본 연구는 기후 변화와 토양 내 질소가 은단풍과 족제비 싸리의 생장에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지 알아보는 것에 목적 을 두었다. 환경구배는 야외환경인 대조구와 대조구 보다 온도를 상승시킨 온도처리구 그리고 CO2 농도와 온도를 상승시킨 기후변화처리구로 나누었다. 각 환경 내에서 질소 구배는 은단풍에 질소비료를 0g,2g,20g(N1,N2,N3)처리하였 고 족제비싸리는 0g,1g,5g(n1,n2,n3) 처리한 후, 신지 (current branch)의 길이와 직경 그리고 잎의 길이와 폭을 측정 하였다. 그 결과, 환경에 따른 영향은 은단풍의 경우 N1일 때 잎의 길이와 폭이 온도처리구에서 가장 잘 자랐으 며, N2일 때는 모든 측정항목이 온도처리구에서 잘 자랐으 며, N3일 때는 신지의 직경이 대조구에서 가장 잘 자랐다. 족제비싸리의 경우 환경에 따른 영향을 받지 않았다. 질소 에 따른 영향을 확인한 결과 은단풍은 온도처리구와 기후변 화 처리구에서 영향을 받지 않았으나 대조구에서 N3의 신 지 길이가 가장 잘 자랐으며, 족제비싸리의 경우 질소 농도 에 따른 차이 없었다. 결과적으로, 은단풍은 현재 환경보다 온도가 상승되거나 토양 내 어느 정도 질소가 있을 경우 잘 자랄 것으로 예측되나, 족제비싸리는 기후변화와 토양 내 질소에 따른 생육의 차이가 나타나지 않을 것으로 판단 된다.

We describe an early angiosperm and a leaf mine ichnofossil from the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group of Virginia, USA. The descriptions are based on a fossil leaf that was first reported in 1895 but identified as a fragment of a fossil fern. Leaf architectural features and sedimentological context indicate that this leaf was produced by an herbaceous eudicot angiosperm, possibly associated with Ranunculales. The leaf mine is a full depth linear-blotch mine with frass, a trace of puparium inside the blotch mine section, and feeding/oviposition-related puncture marks. The features of the mine are most consistent with those produced by agromyzid flies. This fossil extends the record of agromyzid flies by about 40 million years ago. This fossil provides evidence that agromyzid flies or their ancestors were feeding on herbaceous basal eudicots similar to modern herbaceous ranunculids during the Early Cretaceous, prior to the appearance and diversification of asterids. Our finding contradicts the previous hypotheses on the dipteran radiations associated with the past environmental changes. Insect feeding damages remained in fossilized leaves are currently considered as an important source for climate change studies. We review progresses in the study of the insect feeding trace fossils and their usefulness for monitoring environmental changes.

Climate change by global warming is predicted to affect on public health including increasing incidence of vector borne diseases. Vector borne diseases are transmitted by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, chigger mites and ticks, and are highly sensitive to climate changes. The surveillance and R&D of infectious disease vectors are becoming important for climate change preparedness in Korea. So far, 10 regional vector surveillance centers (Incheon, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju) have been established to monitor vectors and their pathogens against endemic diseases (japanese encephalitis, malaria, scrub typhus and SFTS) and imported diseases (dengue fever, west nile fever and yellow fever). The information on geographical distribution as well as real-time monitoring of vectors and their pathogens will be presented by this surveillance system, ‘VectorNet’. The R&D plan on vectors and their pathogens is now discussing in government-wide R&D committee on infectious diseases. The R&D areas will be included: 1) establishment of nationwide monitoring system, 2) study on biological and molecular characteristics, 3) development of vector identification and pathogen diagnosis methods, 4) development of vector control techniques, 5) management and conservation of vector resources.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between sea surface temperature as a climatic element and catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries in Korea using annual time series data from 1970 to 2013. It also tried to predict the future changes in catch amount of fisheries by climate change. Time series data on variables were estimated to be non-stationary from unit root tests, but one long-term equilibrium relation between variables was found from a cointegration test. The result of Granger causality test indicated that the sea surface temperature would cause directly changes in catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries. The result of regression analysis on sea surface temperature and catch amount showed that the sea surface temperature would have negative impacts on the catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries. Therefore, if the sea surface temperature would increase, all other things including the current level of fishing effort being equal, the catch amount of offshore and coastal fisheries was predicted to decrease.

Araneae species are predators in natural ecosystem interact with various prey species. These linkage can be affected under climate change because species react not just individually but systematically. We focused on potential impact of climate change in Araneae fauna in national scale. In this study, potential species richness of Araneae in South Korea was predicted with MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) model. Korea Forest Research Institute conducted national scale research of wandering arthropods. They monitored in uniformly set 366 points, and the data contain exact GPS points of study sites. Occurrence data were extracted from Prediction of Distribution and Abundance of Forest Spiders According to Climate Scenario (Korea Forest Research Institute, 2013). With the report, dominant 21 Araneae species that appeared more than 10% study sites were selected to estimate species richness. Training climate data were prepared from observation source of Korea Meteorological Administration. RCP 8.5 scenario data which represent future (2050, 2070) climate condition were downloaded from WORLDCLIM web site. In MaxEnt simulation, occurrence data for 21 species and 19 bioclimatic variables were used. Because the model outputs are expressed in index, the minimum training presence threshold rule was applied to distinguish presence/absence of each 21 species distribution model. We overlaid whole 21 thresholded output to get species richness map. The fluctuation between current and future species richness was calculated to observe changing trend in national scale. The results of Araneae fauna tends to move higher altitude and latitude. Species richness of lowlands is predicted to be diminished, but higher mountains are expected to be more suitable for many spider species. In some South Western coastal areas showed reduced richness in 2050 but will recover in 2070.

Thc climate change has the potential to significantly modify the actual distribution of insect pest with unknown consequences on agricultural systems and management strategies. In this study, Thrips palmi Karny was selected to predict distribution under climate change. T. palmi was introduced and first recorded in 1993 in Korea, and has become a serious pest of vegetable and ornamental crops. The MaxEnt was applied to T. palmi to predict its potential geographic distribution in Korea and Japan under the RCP 8.5 climate changing scenario. The MaxEnt software package is one of the most popular tools for species distribution and environmental niche modeling. The habitat prediction model of T. palmi in Korea was validated by the distribution of T. palmi in Japan. Based on the MaxEnt modeling, T. palmi would expand their potential distribution to whole Korean peninsula except the alpine region in Gangwon-do and Yanggang-do and Hamgyeongbuk-do in 2070s. Therefore, the monitoring system and management strategy for T. palmi should be reconsidered and re-evaluated.

최근에 지구는 CO2 농도가 급격히 증가하고 기온을 빠르 게 상승시키고 있으며, 근년에 들어 상승이 가속화되고 있 다. 인위적으로 발생하는 CO2 농도의 증가는 지구온난화의 가장 큰 원인이다. 대기 중 CO2 농도는 산업화 이전에 약 280ppm 이었으나, 2009년에는 약 385ppm으로 산업화 이 전에 비해 38% 증가하였다. IPCC에서 예측한 SRES 시나 리오 중 B1 시나리오에 따르면 2100년에는 대기 중 CO2 농도가 약 550ppm, 지구의 평균 표면온도가 약 2℃ 증가한 다고 예측하고 있다. 식물 생육에서 중요하게 생각되는 환 경요인은 광, 수분 및 영양소이며, 기후변화도 식물의 생육 및 생태적 지위에 영향을 미친다. 또한, 식물마다 종 특이성 을 갖고 있기 때문에 CO2 농도와 온도에 따른 식물의 생장 특성의 영향은 다양하며 복합적으로 이루어진다. 지구온난화에 따른 식물의 생육반응 연구와 생태적 지위 에 관한 연구는 국내․외를 포함하여 소수에 불과하며, 특히 지구 온난화 조건에서 식물의 여러 가지 형질을 이용한 생 육반응 분석과 생태적 지위에 관한 연구는 찾아보기 힘든 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 상승된 CO2 농도와 온도가 낙엽성 주요 우점종 중 상수리나무, 굴참나무 및 졸참나무 의 생육 및 생태적 지위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보 기 위해 기후변화(지구온난화) 조건을 유지시켜 생육시킨 후 그 결과를 상호 비교하였다. 대조구는 대기 중의 CO2 농도를 그대로 반영하였고, 온난화처리구는 대조구보다 CO2 농도는 약 1.6배, 온도는 2.2℃ 상승시켜 기후변화 예 측 시나리오 중 B1 시나리오와 유사하게 처리하였다. 참나무 3종의 생육반응 결과, 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 온난화처리구에서 수분이나 영양소 환경보다 광 환경에서생육반응의 차이가 컸고, 낮은 광 환경에서 더욱 크게 반응 하였다. 졸참나무는 광, 수분 및 영양소 환경에서 생육반응 의 차이가 크지 않았다. 생태적 지위폭 결과, 상수리나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광 구배에서 넓어졌고, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서는 좁아졌다. 굴참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서 좁아졌다. 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광 구배에서 넓어 졌고 수분과 영양소 구배에서는 좁아졌다. 생태적 지위 중 복역 계산결과, 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 대조구보다 온난 화처리구의 광 구배에서 넓어졌고, 수분과 영양소 구배에 서는 좁아졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광 환경에 대한 경쟁 이 심해지고, 수분과 영양소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해질 것으로 판단된다. 상수리나무와 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온 난화처리의 광, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서 좁아졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광, 수분 및 영양소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해질 것으로 판단된다. 굴참나무와 졸참나무는 대조구보 다 온난화처리구의 광과 수분 구배에서 좁아졌고, 영양소 구배에서 넓어졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광과 수분 환경 에 대한 경쟁이 약해지고, 영양소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 심해 질 것으로 판단된다. PCA 분석에 의하면, 대조구와 비교하 여 온난화처리구에서 상수리나무와 굴참나무가 더욱 가까 이 배열하였고, 졸참나무는 상수리나무와 굴참나무로부터 멀리 배열하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 지구온난화가 진행되면 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 유사한 생태적 지위를 가지고 있어 경쟁이 더욱 심해질 것이며, 졸참나무는 지구온난화가 진행되어도 상수리나무 및 굴참나무와는 경쟁이 심하지 않을 것으로 예상된다.

It is expected that the temperature in Pyeongyang will be similar to that (16.6℃) in Seogwipo in the late 21st century, and most of South Korea will enter the subtropical climate due to climate change. Change in the precipitation pattern like the range of fluctuation caused by climate change will lead to expanded uncertainty in securing reliable water supply, along with a serious impact on demands for living and industrial water due to change in the volume and period of river outflow. As industrial water for production activities is estimated based on the contract quantity, it is difficult to apply rationalization of water usage and incentives in water recycling. Therefore many companies are making efforts in complying with the effluent standard while spending few resources on such rationalization and recycling. This study researched water risk management over 115 Korean companies by 28 questions in 4 categories. Through the research, this study aims to understand water risk management levels and seek response plans.

Global climate change is significant issue in marine ecosystem and fishery market. According to rising of both seawater temperature and sea-level, global fishery environment and marine ecosystem are changing drastically. Moreover, over-exploitation in fishery areas is the most important issue in the marine ecosystem conservation. In analysis and statistics of global network, major fish populations are decreasing very fastly, but fish catch are increasing annually. It means balance between product and consume is not appropriate in the global market. China as emerging new fish consumer in the world is strongly developing fishery industry and technology. In this paper, I try to review a relationship between marine ecosystem and climate change in global scale according to references. I also suggested possibility of sustainable global fishery in changing marine ecosystem by analysis of some related reports of international global fishery.

This study indicates that 84.5% of fishermen have perceived climate change and 74.9% of fishermen have responded that frequency and intensity of the impacts of climate change are increasing. The results of regression analysis have shown that the level of fishermen experiencing the impacts of climate change differs according to individual’s characteristics including age, length of experience, sea area (fishing area) and types of fisheries. About half of the respondents have shown that they are not taking any actions against the effects of climate change. The main reasons are that they either have lack of knowledge on how to respond to the impacts of climate change or have the perception that climate change is irresistible. The majority of respondents have responded that they are not aware of the government’s climate change policy and emphasized that it is necessary to have effective countermeasures strengthening the provision of information about climate change policy. The result of perception survey have highlighted that it is essential for the government and the fishermen to share relevant information and to consider method of cooperation.

Although in 2011 Japan finally decided not to participate in the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, under the principles of sustainable development and common but differentiated responsibilities, it has probed the ways in which the ‘ultimate objective’ of the UNFCCC will be realized in the international community. With regard to socalled ‘emissions trading,’ since the middle of the 2000s, Japan has continuously adopted various methods and approaches for domestic emissions trading at local and central government levels. This article analyzes Japan’s recent efforts in introducing emissions trading schemes and finally refers to the Joint Crediting Mechanism, which covers the period until a future new agreement under the UNFCCC comes into effect.

본 연구는 기후변화(상승된 CO2 농도와 온도)가 낙엽성 주요 우점종 중 상수리나무, 굴참나무 및 졸참나무의 생육 및 생태적 지위에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 지구온난화처리구 조건을 유지시켜 생육시킨 후 그 결과를 상호 비교하였다. 대조구는 대기 중의 CO2 농도를 그대로 반영하였고, 온난화처리구는 대조구보다 CO2 농도는 약 1.6배, 온도는 2.2℃ 상승시켰다. 참나무 3종의 생육반응 결과, 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 온난화처리구에서 수분이 나 영양소 환경보다 광 환경에서 생육반응의 차이가 컸고, 낮은 광 환경에서 더욱 크게 반응하였다. 졸참나무는 광, 수분 및 영양소 환경에서 생육반응의 차이가 크지 않았다. 생태적 지위폭 결과, 상수리나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리 구의 광 구배에서 넓어졌고, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서는 좁 아졌다. 굴참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서 좁아졌다. 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온난 화처리구의 광 구배에서 넓어졌고 수분과 영양소 구배에서 는 좁아졌다. 생태적 지위 중복역 계산결과, 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광 구배에서 넓어 졌고, 수분과 영양소 구배에서는 좁아졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광 환경에 대한 경쟁이 심해지고, 수분과 영양소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해질 것으로 판단된다. 상수리나무와 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리의 광, 수분 및 영양소 구배에서 좁아졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광, 수분 및 영양 소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해질 것으로 판단된다. 굴참나무 와 졸참나무는 대조구보다 온난화처리구의 광과 수분 구배 에서 좁아졌고, 영양소 구배에서 넓어졌다. 이러한 결과로 두 종은 광과 수분 환경에 대한 경쟁이 약해지고, 영양소 환경에 대한 경쟁이 심해질 것으로 판단된다. PCA 분석에 의하면, 대조구와 비교하여 온난화처리구에서 상수리나무 와 굴참나무가 더욱 가까이 배열하였고, 졸참나무는 상수리 나무와 굴참나무로부터 멀리 배열하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 지구온난화가 진행되면 상수리나무와 굴참나무는 유사 한 생태적 지위를 가지고 있어 경쟁이 더욱 심해질 것이며, 졸참나무는 지구온난화가 진행되어도 상수리나무 및 굴참 나무와는 경쟁이 심하지 않을 것으로 판단된다.

Insects reflect climate change dramatically because insects are poikilotherm and have huge biodiversity. Also, the prediction of insect distribution is very significant due to the position of this group giving diverse ecological services including their extraordinary economic importance. Accurate modeling of geographic distributions of insect species is crucial to various applications in ecology and conservation. The best performing techniques often require some parameter tuning, which may be prohibitively time-consuming to do separately for each species, or unreliable for small or biased data sets. The purpose of this study is to introduce and compare several models to predict insect distribution under climate change in Korea. This work would be helpful to researchers or decision makers by giving practical advice, for example, kinds of input/output data, applicability to GIS, to select appropriate model to predict insect distribution.

Model systems, if applied appropriately, give useful and rapid predictions of the potential distribution and population dynamics of the target species. Insect populations are poikilothermal animal and readily applied to model systems in several ways. Classical insect population models are focused on management purposes, for example, prediction of first occurrence period after cold weather season. Insect populations are distributed neither uniformly nor at random, or they are aggregated in patches, or they form gradients of other kinds of spatial structures which are closely related to their natural resources. Thus, developing insect population models should be considered not only with their physiological development and/or occurrence but also with their spatial distributions including their hosts. In this study, we discuss spatial distribution model of insect population with their host in order to future climate change scenario in Korea.

본 연구는 MODIS 위성영상을 이용하여 광역적으로 진행되고 있는 식물계절학적 특징을 분석하고자 수행하 였다. 위성영상을 이용한 식물계절학적 특징 분석은 현 장 관찰 자료의 분석을 위한 전반적인 식물계절 경향성 및 변동성에 필요한 정보를 제공해 줄 수 있으며, 현장 관찰 값과 광역 식물계절 관측 값의 연결을 통하여 광 역 수준에서 보다 정밀도 높은 식물 계절현상 모니터링 을 가능하게 한다. 본 연구의 기반이 된 MODIS EVI 자료는 Timesat Algorithms의 double logistic function으로 평활화시켜 분석하였다. 제주→남해안→지리산→소백산→설악산 의 위도 분포에 따라 식물계절 시작일은 늦어지는 경향 을 보였다. 그러나 11년간 주요 산림 지역에서의 식물 계절 시작은 해마다 시작일에 다르게 나타나는 연변동 의 특징을 보였다. 변동 자료를 고차다항식으로 변형한 결과, 제주도는 연간 0.38일, 소백산지역은 0.174일 계 절 시작이 늦어지고, 남해안은 0.32일, 지리산은 0.239 일, 설악산 지역은 0.119일 개엽일이 빨라지고 있는 것 으로 나타났다. 우리나라 전체 식물계절 시작 시기의 특징을 공간적 으로 살펴보면, 주요 산림 지역은 늦어지고, 분지나 산 록의 남사면지역에는 빨라지는 것으로 나타났다. 지역적 으로 살펴보면, 제주도의 남서해안 및 북동해안 사면지 역, 동남해안 지역이 빠른 경향을 보였다. 행정구역별 식물계절 시작 시기를 분석한 결과, 2001 년에는 서울과 경기도, 동해안, 남해안, 마산, 창원, 밀양, 대구, 제주도를 중심으로 빠르게 시작되었다. 이는 서울, 경기도, 마산, 창원, 밀양, 대구 등의 도시지역은 도시화 에 따른 기온상승의 영향인 것으로 해석된다. 이 같은 경향은 2005, 2010년에도 같은 경향으로 보이고 있어 도시화가 식물계절 변화에 중요한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 본 연구의 시간적 규모인 10년 이내에서는 기후변동 에 따른 식물계절 현상의 변이성을 잘 나타내었으며, 이 러한 식물계절 모니터링 기법은 30년 이상의 보다 장기 적인 자료를 축적을 통하여 기후변화 양상에 따른 생물 계절 현상 변화와 해석에 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생 각된다.

Global climate change has become a major issue which affects the humanity and nature around the world. Caused primarily by human actions of unabated greenhouse gas emission and deforestation, the destructive effects of climate change have become more frequent and intense during the past decades. As climate change is a global problem, addressing its causes and consequences also requires global responses. While climate change is caused by people from various parts of the world, its impacts disproportionately affect people in coastal regions and islands around the world, and marginalized poor communities in developing countries. Everyone in the planet has a role in addressing climate change, but governments, non governmental organizations (NGOs,), and corporations have broader roles and responsibilities. Due to their mission alignments to protect the environment and conserve nature, environmental NGOs play several vital roles in the fightagainst climate change. Environmental NGOs and international NGOs are in a unique position to respond, and to facilitate the involvement of other sectors in mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change. This article discusses some of the roles and responsibilities of NGOs in addressing climate change.

Recently, peach orchards Plautia stali, Halyomorpha halys, Apolygus spinolae, etc. several species of stink bugs continually damaged. This study using a aggregation pheromone were Riptortus clavatus forecasting investigated at cheongdo, Gyeongsan, Youngchun, etc. gyeongbuk province. As a result, emergence time and population density differences, respectively. The population density of R. pedestris the first time that occur was in mid-April in 2011 and 2012. In March 2013, under the influence of high temperatures in the first occur early April after a temporary increase in the first occur, due to low temperature occur in the early or mid May. Stink bugs leaf damage late April until mid-May increased, while the decrease rainy season increased again in the early August. fruit is severe damaged from mid-May to mid-June and early or mid August. Time period pesticide applications to examine the control effect of stink bugs from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. separated by four kinds of insecticides treatment. when spray insecticides 7 a.m. the control effect was higher in the treatment group. These results suggest that, stink bugs of the peach fruit through the feeding area, young fruit stage Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni and maturation stage Monilia fruticola secondary increased a cause of disease damage.

Rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker is a significant rice insect pest. A newly hatched larva bores a hole into the rice stem and feeding inside. The damage results in drying and white heads of rice. Climate change will affect pest and its host population dynamics variously. In this study, the degree of asynchrony between emergence of rice stem borer and rice transplanting was examined by their phenology models. Also, correlation was examined between winter mortalities of the rice stem borer and relative humidity categorized by daily minimum temperature in 12 sites throughout the country from 1992 to 2013. The degree of asynchrony appears to be increased in future climate condition. And we found a negative correlation between winter mortality and the relative humidity. Winter mortality will be decreased in the future because of increasing winter minimum temperature and snowfall. We hypothesize that the stem borer may increasingly harbor in alternative hosts such as reed in its first generation and move to rice in the second generation. Currently the simulation study is being conducted to verify this hypothesis.

Based on climate change scenario, local distribution of insect pest population should be changed in near future as well as their host. Even though well defined insect geographical distribution model is developed and projected its potential establishment in Korea under climate change scenario, it has defectiveness without geographical matching of its host. SADIE (spatial analysis with distance indices) allows improved interpretation of the spatial associations between two populations within a given sampling area because it is designed for data that are distributed in discrete areas with relatively well-defined boundaries, and measures the extent of clustering with subsequent testing for spatial patterns in relationships among sample locations. In this study, we calculated and analyzed the spatial association between the Ecoclimatic Index (EI) of light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana, using CLIMEX, and projected farm land suitability of apple trees for the possibility of shift and matching geographical location of insect-host relationship under climate change scenario in Korea.