Global fitting functions for Fe-selective chlorination in ilmenite(FeTiO2) and successive chlorination of beneficiated TiO2 are proposed and validated based on a comparison with experimental data collected from the literature. The Fe-selective chlorination reaction is expressed by the unreacted shrinking core model, which covers the diffusion-controlling step of chlorinated Fe gas that escapes through porous materials of beneficiated TiO2 formed by Fe-selective chlorination, and the chemical reaction-controlling step of the surface reaction of unreacted solid ilmenite. The fitting function is applied for both chemical controlling steps of the unreacted shrinking core model. The validation shows that our fitting function is quite effective to fit with experimental data by minimum and maximum values of determination coefficients of R2 as low as 0.9698 and 0.9988, respectively, for operating parameters such as temperature, Cl2 pressure, carbon ratio and particle size that change comprehensively. The global fitting functions proposed in this study are expressed simply as exponential functions of chlorination rate(X) vs. time(t), and each of them are validated by a single equation for various reaction conditions. There is therefore a certain practical merit for the optimal process design and performance analysis for field engineers of chlorination reactions of ilmenite and TiO2.

본 연구에서의 날개 앞전은 날개의 공기역학적인 기능뿐만 아니라 조류 등의 외부의 손상을 줄 수 있는 것으로부터 날개 내부 구성요소를 보호하고 안전한 항공기 운항을 위한 반드시 필요한 구조 요소이다. 복합재 무인기의 날개 경량화를 위한 최적의 제작 모델을 비교․검토하였다. MSC. Patran/Nastran을 이용한 유한요소해석을 통하여 비틀림 하중의 변위 형상을 비교․확인하였으며, 각 모델들의 비틀림 강도 실험을 통하여 적층 유형, 두께 변화 및 형상 적용에 따른 경량화 성능 개선 을 확인하므로써 소형 복합재 무인기 최적의 경량화 날개 앞전스킨의 형태를 제시하였다.

The present study prepared molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), the most important intermediate of molybdenum metal, by using a fluidized bed reactor for the thermal decomposition of ammonium molybdate (AM) in the presence of an air flow. During the process of fluidizing the sample inside the reactor, the reaction time and temperature were optimized with a close analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data and with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In particular, the temperature level, at which the AM decomposition is completed, is very important as a primary operating parameter. The analysis of the XRD and TGA data showed that the AM decomposition is almost completed at ~350 oC with a reaction time of 30 min. A shorter reaction time of 10 min. required a higher reaction temperature of ~500 oC with the same air flow rate to complete the AM decomposition. A sharp rise in the decomposition efficiency at a temperature ranging between 320 and 350 oC indicated a threshold for the AM decomposition. The operating conditions determined in this study can be used for future scale-ups of the process.

In this paper, we try to show that Miyagawa’s (2017) analysis is only partially on the right track. We believe that Miyagawa’s (2017) observation that WHY can be externally merged under TP is not completely wrong. The difference of our position from Miyagawa’s lies in our proposal that WHY be externally merged as a CP-modifier (Ko 2005) or as a VP-modifier (Tsai 2008). We will see that there are two types of WHY in Korean, and we will also encounter novel data concerning wh-less whquestions. Defending Ko’s (2005) CP-modifier hypothesis, we make a criticism of Miyagawa’s (2017) approach, and then try to come up with a (very tentative) alternative account which can explain the counterexamples to Ko’s CMH.

This study tries to provide an experimental explanation of a type of wh-question in North Gyeongsang Korean in which the so-called weak wh-island condition is violated. More specifically, this study concerns itself with the scope and prosody of wh-phrases in constructions with weak wh-island condition violation. The experiment carried out in this study is about the interaction between wh-scope and prosody at the syntax-phonology interface. It is shown in the paper that for wh-questions with weak wh-island violation to be produced and perceived grammatically, three conditions should be met: which include interpretation- matched prosody, D-linking, and forms of functional categories.

This paper concerns ifself with the problem of the label <φ,φ>, which is suggested by Chomsky (2013) as the label of the syntactic object constructed by Merge of TP with the subject DP. To solve Adger’s (2012) specifier problem, Chomsky (2013) assumes that features can be the label of {XP, YP} when they are shared by the two phrases. The typical case for this labeling involves the syntactic object {Subject, TP}, which has <φ,φ> as its label. Considering that this labeling algorithm induces some conceptual problems, we would like to suggest in this paper that another mechanism be hired to solve the problems to the effect that the phi-phrase is eliminated. Adapting Uriagereka’s (1999) multiple spell-out and Takita, Goto, and Shibata’s (2016) visibility hypothesis for transferred elements, this paper can successfully solve the problem of phi-phrase.

Morphosyntactic and prosodic information is accessed by native speakers of North Gyeongsang Korean when interrogatives are interpreted. The present study investigates the interface between these structures. To do so, the study analyzes the syntactic and prosodic structures of the dialect’s yes/no and wh-questions, and then examines the rate of comprehension and acceptance of the two types of the interrogatives in a perception test. The prosodic structures in the test are modified by transplantation, the results of which allow us to find out the following. First, presented with the interrogatives whose syntactic and prosodic structures did not match, the native subjects of Gyeongsang Korean relied more on the prosodic structures than on the syntactic ones. Second, changes in prosodic structures had a strong influence on simple sentences, but relatively less so on complex sentences. These results lead to the conclusion that prosodic structures are the decisive factor in syntactic interpretations, and, accordingly, are intricately intertwined with the syntactic structures during the processing of interrogatives.

This paper particularly brings Epstein, Kitahara, and Seely’s (EKS 2014) suggestion into critical consideration and tries to make an alternative to their suggestion. What is interesting in EKS’s (2014) proposal is that they argue for the unnecessity of such concepts as numeration and lexical array, and even for the elimination of phases. Though it has been taken for granted that computational complexities are resolved by transferring some stages of a derivation as chunks to the interfaces and then continuing the derivation as such, EKS (2014) apparently prove that we can use the labeling algorithm to resolve the computational complexities in the way that some chunks are constructed even without phases. In this paper, we will see that the concepts of lexical array and numeration are necessary, despite the plausibility of EKS’s suggestion. Furthermore, it will be shown that with the independent necessity of those concepts, we still need the concept of phase as the basic unit of derivation and transfer.

Yong-Ha Kim. 2017. On the Problem of the Timing of Labeling: A Reply to Bošković (2016). Studies in Modern Grammar 96, 51-66. In this study, we critically discuss Bošković’s (2016) recent proposal about the labeling algorithm as proposed by Chomsky (2013, 2015). Bošković’s (2016) main claim is that the timing of labelling should be considered a crucial issue in Chomsky’s labeling algorithm. According to him, whatever its formulation, the labeling algorithm is taken to apply when the derivation reaches the interface. This means that there can, and should, be phrases without labels until the derivation enters the interface. Bošković (2016) further assumes that the label-less phrases trigger antilocality effects though the relevant movement would be sufficiently long if they had their own labels. With this assumption about the timing of labeling, Bošković is apparently successful in accounting for many interesting grammatical phenomena in a unique fashion.

Recently, Chomsky (2013, 2015) has abandoned the concept of the endocentricity of phrase, which has been taken as a near axiom in the tradition of phrase structure theory. Instead, he proposes an algorithm for labelling (LA; labelling algorithm) by taking it away from the Merge operation. This, in effect, is a measure for solving the so-called specifier problem a la Adger 2012, and then enable novel explanation of the non-existence of specifiers. Paradoxically, we will see in this paper that Chomsky’s (2013, 2015) effective elimination of specifiers not only renders the configuration of multiple specifiers possible, but also helps us to try simpler explanation of them.

Previously, all-sky airglow images observed at Shigaraki (34.9° N, 136.1° E), Japan, during 2004 and 2005 were analyzed in relation to those observed at Mt. Bohyun (36.2° N, 128.9° E) for a comparison of their gravity wave characteristics (Kim et al. 2010). By applying the same selection criteria of waves and cloud coverages as in the case of Mt. Bohyun all-sky images, we derived apparent wavelengths, periods, phase velocities, and monthly occurrence rates of gravity waves at Shigaraki in this study. The distributions of wavelengths, periods, and speeds derived for Shigaraki were found to be roughly similar to those for Mt. Bohyun. However, the overall occurrence rates of gravity waves at Shigaraki were 36% and 34% for OI 557.7 nm and OH Meinel band airglow layers, respectively, which were significantly higher than those at Mt. Bohyun. The monthly occurrence rates did not show minima near equinox months, unlike those for Mt. Bohyun. Furthermore, the seasonal preferential directions that were clearly apparent for Mt. Bohyun were not seen in the wave propagation trends for Shigaraki. These differences between the two sites imply different origins of the gravity waves near the Korean peninsula and the Japanese islands. The gravity waves over the Japanese islands may originate from sources at various altitudes; therefore, wind filtering may not be effective in causing any seasonal preferential directions in the waves in the airglow layers. Our analysis of the Shigaraki data supports recent theoretical studies, according to which gravity waves can be generated from in situ sources, such as mesosphere wind shear or secondary wave formation, in the mesosphere.

Korean is known to have a special form of coordination, verb-less coordination (VLC), in which the preceding conjunct(s) may allow a shared verb, and possibly other related elements, not to be pronounced as the name of the construction indicates. In this study, we will try to analyze the data showing vehicle change effects with focus on a particular verbal ending -nuntey. As -nuntey is a kind of connective verbal ending in Korean, i.e. a subordinate conjunction, we will claim that the data in question have a common structure that contains verb-less coordination within subordination.

Merge is assumed to come free in minimalist program. The logic for this assumption is that we could not even utter a sentence because it’s the cheapest way. With Merge as an indispensible operation in grammar, this paper explores the nature of a feature that serves as the trigger of Merge. In recent terminology, the feature in question is called an edge feature EF. Based on the observation that movement always targets a functional head, this paper tries to show that non-functional lexical items really have a limitation in the number of Merge, that is to say, they can merge just once and for all.