본 연구에서는 달천광산 토양 내 중금속의 함량을 알아보고 지화학적인 형태를 알아보고자 달천광산의 광미와 인근 저수지의 토양을 채취하여 화학분석법(전함량분석, 연속추출분석)을 적용하였다. 분석결과 달천광산 토양 내 중금속은 철 〉 비소 〉구리 〉 납 〉 크롬 순으로 높은 값을 보이며 특히 63 μm 이하의 토양에서 가장 높게 나타나 As, Cu, Pb 등 유해 중금속의 거동이 미립질 토양을 구성하는 광물과 연관되어 있음을 알려주었다. 연속추출 분석 결과, 인근 저수지 토양의 경우, 63 μm 이하의 입도에저 철 〉 납 〉 구리 〉 비소 〉 크롬의 순으로 나타났다. 달천랑산 광미에서 측정된 비소는 양이온교환 형태로 존재하는 비율이 다른 형태에 비하여 가장 높은 값을 보이고 따라서 상대적으로 이동이 훨씬 용이한 것으로 추정된다. 광미와 인근 저수지의 토양 내 포함된 중금속의 전함량과 더불어 물리 화학적 결합상태에 따른 중금속의 존재형태를 규명하는 것은 중금속으로 오염된 토양을 복원하기 위한 기초 자료로 매우 중요하다. 더 나아가서 As와 Cr과 같은 독성 유해중금속의 화학종에 따른 유해성 평가를 위한 기초자료로 중요성이 있으며 지표수 및 지하수 환경오염의 정밀 연구를 위해 필수적이다.

화장품 중 불순물로서 미량의 중금속이 함유되어 있는 경우 이들의 피부흡착이 알러지를 일으킬 수가 있다. 이에 중금속으로부터 안전한 화장품인지를 신속하고 정확하게 판단하는 것이 중요하여 색소원료와 화장품 중 미량의 중금속들(Pb²+, Fe²+, Cu²+, Ni²+, Zn²+, Co²+, Cd²+ 및 Mn²+)을 동시에 분석할 수 있는 이온크로마토그래피 분석법을 개발하였다. 8종의 중금속들은 이온교환 컬럼(IonPac CS5A)으로 잘 분리되었고, post-column 장치와 UV 분광기로 검출하였다. 0.1 ~ 1000 g/mL 농도범위에서 8종의 중금속들의 검량선은 선형적이었고(r² > 0.999), 검출한계는 제품이 안전한지를 판단할 수 있는 g/L 수준이었다. 피크들의 머무름 시간과 면적의 상대표준편차는 0.21 %과 0.24 %이고, 회수율은 97 ~ 104 %이다. 이 결과들은 개발된 분석방법이 화장품 중의 미량의 중금속들을 신속하고 정확하게 분석할 수 있다는 것을 보여준다. 본 분석방법은 22개 화장품과 11개 색소원료 중의 중금속들의 함량을 분석하는데 활용하였다.

본 연구는 포항과 경주 일대에서 채취한 제올라이트와 벤토나이트의 광물조성과 입자 크기에 따른 중금속 흡착정도를 파악하는 것이다. 제올라이트 시료의 주 구성광물은 모데나이트, 크라이놉틸로라이트, 휼란다이트 등이며, 벤토나이트 시료는 주로 몬모릴로나이트로 구성되어 있다. 흡착 실험에 사용한 중금속은 Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb로 10 ppm과 20 ppm의 두 가지 농도를 이용하여 실험을 실시하였다. 대부분의 시료는 Cr을 제외한 다른 중금속에서 평균 80% 이상의 흡착율을 나타내며, Pb는 95% 이상의 흡착율 보였다. 제올라이트가 벤토나이트 시료보다 중금속 이온의 흡착에 더 효과적이며, 중금속의 농도가 높은 경우 흡착율이 감소하는 경향을 나타낸다.

본 연구는 마포소각장에서 발생된 용융슬래그로부터 Na-A형 제올라이트를 합성하여 환경 저감재로 재활용키 위한 목적에서 수행되었다. 초기물질로 사용된 용융슬래그는 용제(flux)로 사용된 Fe 성분(19.6% of Fe2O3, and 18.9% of FeO)이 비교적 높기는 하지만, 상대적으로 제올라이트의 주요 성분인 SiO2, Al2O3 및 Na2O가 각각 26.6%, 10.9% 및 2.7% 함유되어 제올라이트의 합성에 유리한 조성을 가지고 있다. 제올라이트의 수열합성은 80℃에서 수행되었으며, SiO2/Al2O3 = 0.80~1.96인 넓은 범위의 화학조성에서 Na-A형 제올라이트가 합성되는 것을 확인하였다. 제올라이트의 양이온 교환 능력은 10 h 이상의 합성시간에서 일정하게 거의 220 cmol/kg인 것으로 측정되었다. 합성된 제올라이트의 중금속 (As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Mn 및 Pb)에 대한 흡착능을 측정한 결과, As 및 Cr을 제외한 모든 중금속에서 높은 흡착율을 보였다. As와 Cr은 Eh-pH분석을 통해 각각 HAsO42-와 CrO42-인 이온상으로 존재하고 있음을 확인하였다. As와 Cr에 대한 제올라이트의 흡착률이 낮은 것은 이들 이온상들의 크기가 Na-A형 제올라이트의 pore size (4 a)보다 상대적으로 큰 유효 이온반경(4 a, 직경 8 a)을 가지고 있기 때문인 것으로 결론지었다.

This study is an endeavor to evaluate the safety of medicines from heavy metals, prescribed on the basis of herbal medicinal system and oriental medical prescription which are circulated much recently. For that, three globular types, four extract granular types and four liquid types of herbal medicine were bought to compare and analyze the content of heavy metals, such as As, Pb, Cd and Hg, which are harmful to human body. The concentration of Pb was found to be 0.552 ppm in Sachiltang, 2.552 ppm in Anjungjogiwhan and 1.735 ppm in Cheongsangbohwawhan in case of pill type herbal medicine, and liquid type herbal medicine, Maekmundongtang was 0.002 ppm, Galgeuntang was 0.003 ppm, Sangwhatang was 0.004 ppm, 20jeon Daebotang was 0.0185 ppm. And the concentration of Pb was found to be 0.322 ppm in Banhasasimtang, 0.47 ppm in Eungjosan, 0.29 ppm in Yukmijihwangtang, 0.64 ppm in Socheongryongtang in case of granular type. It was found that the liquid types herbal medicines were relatively safer than three pill types of, four granular types of and four liquid types herbal medicines were tested for concentration of heavy metals. It is considered that is required in the stage of raw material treatment, manufacturing and packaging because those herbal medicines are directly taken in and absorbed into human body through the final treatment process.

The frequency analysis and the probability plot were applied to heavy metal contents of soils collected from the Goseong Cu mine area as a statistic method for the determination of the threshold value which was able to partition a population comprising largely dispersed heavy metal contents into the background and the anomalous populations. Almost all the heavy metal contents of soil showed a positively skewed distributions and their cumulative percentage frequencies plotted as a curved lines on logarithmic probability plot which represent a mixture of two or more overlapping populations. Total Cu, Pb and Cd data and extractable Cu and Pb data could be partitioned into background and anomalous populations by using the inflection in each curve. The others showed a normally distributed population or an largely overlapped populations. The threshold values obtained from replotted frequency distributions with the partitioned populations were Cu 400 mg/kg, Pb 450 mg/kg and Cd 3.5 mg/kg in total contents and Cu 40 mg/kg and Pb 12 mg/kg in extractable contents, respectively. The thresholds for total contents are much higher than the tolerable level of soil pollution proposed by Kloke(Cu 100 mg/kg, Pb 100 mg/kg, Cd 3 mg/kg), but those for extractable contents are not exceeded the worrying level of soil pollution proposed by Ministry of Environment(Cu 50 mg/kg, Pb 100 mg/kg). When the threshold values were used as the criteria of soil pollution in the study area, 9～19% of investigated soil population was in polluted level. The spatial distributions of heavy metal contents greater than threshold values showed that polluted soils with heavy metals are restricted within the mountain soils in the vicinity of abandoned mines.

To obtain the risk assessment of hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, the residual pesticides and heavy metals in samples on the Korea and China are surveyed. Group Ⅰ(BHC-δ, BHC-β, Fenitrothion, Penthoate, Endosulfan-α, Dieldrin, Endosulfan-β and Endosulfan-sulfate), Group Ⅱ(BHC-γ, Aldrin, DDD, DDT-p,p Permethrin and Fenvalerate), Group Ⅲ(BHC-α, Chlorpyrifos, Tolyfluanid, Captan and DDT-o,p) and Group Ⅳ(Quintozene, Vinclozolin, DDE and Chlorfenapyr) could analysed on gas chromatography-ECD for evaluation of residual pesticides. Qualified detection concentration on the GC-ECD are 0.45 ng/g～2.50 ng/g. Group Ⅰ, Group Ⅱ, Group Ⅲ and Group Ⅳ are not detected in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China. Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparat. on the Korea are 3.06%, 7.00% and 5.78% for Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). Concentration of As, Cd and Pb in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata. on the China are 5.16%, 5.33% and 6.50% for Korea Food & Drug Administration(KFDA). The hazardous materials in Rehmanniae Radix Preparata on the Korea and China were verified the safety of the residual heavy metals and pesticides compare with Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory level.

Hydrochloride acid salts of new N2O2 tetradentate ligands containing amine and phenol N,N'-bis(2-hydroxybenzyl)-o-phenylenediamine(H-BHP), N,N'-bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzyl)-o-phenylenediamine(Br-BHP), N,N'-bis (5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzyl)-o-phenylene-diamine(Cl-BHP), N,N'-bis(5-methyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-o-phenylene-diamine (Me-BHP) and N,N'-bis(5-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzyl)-o-phenylenediamine(MeO-BHP) were synthesized. The ligands were characterized by elemental analysis, mass and NMR spectroscopy. The elemental analysis showed that the ligands were isolated as dihydrochloride salt. The potentiometry study revealed that the proton dissociation constants(logKnH) of ligands and stability constants (logKML) of transition and heavy metals complexes. The order of the stability constants of each metal ions for ligands was Br-BHP < Cl-BHP < H-BHP < MeO-BHP < Me-BHP.

Mesoporous silicas for heavy metals adsorption were prepared by co-condensation of surfactant as a template and Ludox HS-40 as a silica precursor. Various mesoporous silicas with the introduction of chelating ligands (mercaptopropyl and aminopropyl groups) were synthesized to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The surface modification was conducted with a co-condensation process using the sequential or simultaneous addition of mesoporous silica and high concentration of the organosilane(3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane). These materials have been characterized by elemental analysis, XRD, SEM and TEM analysis. Adsorbents synthesized with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane shows a high loading capacity for Hg(II), Pb(II) , Cd(II) and anion Cr(VI). Especially the one synthesized with a mercaptopropyl function has the highest adsorption capacity for Hg(II) and Cd(II).

The content and distribution of some heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn and Pb) were investigated in the <63 ㎛ bed sediments of the Mangyeong river to recognize the extent of contamination. Results showed that a wide range of concentrations was apparent for every metal. These variations were particularly significant at the confluence of tributaries. High levels of metals occur mainly in the confluence of tributaries. Geoaccumulation indexes have been calculated to assess whether the concentration observed represent background or contaminated levels. It is proved that the Mangyeong River is moderately to strongly polluted for Mn, Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb. The spatial extent of pollution was examined, and it was found that the most polluted area is located in the confluence of Iksan and Jeonju tributaries.

We studied concentration of heavy metals in Sagunjatang. In this experiment was analyzed the concentration of heavy metals of boiled Sagunjatang, decoction and its ingredient herbal medicines. The concentration of heavy metals(As, Pb, and Cd) were analysed using ICP-AES, and Hg was analysed by mercury analyzer. The average concentration of heavy metals in Sagunjatang were as follows : In all ingredient herbal medicines (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Atractylodes Macrocephala, Poria Cocos and Jinseng) of Sagunjatang, As(arsenite) contents in all samples was in the range of 0.369-0.723ppm, Cd(cadmium) was in the range of 0.000-0.085ppm, Pb(lead) was in the range of 0.059-0.871ppm and Hg(mercury) was in the range of 0.001-0.004ppm. In boiled Sagunjatang, the concentration of heavy metals(As, Pb, Cd and Hg) was in the range of 0.000-0.016ppm, respectively. In the decoction of herbal medicines after boiled, the concentration of heavy metals was in the range of 0.004-0.387ppm. These results suggest that Sagunjatang which we take is less harmful than herbal medicine itself, and there are more significant for using the decoction of herbal medicines.

이 논문에서는 대전광역시 도심하천인 유등천 및 유등천이 합류된 갑천 하류 하상퇴적물의 물리화학적 특성을 분석하고 중금속에 의한 오염 정도를 평가하였다. 유등천 하천퇴적물은 약산성내지 약알칼리이며, 퇴적물 대부분은 모래가 약 80% 이상인 사질토로 양이온 보유능력과 수분보유 능력이 낮아 식물이 자라기에 부적합한 퇴적물임을 지시한다. 따라서 유등천변 소유역 퇴적물이 토양의 기능중 하나인 자정능력을 갖추기 위해서는 점토를 많이 객토하여 식생과 자정능력을 가지는 소유역 토양으로 전환해야 할 것으로 판단한다. 조사 지점별 중금속 성분의 함량변화 특성을 보면 유등천은 도심을 통과하면서 토사내 중금속(Pb, Cr, Cd)의 농도가 증가되는 경향을 보인다. 이러한 하천유역 토사내중금속 농도의 증가는 하천수의 수질과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. 하상퇴적물 깊이별 중금속의 농도는 일부지점에서 심도증가와 함께 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 하천수의 수질오염은 하천 퇴적물의 오염으로 이어지고 이는 궁극적으로 하천생태환경에 영향을 미치게 되므로 하천수의 수질에 대한 지속적인 감시와 오염된 하상퇴적물에 대한 정화작업이 필요하다.

This study was performed to investigate the possible uses of waste sludge for the removal of heavy metal ions. The adsorption experiments were conducted with wastes such as sewage treatment sludge, water treatment sludge and oyster shell to evaluate their sorption characteristics. Heavy metals selected were cadmium, copper and lead. In the sorption experiments on the sewage treatment sludge, water treatment sludge, oyster shell and soil, sorption occurred in the beginning and it reached equilibrium after 40 minutes on the oyster shell and 4 hour on the sewage treatment sludge and water treatment sludge. Results of Freundlich isotherms indicated that sewage treatment sludge could be properly used as an adsorbent for heavy metals and sorption strength of heavy metals was in the order of Pb > Cu > Cd. In the influence of pH on the adsorbents, sorption rate was more than 80% in pH 4 and most of heavy metals were adsorbed in pH 9. Adsorption rate of Cd decreased with decreasing pH and then adsorption rate of Cu was lower in soil.

To obtain the safety evaluation of the ginseng, residues of heavy metals in culture environment of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju, Kyeongbuk are surveyed. The concentration for component of ginseng on Punggi and Sangju were 14.12 mg/kg and 15.74 mg/kg, respectively. The concentration for general component such as crude fiber, ash, crude lipid, crude protein, carbohydrate, of ginseng were coincided between Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Punggi were 14.24 ppb, 43.13 ppb, 8.73 ppb and 0.82 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in soil on Sangju were 19.20 ppb, 54.82 ppb, 15.90 ppb and 1.04, respectively. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the soil with culture ginseng on Punggi and Sangju. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Punggi were 29.30ppb, 21.78 ppb, 1.32 ppb and 2.72 ppb, respectively. The concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg with ginseng on Sangju were 3.22 ppb, 24.43 ppb, 1.44 ppb and 4.74 ppb, respectively. Also the detection concentration for As, Pb, Cd, and Hg in ginseng were also lower than the Korea Food & Drug Administration advisory level for heavy metal in herbal medicines. Residual heavy metals are not polluted in the ginseng on Punggi and Sangju at Kyeongbuk, Korea.

Waste sludge may be used to recovery wastewater contaminated with heavy metals. The waste sludge is an inexpensive readily available source of biomass for biosorption with metal-bearing wastewater. The biosorption of heavy metals such as Pb(II), Cu(II), Cr(II), and Cd(II) onto waste sludge was investigated in batch experiments and waste sludge loaded heavy metals was separated by dissolved air flotation. The biosorption equibria of heavy metals could be described by Langmuir and Freundich isotherms. The adsorption capacity for waste sludge was in the sequence of Pb(II)>Cr(II)>Cu(II)>Cd(II). The system attained equilibrium about 20 min. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption model effectively described the biosorption equilibrium of Cu(II) and Cr(II) ions on waste sludge. Maximum adsorption capacity of Cu(II) and Cr(II) were 196.08 and 158.73 mg/g, respectively. Solid-liquid separation efficiencies were kept above 95% on waste sludge loaded heavy metals, and were decreased with pH increasing.