Bumblebees are important pollinators in greenhouse and have colonized all parts of the World. In Korea, the value of bumblebees is increasing as pollinator. However, the more recent use of reared colonies may ultimately allow pathogens to spread to peripheral areas for bumblebees. Generally, bumblebees are hosts to a large number of parasites which are mites, flies, protozoa, fungi, virus and bacteria. For most of these, very little is known about their effects against host insect, epidemiology or evolutionary ecology. So, we report pathogenic bacteria isolated from Bombus terrestris and B. ignitus at first time in Korea. Bacillus fusiformis and Klebsiella oxytoca are isolated from B. terrestris and confirmed with 16S rRNA gene nucleotide comparison in NCBI genebank. Pathogenicity of B. fusiformis was 35~40% against B. terrestris. Pantoea dispersa and K. oxytoca are isolated from B. ignitus and confirmed with 16S rRNA gene nucleotide comparison in NCBI genebank. Pathogenicity of these species were 35~40% against B. ignitus. These pathogenicity are considered as low-level.

염산매질에서 산화/환원제를 사용하여 Pu 산화수를 조절한 후, UV-Visible-Near IR 분광기를 이용하여 Pu(III, IV, V, VI) 산화수에 대한 흡수스펙트럼을 측정하여 그 분광학적 특성을 고찰하였다. Pu(III)으로 조절하기 위하여 환원제인 HCl를 사용하였으며, Pu(IV)와 Pu(VI)로 조절하기 위하여 산화제인 및 를 각각 사용하였다. 또한 Pu(VI)로 조절된 용액에 환원제인 HCl를 사용하여 Pu(V)로 조절하였다. Pu(III)와 Pu(IV)의 대표적인 흡수피크는 470 nm 및 600 nm에서 각각 관찰되었고, Pu(VI)와 Pu(V)의 특성피크는 830 nm 및 1135nm에서 각각 관찰되었다. Pu(III, IV, VI) 산화상태의 시간 경과에 따른 흡수스펙트럼 변화는 관찰되지 않았으나 Pu(V)의 경우 매우 불안정하여 생성되자 마자 Pu(III)로 변화되었다.

방사성 폐기물 핵종 재고량 평가에 필요한 핵종분석을 위하여 다양한 매질의 방사성 폐기물 시료로부터 및 의 분리에 관한 연구가 수행되고 있다. Ni은 음이온교환 수지와 Sr-Spec 추출 크로마토그래피 수지로 Re(의 대용물), Nb, Fe 및 Sr을 차례로 분리하는 과정에서 Ca, Mg, Al, Cr, Ti, Mn, Ce, Na, K 및 Cu와 함께 회수되었다. 본 연구에서는 Ni의 선택적 분리기술을 확립하기 위하여 Ni-Spec 추출 크로마토그래피 및 양이온교환수지법으로 이들의 분리거동을 비교하였다. 또한 Ni의 정제와 기체비례계수법으로 방사능을 측정하기에 적합한 계측시료 준비를 위하여 ammonium 및 tartaric 에서 dimethylglyoxime(DMG)에 의한 Ni의 침전거동을 조사하였다 원자력발전소로부터 채취한 폐이온교환수지 시료 용해용액의 화학조성을 모사하여 만든 모의 폐이온교환수지 용액을 사용하여 Re, Nb, Fe 및 Sr 분리과정을 거쳐 최종적으로 분리한 Ni의 회수율은 이었다. 또한 tartaric 에서 DMG에 의한 Ni의 회수율은 이었다.

뻐ny studìes have shown the anti-proli ferative effects of irondeprivation on cancer cell s‘ but the effects 01' iron-chelators on oral cancer have not been clearly elucidated , To investigate the effects of an iron chelato r, desferrioxamine( 01"O).on the growth of ilIllTIortali zed human o1'al ke ratinocytes(IHOK), primary oraJ cancer cel ls(HN4)‘ metastatic oral cancer cell s(HN12) , and human skin keratìnocytes(HaCaT) in the MTr assay, three-dimensional(3D) raft cul tmes, Western blott ing, cell cycJ e analysis‘ nuclear staining‘ and cytochrome c expression for apoptosis s ig naling pathway were used OFO inhibited the growth of immortalized IHOK and HaCaT and mal ignant HN4 and HN12 keratinocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner according to the MTT assay, The 3D organotypic cu l tu re also revealed that OF'O-treated cells showed less epithelial maturation, less surface keratinizati on‘ and de creased epithelia l thickness, The major mechanìsm of growth inhìbition with the micromolar 0 1"0 treatment was by the induction of apoptosis‘ which was supported by nuclear OAPI staining, ONA fragmentation analysis, and J10w cytometric analysis for sub-Gl phase ar rest and Annexin V-1"ITC stainìng, Furthermore‘ Bax expression in creased together with p53 and p21WAF1!CIPl, whìle the Bcl-2 expression decreased in the immortalized and malig nant keratinocytes treated with 01"0 , Time-dependent cytochrome c from mitochondria was observed in D1"O-treated [l-IOK and 0 1'머 cancel‘ ceJJ s, and was accompanied by the activation of caspase-3 in IHOK cells. These resu lts demonstrate that 0 1"0 has growth inhibitory effects on immortalized and malignant oral keratinocyLes Lhrough the induction of apoptosis and suggest that further evaluation of OFO as a potcntial thcrapcutic agent for human oral precancerous and cancerous lesions is warranted

방사선을 이용한 도열병연구의 기초자료로서 도열병균의 포자와 발아균계에 각각 X-ray 10, 40, 80, 120kR를 조사시켜 그들의 방사선감수성 및 생존율을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 도열병균의 포자발아율은 X-ray 소사선량의 증가에 반비례하여 감소되었으며 120kR에서는 거의 생존하지 못하였다. 2. 비교적 저선량인 10kR 조사에서는 초기발아관신장의 촉진 현상을 보였으며 선량의 증가에 따라 균계의 사멸 현상이 현저하였다. 3. X-ray 조사에 의한 발아균계의 생존율 및 신장은 선량의 증가에 반비례하여 감소하였다. 4. X-ray를 조사받은 발아균계는 포자에 비하여 높은 방사선 감수성을 보였으며, 고선량일수록 그 차이는 현저하였다. 5. X-ray 조사에 의한 도열병균의 돌연변이율은 조사선량에 정비례하여 증가하였다.

본 시험은 우리나라에서 발생하는 푸른곰팡이병균의 종의 빈도와 발병환경 및 방제법을 구명코져 실시하였다. 시험결과 Trichoderma koningi, T. lignorum, T. glaucum과 미동정의 1종등 4종의 병원균이 분리되었고 이들의 빈도는 각각 와 이었다. 푸른곰팡이병균은 감자배양액, 왁스만배양액과 리차드배양액에서 생육이 잘 되었으며 중성-염기성배지에서는 생육이 불량한 반면 산성에서 생육이 왕성하였으며 최적산도는 pH4였다. 양송이 수확기간 중 재배사내의 온도는 내외 일 때 본명의 발생이 적었고 수량이 많으며 이상에서는 본병의 발생이 격심하였다. 푸른곰팡이병균은 복토흙 소독시 에서 60분, 혹은 에서 30분간 열처리하므로서 완전히 사멸하였고 퇴비 후발효 과정에서도 사멸되었다.

본 연구에서는 비슬산 이중편파 Radar 자료와, GPM 위성자료 및 21개 (Korea Meteorological Administration, KMA) 지상강우자료를 활용하여 분포형 강우-유출 모형(KIneMatic wave STOrm Runoff Model2, KIMSTORM2)을 이용해 남강댐 유역(2,293 km2)을 대상으로 유출해석을 수행 하였다. 모형의 유출 해석은 2016년 10월 5일 02:00∼09:00 총 8시간 동안 최대강우강도 33 mm/hr, 유역평균 총 강우량 82 mm이 발생한 태풍 차 바(CHABA)를 대상으로 하였으며, Radar 및 GPM 자료와 조건부합성(Conditional Merging, CM) 기법을 적용한 Radar (CM-corrected Radar) 및 GPM (CM-corrected GPM) 자료를 각각 활용하여 결과를 비교하였다. 이 때, 공간 강우자료에 유출 검보정은 남강댐 유역 내 3개의 수위관측 지점(산청, 창촌, 남강댐)을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 모형의 매개변수 초기토양수분함량, 지표와 하천의 Manning 조도계수를 이용하여 검보정하였다. 유출 결과는 결정계수(Determination coefficient, R2), Nash-Sutcliffe의 모형효율계수(NSE) 및 유출용적지수(Volume Conservation Index, VCI)를 산정하였다. 그 결과 CM-corrected Radar, GPM 자료가 평균 R2는 0.96, NSE의 경우 0.96, 유출용적지수(VCI)는 1.03으로 가장 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 최종적으로 CM 기법을 이용한 보정된 공간분포자료는 기존의 자료에 비해 시공간적으로 정확한 홍수 예측에 사용 될 것으로 판단된다.

Background : Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain. Especially, MRSA is developing resistance to available antibacterial agents and causing complications in the treatment of infections related to skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, and endovascular disorders. Therefore, antibacterial agent combination therapy appears to be a useful option, particularly in developing countries where antibiotic availability is limited. (+)-Usnic acid (UA) is uniquely found in lichens, and is especially abundant in genera such as Usnea and Cladonia. UA has antimicrobial activity against human and plant pathogens. Therefore, UA may be a good antibacterial drug candidate for clinical development. Methods and Results : In search of a natural products capable of inhibiting this multidrug-resistant bacteria, we have investigated the antimicrobial activity of UA against MRSA. In this study, the effects of a combination of UA and permeable agents against MRSA were investigated. For the measurement of cell wall permeability, UA with concentration of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was used. In the other hand, Sodium azide (NaN3) was used as inhibitors of ATPase. These results suggest that the antibacterial effect of UA was potentiated by membrane-binding agents and ABC transporter-inhibiting agents, implying that antibacterial activity is associated with damage of the cell wall and inhibition of ATPase function by UA. Conclusion : UA and in combination with EDTA and NaN3 could lead to the development of new combination antibiotics against MRSA infection. The results of this study appear to be promising, and they are expected to enhance the use of natural products as drugs.

Background : Ixeris genus has been used in traditional medicines as stomachics, sedatives, and diuretics. Ixeris dentata var albiflora is a kind of perennial herbaceous plant and one of the plants of the genus Ixeris (Asteraceae). It is well-known for edible wild vegetable in Korea, China, Japan, and Mongolia. Specially, Korean has its root and young leaf with appetizing vegetable due to bitter taste. Methods and Results : We isolated 8 genes that are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis using the Illumina/Solexa HiSeq2000 platform. In this study, a full-length cDNA clone encoding phytoene synthase (IdPSY), phytoene desaturase (IdPDS), ξ-carotene desaturase (IdZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (IdLCYB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (IdZEP) and partial-length cDNA clones encoding lycopene ε-cyclase (IdLCYE), ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (IdCHXE), and β-ring carotene hydroxylase (IdCHXB2) were identified in I. dentata. The theoretical molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point values of 8 genes were investigated. Sequence analyses revealed that these proteins shared high identity and conserved domains with their orthologous genes. IdPSY, IdPDS, IdZDS, IdLCYB, IdCHXB2, and IdZEP were constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of I. dentata. Conclusion : Our study on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in I. dentata will provide basic data for elucidating the contribution of carotenoids to the considerable medicinal properties of I. dentata.

Background : For increasing saponin content of ginseng cultivated in shaded plastic house, this study was performed to investigate growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) according to foliar spray of germanium and water-soluble silicates processing. Methods and Results : Used a native species in this study is violet-stem variant that most commonly cultivated in ginseng’s farms. 1-year-old violet-stem variant was transplanted on March 24, 2015 and planting distance was 11 × 20 cm. Shading material of plastic house was used blue-white shading vinyl. The processing method of inorganic dissolved matter is as follows, we were diluted with germanium and water-soluble silicates to 500-fold, 1000-fold and investigated after foliar spray twice a month from May to September. The growth characteristics in above-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the inorganic matters treatment compared to the control treatment, the difference of above-ground growth characteristics between the inorganic dissolved matters treatments was not significant. The growth characteristics in under-ground part of 2-year-old ginseng was a good in the inorganic matter treatments and root weight per plant in the 500-fold dilution of germanium was 12.4 g that increased by 29 % compared to the control (9.6 g). Crude saponin content of under-ground part was higher generally in inorganic matter treatments compared to the control (11.53 ㎎/g). In the 1000-fold dilution of water-soluble silicate and germanium (50:50), crude saponin content was the highest in 12.91 ㎎/g. Crude saponin content of above-ground part was higher generally in inorganic matter treatments compared to the control (61.76 ㎎/g). In the 1000-fold dilution of water-soluble silicate and germanium (50:50), crude saponin content was the highest in 65.69 ㎎/g. Conclusion : From the above results, we concluded that germanium and water-soluble silicates could be useful matters in promoting growth characteristics and saponin content of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer).

Background : This study was performed to set proper soil moisture tension for promoting seed emergence and yield of ginseng when direct seeding cultivation of ginseng was carried out in shaded plastic house. Methods and Results : The test cultivars were used Cheonpung, Yeonpung, Geumpung and seeds were sown on November 20, 2013. Irrigation starting point was set to 30, 40, 50 kPa and irrigation breakpoint was set to 20 kPa. Ginseng was cultivated in clay loam soil and shading material of plastic house were used blue-white shading vinyl. The emergence rate of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars in accordance with soil moisture tension indicated Cheonpung 97.0%, Yeonpung 95.0%, Geumpung 95.3% in each 50 kPa, 50 kPa, 30 kPa. In general, emergence rate of ginseng was higher tendency in 50 kPa (93.3∼97.0%). The average absolute soil moisture content during the growing season indicated a moisture content of 19.3% (30 kPa), 17.9% (40 kPa), 16.2% (50 kPa). Looking at the growth characteristics in above-ground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Yeonpung, Cheonpung and Geumpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. On the other hand, looking at the growth characteristics in underground part of 3-year-old ginseng cultivars according to soil moisture tension, Cheonpung, Geumpung and Yeonpung were good growth tendency in each 30kPa, 40kPa, 50kPa. Yield per 10a was indicated that Yeonpung was the highest in the 50kPa to 456kg. Yield per 10a of Cheonpung and Geumpung indicated 347kg, 263kg in each 30kPa, 50kPa. Conclusion : From the above results, we concluded that ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) seems to be a difference of growth characteristics according to soil moisture tension. Therefore, it is need to manage soil moisture for each ginseng cultivars

For the study of population genetic structure with mtDNA, it is essential to measure genetic diversity at each mtDNA regions. Also, to evaluate the variation according to the each region should follow as well as to see if there are differences. In this study, we delved into the variations and dendrogram among samples of seven mtDNA regions (NDⅡ, NDⅤ, NDⅣ, NDⅣL, NDⅥ, NDⅠ, 12SrRNA) from wild Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai collected in Yeosu, Korea. The region with the highest genetic variation was NDⅣ region (Haplotype diversity = 1.0000, Nucleotide diversity = 0.010823) with two to five times higher variation than the others. Furthermore, the study to see if there is a difference between the regions of samples showed that similar aspects of dendrogram in NDⅡ and NDⅠ(divergence of 90% and 87%), which forms a group with hd4, 7, 8 and 10 at bootstrap support, based on 1000 replications. Also, pair-wise FST between clusters within the regions showed high values; 0.4061 (P=0.0000), 0.4805 (P=0.0000) respectively. Therefore we can infer that it is the most efficient and accurate way to analyze the region of NDⅣ with the highest variation in addition to the regions of NDⅡ and NDⅠ, which formed clusters with high bootstrap value, for study of population genetic structure in this species.

This study was conducted to provide basic data for high-throughput screening (HTS) system construction based on phenomics. Rice (Oryza sativa cv. Chucheongbyeo) seedlings in vegetative growth stage were grown in the glass house and treated with 0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30% (w/v) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to give osmotic stress. Three days after PEG treatment, hyper-spectral reflectance images were obtained and analyzed after removing background image in several steps. The reflectance of rice seedlings treated with 15 and 30% of PEG solutions were significantly different at 680 nm, where differences in the chlorophyll reflectance spectrum and visual symptoms were not observed. These results thus indicate that hyper-spectral reflectance observed at 680 nm can be used to screen drought tolerant rice lines. A HTS system equipped with this hyper-spectral reflectance system may play an important role of future rice breeding program.

This study was conducted to investigate plant body temperature response of soybean (Glycine max) to saline stress. Two-weeks-old seedlings of soybean in V1 growth stage were treated with 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mM of NaCl for salt stress. Thermal images acquired using Flir T-420 (US) were obtained at 4 days after treatment. Soybean leaf temperature increased with increasing NaCl concentration, resulting in significant positive correlation between soybean leaf temperature and stress intensity (P < 0.01). Leaf temperature of soybean was significantly different at 160 mM of NaCl, where no visual symptom was observed. Therefore, soybean leaf temperature can be used for evaluating the response of soybean to salt stress as a non-destructive and phenomic parameter. Non-destructive diagnosis of soybean leaf temperature may be a key parameter in a high throughput screening (HTS) system in breeding program for salt stress tolerance soybean cultivars.

Citrus is one of the major fruits produced in Korea. There are about 20 species mainly grown in Jeju Island, Korea. Four representative species, which are quite different in the shape of leaf and the taste of fruit, were selected and were used to profile the transcriptomes. These species are ‘Miyagawa Wase’ (C. unshiu Marcov.) satsuma mandarin, ‘Kiyomi’ (C. unshiu Marcov. × C. sinensis) mandarin hybrid, ‘Dangyuja’ (C. grandis) and ‘Natsudaidai’ (C. natsudaidai). Classification of the up-regulated and down-regulated genes using the Cluster of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) database reveals that the number of genes included in each group differed significantly among the four species. Several genes that showed significant differences in expression on the microarray were selected and their expression patterns were examined by reverse transcription- ploymerase chain reaction. Metabolic genes such as tyrosine decarboxylase and β-glucosidase ligase were found to be highly expressed in Miyagawa Wase, relative to other species. On the other hand, the expression level of mannose phosphate isomerase was lower in Miyagawa Wase. An efflux pump gene was found to be up-regulated in Kiyomi, whereas cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase was down-regulated. β-carotene 15,15’-dioxygenase, which is involved in the vitamin metabolism, was up-regulated in Natsudaidai. Interspecific differentiations of gene expression are analyzed in terms of the metabolic pathways and their possible roles in citrus species.