Polyploidization, or genome doubling, has a significant impact on plant speciation and adaptation, and it is commonly used in agriculture to improve crop traits. In this study, we investigated the induction of polyploidy in three wild Allium species native to Korea: A. senescens and A. spirale Willd. and A. taquetii, using colchicine treatments tailored to meet specific experimental requirements. By avoiding tissue culture methods, we developed a more accessible, cost-effective, and scalable approach to polyploidization. Our research demonstrated that polyploid Allium plants exhibit distinct phenotypic changes, such as reduced growth rates and increased stomatal size. Flow cytometry and chromosome counting confirmed the successful induction of polyploidy, with clear peaks indicating double DNA content and stable chromosome numbers in polyploid plants. The presence of B chromosomes in A. spirale Willd. following polyploidization suggest interesting genetic dynamics. Despite the initial growth lags, polyploid plants may offer enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and resilience under optimal conditions. This study highlights the potential of polyploidization to improve ornamental traits in Allium species, thereby contributing to the diversification and sustainability of ornamental plant offerings. Future research should focus on the long-term performance and ecological adaptability of polyploid Allium species to fully harness their horticultural potential.

백합 종간 교잡종은 다양한 교배 방법에 의해 생산되어지 고 있다. 그러나 이들 종간 교잡종은 대부분 불임이다. 2n gametes는 백합에서 종간 교잡종 F1의 불임을 극복할 수 있 을 뿐 아니라 우수한 유전형질을 지닌 2n과의 교배에 이용할 수 있고 후대 다양한 유전형질을 기대할 수 있다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 가장 효과적으로 2n gametes를 생산할 수 있는 방법을 구축하기 위하여 백합 Oriental hybrids ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’에 N2O를 처리하였다. 같은 Oriental 그룹 내 에서도 ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’는 화뢰 크기별 감수분열 시기가 달랐다. 감수분열 tetrad 시기에 염색체를 관찰한 결 과 sequential spindles, tripolar spindles에 의해 2가지 다른 형태가 관찰되었다. ‘Medusa’에서 2atm의 N2O를 처리 한 화뢰 길이 10~15mm와 20~25mm에서 monad, dyad, triad, tetrad가 관찰되었다. 그러나 4atm에서는 tetrad 이외에는 검경 되지 않았다. ‘Marco polo’의 경우 화뢰 길 이 10~15mm, 25~30mm 시기에 2, 4atm의 N2O를 12, 24 시간 동안 처리한 구에서 모두 dyad, triad가 관찰되었다. ‘Medusa’, ‘Marco Polo’ 모두 dyad, triad, tetrad가 관찰 된 시기는 대조구에서 interphase와 metaphase Ⅰ에 해당 하는 시기이다. 화분의 모양은 타원형으로 처리 전·후 변화가 없었으며 처리 후 화분의 크기는 n 보다 큰 화분뿐 아니라 작 은 화분도 관찰되어 전체적으로 다양했다. 화분의 임성과 발 아율은 처리구별로 차이가 없었으나 평균적으로 처리 후가 무처리구보다 임성은 약 10%, 발아는 약 20% 정도 떨어졌다. ‘Medusa’와 ‘Marco Polo’를 이용하여 N2O를 처리한 것과 처리하지 않은 것을 정역 교배하였을 때 자방이 비대 되는 형 태가 2가지이었으나 처리 별 차이는 아니었다. 획득된 식물체 를 Flow cytometry로 검정한 결과, 무처리 ‘Marco Polo’와 2atm 24시간 32mm에 처리한 ‘Medusa’의 교배를 통해 하 나의 식물체에서 2배체와 3배체가 모두 나오는 mixoploid를 확인할 수 있었다. 그 외 실험을 통해 얻은 식물체 중에서 이 수체가 4개 발견되었다. 확실한 3배체를 가진 식물체는 관찰 할 수 없었다.

Echeveria is a genus belonging to the Crassulaceae family that comprises approximately 170 species. It is a representative plant known as a succulent with economic potential in the floriculture industry. Echeveria plants are widely distributed in dry environments and endemic to Mexico. These plants have a rosette formation and varied leaf colors and shapes, which are characteristics of interest for landscaping, cut flowers, or interior decoration. Given their range of locations in different climates or indoor conditions, it is important to have an understanding and knowledge of their leaf morphology and anatomy and how they function to provide optimum care and management. Owing to high demand in horticultural markets, many breeders have crossed their desired species. However, this method has progressively increased the number of species without proper records of parents or other natural unintended crossings, creating phylogenetic problems and identification issues. The use and understanding of phenotypes, anatomical data, and/or research to aid in taxonomic issues and improve cultural management practices have been reviewed and discussed in this paper. In this review, we have provided a brief background of Echeveria species, focusing on the challenges and studies that have attempted to address these issues.

Veronica L., the largest genus in the family Plantaginaceae, is widespread in various habitats. Due to their long-blooming flowers, Veronica species have high horticultural value as indoor potted, garden, and landscape plants. Furthermore, Veronica plants are extremely important owing to their notable diversity in habitat usage, ploidy level, and evolution. Several native taxa, which are of key interest in breeding programs and phylogenetic studies, have been identified in Korea. The genome sizes and chromosomal characteristics are basic cytogenetic features of all taxa, and their knowledge is a prerequisite when commencing genome sequencing projects. It can provide essential information for cytogenetic, taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary studies. Thus, cytogenetic analysis and genome size estimation of seven Veronica taxa native to Korea were conducted in this study. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) karyotype analysis and chromosome counting was conducted using metaphase chromosomes probed with 5S and 45S rDNA. Nuclear DNA content and genome size were determined using flow cytometry. FISH karyotype analysis revealed a common number of 5S loci and varying 45S signals that create distinctive rDNA distribution patterns in each taxon. The results indicated that the seven investigated Veronica taxa have calculated genome sizes (1C values) ranging from 517.1 to 862.0 Mbp. This study is the first to report the chromosome number and karyomorphology of seven Veronica taxa native to Korea, as well as the use of rDNA markers for identifying individual chromosomes. These findings contribute to the crucial understanding the genomic characteristics of species within the genus Veronica, serve as a basis for studying Veronica phylogeny and evolution, and provide valuable information for future breeding programs.

The purpose of the study is to assess morphological and chromosomal comparison of Mini type Phalanopsis ‘KS Little Gem’ and four domestic market available cultivars (‘Queen Beer’, ‘Tony Pink’, ‘Vaviche’ and ‘Rorens’). ‘KS Little Gem’ had the highest number of leaves (14.9), while the other four types had fewer than ten. The longest leaf length was 21.5㎝ for ‘Tony Pink’, followed by 16.2㎝, 18.0㎝ and 17.5㎝ for ‘Queen Beer’, ‘Rorens’ and ‘Vaviche’ respectively. The length and width of the petals of ‘KS Little Gem’ were 29.5㎜ and 25.6㎜ respectively indicating a round shape flower compared to other cultivars. When the flower lifespan of ‘KS Little Gem’ was compared to four cultivars of the domestic market, it was found that it had a 123-day shelf life, which was twice longer than that of the four cultivars. According to chromosome analysis ‘KS Little Gem’, ‘Rorens’, ‘Tony Pink,' and ‘Vaviche’ were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 76) while ‘Queen Beer’ was diploid (2n = 2x = 38). The estimated DNA content of ‘KS Little Gem’, ‘Rorens’, ‘Tony Pink’ and ‘Vaviche’ had 4918.4, 4794.2, 4705.2 and 4964.3 Mbp respectively, which were roughly double than that of P. cornu-cervi (control, 2n = 2x = 38). However, ‘Queen Beer’, had an estimated DNA content of 2802.2Mbp, similar to that of P. cornu-cervi. The morphological features, genome size and chromosomal data reported in these studies can be used by breeders to create more efficient Phalaenopsis breeding programs.

Phalaenopsis ‘KS Little Gem’ is a new cultivar with superior ornamental qualities. Newly produced cultivars are often studied to determine the optimum growing conditions, as production management practices vary within species. We focused on the effects of temperature and fertilizer application on the growth and carbohydrate content of ‘KS Little Gem’ plantlets. Two-month-old plantlets were subjected to different temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and fertilizer rates (0.33, 0.5, and 1 g･L-1) inside a growth chamber. Data were collected from leaves and roots regarding their growth, fresh weight, sugar content, and starch content. The results revealed that temperature significantly affected leaves and roots parameters, fresh weight, and carbohydrate content of the plantlets. However, fertilizer rates alone showed no significant effects on the growth and carbohydrate content of plantlets. The highest leaf and root growth, root fresh weight, and leaf carbohydrate content were observed in plantlets subjected to 25°C. In addition, ‘KS Little Gem’ plants grown under 30°C had significantly inhibited growth and reduced carbohydrate content in both the leaves and roots.

Rose is one of the most economically important ornamental crops worldwide. Although rose products are widely used, limited genetic and genomic data from this species is available. Fundamental genetic knowledge can accelerate the development of superior rose germplasms. In the present study, we explored the genetic data (e.g., chromosome numbers, total chromosome length, and ploidy level) of 39 rose cultivars using conventional cytogenetic methods. Of the 39 rose cultivars tested, 36 (92.3%) were tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28). ‘Rosada,’ ‘Rosemarin,’ and ‘Hanmaum’ were diploid (2n = 2x = 14), triploid (2n = 3x =21), and tetraploid-based aneuploid (2n = 4x = 28 + 2), respectively. The total chromosome length ranged from 46.03 ± 0.55 μm in ‘Rosada’ (2x) to 138.51 ± 0.92 μm in ‘Christoper’ (4x). The chromosome information obtained in this study will be useful for rose breeding and germplasm evaluation.

Because of their attractive and colorful flowers, many species from the genus Aster serve as garden plants. Chrysanthemum owes its popularity to its ornamental and medicinal herb value. It can be used as a cut flower, potted plant, vegetable, and herbal tea. Plant breeders have attempted to identify the available species and produce new cultivars to improve the quality of chrysanthemum for commercial purposes. The use of cytogenetic studies has paved the way for identifying compatibility, ancestry, and other useful information for this undertaking. Thus, an investigation was conducted into the chromosome numbers of 23 wild Asteraceae species in Republic of Korea to determine their genetic characteristics and variations. The somatic chromosome spread has been used for chromosome counting. The results revealed that Asteraceae species have a chromosome range from 18 (diploid) to 54 (hexaploid). These findings provide primary and important information on the chromosome numbers in chrysanthemum plants that can be used to select the right variety for cultivation.

Chrysanthemum is a valuable ornamental plant worldwide, and several of its species are used as herbal tea, medicinal plants, and dietary supplements, among others. Commercial cultivars have been developed through interspecific hybridization and artificial selection to improve the characteristics, production quality, and environmental adaptation for enhancing ornamental value. To better understand the recent research in cytogenetic studies of chrysanthemum, we examined studies concerning polyploidy, karyotyping, banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique, and inter/intraspecific hybridization. Ploidy level is important in genomic characteristics and has a significant value to horticulturists and plant breeders. Studies have reported that flow cytometry analysis and single-dose molecular markers can be used to determine the chrysanthemum ploidy level. As for karyotyping, a better understanding of karyomorphological relationships and evolution of chrysanthemum and its closely related genera has already been gained. Moreover, karyotype parameters in chrysanthemum studies play a critical role in cultivar identification, classification, and genetic analysis. The FISH technique in chrysanthemum research provides more information on chromosome identification, sequences distribution, and evolution for expediting the development and improvement of plant species. The genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) technique can also be used to test hybridization in chrysanthemum breeding. Hence, this review of molecular cytogenetic studies of chrysanthemum will help us to have a better understanding and knowledge of the taxa breeding and the development and improvement of new cultivars.

농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서 육성된 formolongi-Asiatic(FA)종간잡종 나리 ‘Bonanza’, ‘Coral Candy’, ‘Purple Crystal’의 특성검정 및 FISH 분석을 통한 염색체 검경을 수행하였다. ‘Bonanza’, ‘Coral Candy’, ‘Purple Crystal’의 개화시기는 6월 중하순, 중순, 상순으로 각각 중만생종, 중생종, 조생종에 해당한다. 개화방향은 3품종 모두 상향이며 약간의 향기를 가지고 있다. 절화장은 101.0cm(‘Purple Crystal’)에서부터 142.3cm(‘Bonanza’)로 초장 신장성이 우수하여 절화로서의 개발이 가능하다. 화폭은 ‘Bonanza’와 ‘Coral Candy’가 17,1cm, 16.9cm로 관찰되어 대형화로 분류되며 ‘Purple Crystal’은 12.3cm으로 좁으나 화폭이 4cm 이상으로 화폭이 안정적이다. 잎의 길이는 ‘Bonanza’는 15.7cm, ‘Coral Candy’는 19.7cm, ‘Purple Crystal’은 11.1cm로 관찰되었다. 염색체 분석 결과, 3품종 모두 3배체(2n=3x=36)로 관찰되었다. FISH 분석 결과, ‘Bonanza’, ‘Coral Candy’, ‘Purple Crystal’의 5S/45S rDNA가 각각 4/11 loci, 4/12 loci, 4/11 loci로 관찰되었다. 3번 염색체를 제외하고 나머지 염색체에서 관찰되는 rDNA의 패턴이 달라 FISH 분석에 대한 결과는 품종을 구별하는 마커로 유용하게 이용 될 수 있을 것으로 기대할 수 있다.

The popularity of succulents as ornamental plants has increased in recent years. This is primarily because of their unique geometric shapes, which form a rosette, coupled with their ability to retain high levels of moisture. These features make ornamental succulents suitable as landscape plants as they can withstand extreme conditions and as potted plants for indoor spaces as they require minimal watering. Appropriate propagation techniques are important to increase production rates and plant quality in the shortest time possible. These ornamental plants may be propagated in various ways, both sexually, via seeds, and vegetatively, through a number of methods, such as stem cuttings, leaf cuttings, and micropropagation. In this review, methods for the propagation of ornamental succulents are described, including post-propagation care and management. Propagation aspects on which limited information is available are also highlighted. Potential areas for research required to produce data to further improve techniques, conservation, and rapid propagation efforts are discussed.

A karyotype analysis of five wild rose species (Rosa helenae, R. mulliganii, R. multiflora, R. rubus, and R. solieana) was performed using bicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). All five species were found to be diploid (2n = 2x = 14). The chromosome length in the metaphase stage ranged from 1.29 to 2.05 μm in R. helenae, 3.32 to 6.82 μm in R. mulliganii, 1.58 to 2.24 μm in R. multiflora, 2.05 to 3.46 μm in R. rubus, and 1.62 to 2.46 μm in R. solieana. The chromosomes were either metacentric or submetacentric, with no subtelocentric or telocentric chromosomes being observed. Each p air of 5 S and 4 5S rDNA sites was detected at the proximal region of the long arm and the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome #7, respectively.

본 연구는 절화용 나리 주요 품종을 대상으로 구근 정식 시 기에 따른 생장과 발육의 특성을 알아보고 개화 및 절화 품질 특성을 분석하여 우리나라에서의 연중재배에 필요한 기초자 료를 얻고자 실시하였다. 오리엔탈 나리 ‘Siberia’, 오리엔탈-트 럼펫 종간잡종 나리 ‘Robina’, 나팔나리 ‘Bright Tower’의 구근 은 상자에 정식되어 싹틔우기 실시 후 4월 29일, 6월 23일, 8 월 26일에 비닐하우스로 운반되었다. 정식 시기별 일평균기온 은 품종에 따른 재배 기간별로 달랐으나 약 23℃, 26℃, 19℃ 로 나타났다. ‘Siberia’의 경우 정식 시기에 따라 초장과 엽수 는 차이가 없었으나 저장기간이 긴 8월 26일 정식에서 생체중 과 화뢰 수가 유의하게 감소하였다. ‘Robina’의 경우 저장기간 이 긴 8월 26일 정식에서 초장, 생체중, 화뢰 수가 모두 유의 하게 감소하였다. ‘Bright Tower’는 일평균기온이 높은 6월 26 일 정식에서 초장이 감소하였으며 저장기간이 긴 8월 26일 정 식에서 생체중과 화뢰 수가 유의하게 감소하였다. 절화수명의 경우 일평균기온이 가장 낮은 8월 26일 정식시 증가하였으며 대륜화인 ‘Robina’의 경우 고온에서 재배되는 6월 23일 정식에 서 화폭이 16.5cm로 8월 26일 정식 시 18.4cm에 비하여 감소 하였다. 화뢰 출현일과 수확일수 등 생육상의 변화는 재배 기 간의 온도에 영향을 받는 것으로 판단되었으며 높은 일평균기온 화뢰 출현일과 수확일수를 감소시켰다. 특히 일평균기온 22℃ ~ 24℃ 범위는 생육상을 조절하는 결정적인 온도 범위 인 것으로 나타났다.

The genus Lilium has a huge nuclear genome size (approximately 13,400 to 46,900 Mbp), implying that Lilium genome is composed of a larger amount of repetitive sequences. To understand the organization of plant genome is required to observe repetitive DNA sequences found in the Lilium chromosome. In this study, Cot DNA analysis was introduced, in which repeated DNAs were assessed. The Cot analysis revealed that Cot-1 DNAs were a target region that contained highly and moderately repetitive sequences. In addition, Cot-1 DNA as a probe in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect somatic chromosomes at the metaphase stage of diploid (2x) Lilium tigrinum. The FISH analysis showed that bright fluorescent signals on the Cot-1 DNA were sporadically distributed in all over the L. tigrinum-chromosomes. However, relatively weak signals were displayed in nucleolarorganizing regions (NORs) of chromosome #1, #2, and #7 as follows: centromere and peri-centromere regions of all chromosomes; distinct DAPI band region in long arm of chromosome #8; and short arm of chromosome #7, #8, #9, #10, #11, and #12. In conclusion, the random Cot-1 DNA distribution pattern has proven that L. tigrinum genome is composed of dispersed repetitive DNAs.

Agro-morphological characterization of Hibiscus germplasm is a fundamental prerequisite to initiate plant breeding programs. The prime aim of this study was to characterize 107 Hibiscus syriacus genotypes using agromorphological characteristics and to collect useful data to facilitate the breeders for H. syriacus breeding programs. In this study, it has been recorded that this species appears to have innumerable variability in the morphological characteristics among Korean and exotic cultivars. Plant height of Korean and exotic H. syriacus cultivars were recorded and data revealed that the maximum plant height (143 cm) was recorded in ‘Woodbridge’ which had tall-erect plant shape. ‘Serenade’ and ‘Saemaeul’ cultivars had vigorous growth and had plant height of 141 and 137 cm, respectively and both had tall-erect plant shape. The diameters of H. syriacus flower ranged from 4.1 cm in ‘Kakchang’ to 9.4 cm in ‘Pyonghwa’. The data analysis exhibited that analysis flowers of ~ 86% of Korean cultivars had single type of flower’s form compared to exotic cultivars (~ 61%). The data related to flower shape showed that among Korean native cultivars the maximum plants (52.1%) had intermediate type of flowers followed by bowl (26.1%) and flat type (21.8%). Similar trend in exotic cultivars were observed for flower shape. In case of petal shape among total cultivars studied, 27.9% native H. syriacus plants had broard type of petals whereas 17.7 exotic cultivars had intermediate type of petals. Present results indicated high variability among H. syriacus cultivars, which presents great significance for Hibiscus breeding programs and for genetic studies in order to develop new varieties of H. syriacus.

The taxonomic importance of pollen morphologyin family Malvaceae had long been acknowledged as it pro-vides the basis for palynological and phylogenetic analysis.In present study, pollen morphological characteristics of var-ious Hibiscus syriacus cultivars were examined. The objec-tive of this study was to provide comprehensive evidence onpollen morphology and to determine pollen morphologicaldiversity in cultivars of H. syriacus that would be useful forplant taxonomy and classification. To get a clear insights ofthe pollen morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)was carried out. It has been recorded that the pollen diam-eter of 16 cultivars of H. syriacus ranges from 108.81 to172.15 •Ïm. The maximum pollen size was reported fromthe cultivar ‘Chongdansim’ followed by the cultivar ‘Paedal’.The maximum spine exine length was reported from‘Jabae’ (25.29µm) followed by ‘Collie mullens’ (23.25µm),whereas the minimum value was recorded from ‘Paedal’(8.16µm). It is apparent from this study that pollen morphol-ogy of various H. syriacus cultivars was fairly uniform, andin almost all studied cultivars the pollen shape was spheroi-dal. The spines were present in all studied cultivars and var-ied considerably among the cultivars. The pollen spinefeatures presented notable variations which were of greatsignificance at both specific and generic levels, and hasalso been helpful in understanding the process of spine evo-lution within H. syriacus. The maximum distance betweenspines was observed from cultivar ‘Gyewolhyang’ that haddistance of 45.03µm. The morphological characteristics ofpollen studied in this study could be useful in performing amore efficient Hibiscus hybridization and breeding in future.

호접란 신품종 ‘화수 511’은 2000년 상미원에서 Phal. Happy Valentine을 양친으로 교배하여 육성한 F1개체 중에서 육성하였다. 2001년 ~ 2003년에 걸쳐 실생개체 중에서 영양생장과 개화특성이 우수한 개체 00-05-11을 선발하였다. 2004년과 2005년에 1차, 2차 특성검정을 통하여 품종의 안정성과 균일성을 확인하고 ‘화수 511’로 명명하였다. 신품종 ‘화수 511’은 화색이 진분홍(PN78A)이며, 화형은 안아피기로 꽃의 길이와 폭은 각각 7.8cm, 9.5cm로 대형이다. 잎의 길이와 폭은 각각 25.7cm, 8.7cm이며 엽형은 반직립이다. 기내증식율이 높고 식물체가 강건하고 생육이 빠르기 때문에 재배가 용이한 품종이다. 2008년 7월 8일 품종등록(등록번호 제2357호)하여 종자산업법에 의해 보호받고 있다.