB in poultry tissues, and the estimated WT of EPB in poultry tissues will contribute to ensuring the safety of Ross broiler chickens.

Lyophyllum decastes has been used for culinary purpose. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects from methanol, acetone, and hot water extracts of L. decastes fruiting bodies. The acetone and methanol extracts showed the higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazy radical scavenging activities than that of the hot water extract at 0.5–2.0 mg/mL and was comparable to the BHT, the positive control. The ferrous ion chelating effects of the mushroom extracts at 0.5–2.0 mg/mL were significantly higher than that of BHT. The reducing power of acetone extract (2.12) was significantly lower than that of BHT (2.73) at 2.0 mg/ mL. The mushroom extracts also showed inhibitory effects on production of nitric oxide (NO), and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide-induced murine macrophage cells in a concentration dependent manner. In vivo anti-inflammatory experiment on carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema of rat model, the acetone extract of the mushroom significantly suppressed the carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema of rats in a dose dependently. The results suggest that the fruiting bodies of Lyophyllum decastes are a good natural resource of antioxidant and anti-inflammation.

A study on webGl efficiency in Unity servers was conducted. There are various ways to upload a build file made with Unity to a web server. In fact, to classify it that way, it would not be an exaggeration to say that there are as many developers as there are. In this paper, it is mainly classified into four types and introduced. First, there are ways to package and distribute the Unity project itself, distribute it as a standalone or mobile build, distribute it as a webplayer build, and distribute it as a WebGL build. I would like to briefly introduce each method, look at the simplest of them, the distribution method in WebGL, and study the efficiency of this method in detail. Through this study, we can use Unity for the first time to help people who are thinking of deploying servers or are interested in basic engines and server upload methods. In this paper, we will first introduce the simplest way of building WebGL, then explain and compare the four distribution methods, and finally compare them with the efficiency of the WebGL method. This will support opinions on efficiency.

In recent years, young Chinese consumers have become more favorably inclined toward products relating to traditional culture. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a textile design that incorporates traditional Chinese patterns and cultural symbolism that will appeal to consumers from the MZ generation (millennials and Generation Z). Through a literature search for traditional Chinese patterns and symbols regarded as auspicious, our design concept and motives were established. We selected peony, lotus, and frog motifs as representative of a “wealth and eternal prosperity” design theme. In textile design work 1, we used hand drawing and watercolor techniques, color transformation with Adobe Photoshop, and colorway and end-use 3D simulation with TexPro. The 3D simulation work suggests that this textile pattern is suitable for women’s outerwear, mufflers, and tote bags. Textile design work 2 conveyed the ‘wealth and eternal prosperity’ design theme and had a graceful mood that embodied the nobility of the lotus flower whilst also encompassing the symbolism of money and status. The end design is a modern reinterpretation of traditional Chinese patterns and motifs. As such, it is hoped that it will satisfy the needs of young consumers for cultural values yet offer a unique new aesthetic distinct from existing textile designs. These qualities can be expected to enhance the competitive market value of textiles bearing this design.

In recent years, the marketing literature has given considerable attention to the concept of online consumer misbehaviour. However, this increased interest has resulted in a significant accumulation of knowledge, leading to fragmentation and confusion in the field. This situation has serious implications for both researchers and practitioners, as it impedes the development of a coherent and unified understanding of the field. To address this issue, this paper presents a systematic review aimed at consolidating and organizing the available research on online consumer misbehaviour. The paper provides a conceptualization and operationalization of the concept of OCM. Additionally, the paper identifies and discusses the existing theories used in the field of OCM research.

From the standpoint of developing a transformative service to create improvements in collective wellbeing (Anderson & Ostrom, 2015), evidence of a sport–resilience relationship is gradually accumulating in the literature (Kim et al., 2022). Sport management and social science scholars are making considerable efforts to understand how sport entities with transformative services can contribute to consumer resilience—an intervention through a sport consumption experience that affects people’s abilities to cope with adversity (Inoue et al., 2022; MacIntosh et al., 2020). However, little is known about the sport industry and spatial consumer behavior in terms of consumer resilience. Although previous researchers have identified a macro-level association between sport industry and community resilience from a bird's eye view (Kim et al., 2021), it could not determine how and where sport industry at a macro level can be related to individual-level resilience through metaphors of Consumer Desire. Specifically, the spatial patterns of sport consumption (i.e., consumer spatial behavior) can be a result of sport consumer behavior affected by spatial context upon heterogeneous features of sport industry across regions (Kim et al., 2021) in the environment–behavior paradigm (Olsson & Gale, 1968). The macrolevel clustering of the sport industry in a region (environment) can be a community resource to provide individuals with the opportunity for sport consumption (behavior), which promotes the micro-level psychosocial factors for sport consumer resilience (Inoue et al., 2022). Furthermore, recent work illustrates heterogeneous spatial interaction at the regional level of the sport industry and individual-level sport consumption (Kim et al., 2022), suggesting the elaboration of cross-level spatial interaction models (Kim et al., 2021). Accordingly, in this study we aim to not only (a) determine spatially heterogeneous interactions in the association between sport industry and consumer spatial behavior in affecting consumer resilience, but also (b) identify what effect spatial interaction has on cross-level relationships. Using data focused on a multiscale-based nested geographic structure (e.g., individual-level consumption by zip code, county, state, and nation) that could elucidate the sport consumer spatial behavior, We collected multiple types of data from Florida, including the location quotient of the main seven sport industries (e.g., sport facilities) and socioeconomic factors (e.g., social vulnerability) at the county level from secondary sources. In addition, we acquired individual-level data from Qualtrics panels (1,107 Florida residents) to measure sport consumer spatial behavior (e.g., location-based sport consumption experience) and consumer resilience using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. To address spatial interaction and heterogeneity, we used a comprehensive analytical model for global and local spatial analysis, including a spatial multilevel mediation (SMM) model and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model. As a result of the SMM model, the county-level cluster of sport facilities affected individual-level participatory sport consumption, which enhanced consumer resilience (cross-level interaction effect). However, considerable spatial non-stationarity appeared in the spatial interaction, indicating interregional interactions in the cross-level effects within a county. The results of MGWR indicated significant spatially heterogeneous patterns in the association between the cluster of sport facilities and participatory sport consumption. That is, it was clarified that the spatial heterogeneous effects of the clustering of sport facilities on sport consumer spatial behavior are associated with consumer resilience. This empirical interdisciplinary work, including sport management, geography, and consumer psychology, advances knowledge of consumer spatial behavior and resilience by demonstrating heterogeneous spatial interactions. Practically, the current study calls for spatial management planning and strategy in sport industry for enhancing consumer resilience through spatial sport consumption, considering spatially varying patterns.

As interactive marketing devices that serve as proximity-marketing tools, AI-powered voice assistants (VA) provide consumers with highly innovative convenience, which in turn fosters consumer–brand relationships (Wang, 2021). This research aims to explore the role of AI-powered VAs as a positive technology that offers consumers a sense of positive experiences, thus contributing to building a consumer-brand relationship. Based on the positive technology paradigm and transformation of flow strategy, this research conducted a 2 (locus of agency: high, machine-centric vs. low, human-centric) by 2 (brand image and voice congruency effect: incongruent vs. congruent) between-subjects experimental design. Then, ANOVA and structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis were conducted to explain how perceived control, flow, and happiness induced by the interaction with brands’ AI-powered VAs lead to the formation of brand loyalty under the moderating influences of brand image and VA’s voice congruency. A total of 316 participants were recruited via Prolific. The ANOVA analysis highlights the importance of user-centric agency, as people tend to desire to control their environment (White, 1959). Further, the results suggest that the congruency between brand image and VAs also leads people to positive reactions, as it improves their comfort and control (Rodero, Larrea, & Vázquez, 2013). SEM analysis results found that perceived control was a crucial factor that led participants to flow experience (Ghani et al., 1991). Further, this study found that perceived control could lead to a much broader aspect, such as an increase in happiness. Therefore, the overall study findings support the potential of AI-powered VAs as a positive technology. This research contributes to human-machine interaction, positive technology paradigm, and VA literature. In addition, this study provides beneficial insights for marketers and app developers.

The market for counterfeit luxury goods is growing rapidly, with estimates suggesting that counterfeit trades are valued at around $4.5 trillion globally, with 60% to 70% of this being made up of counterfeit luxury goods. Research has shown that counterfeits dilute the perceived quality of luxury brands and reduce consumers' purchase intentions. Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are a form of ownership record that is linked and stored on a blockchain.