The purpose of this study was to propose a task-related circuits program for stroke patients and to test the difference in functional improvements between patients undergoing conventional physical therapy and those participating in a task-related circuits exercise program. The subjects were 10 stroke in-patients of the Korea National Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. We measured the following variables: Motor Assessment Scale (MAS), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Tone Assessment Scale (TAS), speed of gait, rate of step, physiological costs index, age, weight, height, site of lesion, onset day and whether the subject participated in an exercise program. Collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 10.0/PC using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Spearman's correlation. The results of the experiment were as follows: (1) In the pre-test and post-test for function, there was not a statistical significance between the group partaking in a task-related circuits program and the group of conventional physical therapy (p>.05). (2) In the MAS, BBS and speed of gait test, the group undergoing conventional physical therapy showed a statistical significance (p<.05). (3) In the MAS, BBS, speed of gait, PCI, TAS (passive, associated reaction, TAS total score), the group of task-related circuits program showed a statistical significance (p<.05). As a result, the group participating in a task-related circuits program had a more functional improvement than the group participating in conventional physical therapy. Therefore, an intervention recommended for a stroke patient would be a task-related circuits program consisting of a longer session of each task for a more improved functional recovery.

Face-to-face interview has been used to elicit language samples in oral proficiency testing. The direct testing is believed to measure more authentic and interactive language ability. However, it is argued that speech samples from unstructured interviews are different from ones in natural communication settings, and that the interviewees are forced to play as passive roles. Furthermore, inexperienced interviewers often allow superficial fluency rewarded. Communicative task (e.g., long-run narrative and descriptive speech) meaningfulness tends to be underestimated. In the unstructured interview situations where intuition driven interviewers do not provide meaningful communicative tasks (or prompts), personality is implicitly focused, and interpersonal strategies are overestimated. When a test intends to assess ‘language’ skills, the nonlanguage skills make test usefulness dubious. This study explores inappropriateness issues of face-to-face English language proficiency interviews in Korea. This study also values the usefulness of semi-direct (tape- or computermediated) speaking tests in terms of task meaningfulness. Samples of superficial fluency collected in testing settings are commented upon. Points of view from Korean contexts are repetitively discussed over the study.

우리나라의 한자 한문학계는 韓國漢文學會, 韓國漢文敎育學會, 韓國漢字漢文敎育學會 등 세 학회가 상호 부족한 분야를 보완하면서 솟발처럼 鼎立하여 발전해왔다. 그러나 아직까지 해결이 되지 않았거나 미진한 점이 많이 남아있다. 본 고는 한문교육에 대한 사회적 필요성이 증대되었음에도 불구하고 한문교육의 위상이 오히려 저하되고 있는 사회 현실을 고려하여 우리 학계가 앞으로 해야 할 과제를 다시 한 번 짚어 보고자 한다. 첫째, 객관적인 연구업적을 통하여 한문과가 도구과목임을 입증하고 이를 만인이 공감시켜 한문과의 위상을 제고시켜야 할 것이다. 이러한 연구가 진척이 되면 각 학년별 과목별 핵심용어사전도 만들어질 수 있을 것이고, 학생들의 자기주도적 학습에도 크게 기여하게 될 것이다. 둘째, 학계가 공인하는 단일한 한문문법 체계를 확정하여야 할 것이다. 셋째, 학교에서 가르치는 한자와 사회에서 사용하는 한자가 일치되어 학생들이 혼란스럽지 않게 하여야 한다. 넷째, 한자문화권인 동북아 3개국이 앞으로는 상호 이해증진과 협력 강화 및 문화적 동질성의 유지를 위하여 새로운 개념을 한자어로 조어할 때에 공동으로 협의하여 정할 수 있도록 협의 기구를 설립하여 운영할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다.

Motor skill learning can be acquired implicitly without consciousness of what is being learned. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of implicit motor learning in young and elderly people using a perceptual-motor task. Forty normal young and elderly subjects participated. A modified version of the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) using six blocks of twelve perceptual motor sequences was administered. The paradigm consisted of the first random sequence block followed by the four patterned blocks and another random block. In each block, the go signal consisted of an asterisk displayed in the one of the four parallel arrayed boxes in the middle of the screen. Subjects were instructed to push the corresponding response buttons as quickly as possible. Young subjects demonstrated shorter reaction times during the consecutive patterned blocks reflecting appropriate learning accomplished. Elderly subjects were able to learn a perceptual-motor task with implicit knowledge, but the performance was lower than that of the young persons. These results indicated that implicit sequence learning is still preserved in elderly adults, but the rate of learning is slower.

This paper concerns on a multiprocessor task scheduling problem with precedence relation, in which each task requires several processors at a time. The problem is to find a schedule of minimal time to complete all tasks. In this paper, a tabu search is presented. Numerical results show that tabu search yields a better performance than the previous studies.

Task description is essential in performing task analysis which is required for designing man-machine systems. Currently, there are many methods to support the task description which is very complex and time-consuming. However, these methods contain some problems such as being hard to understand and a lack of description. This research deals with an object-oriented task description(OOTD) method trying to solve these problems effectively. The OOTD method includes an object-oriented task structure diagram and an object-oriented task attribute diagram. The former shows some relationship between a task and a derived task. The latter includes important attributes to define each task.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of activity of daily liv-ing(ADL) on task-oriented Learning program in adult with cerebral palsy.Method : The subjects were forty members who were treated at dept. occupational therapy the H Rehabilitation Center in kwang ju from January 2003 to July 2003. The ADL were meas-ured with Functional Independence Measure(FIM) and collected data were statistically analysed by SPSS PC for Wilcoxon signed rank test using NPARIWAY.Results : 1. A age distribution of the subject was from 20 to 36, and the average age was 25.6. The number of the twenties are the most number of the subjects by 28 persons(70%). The men were 19 persons(47.5%) and the women were 21 persons(52.5%). The clinical types of adult with cerebral palsy were dyskinesia 4 persons(10%), spastic quadriplegia 10 persons(25%), spas-tic hemiplegia 12 persons(30%), spastic diplegia 14 persons(35.5%). In the dominated hand, the right’s was 27 persons(67.5%), and the left’s was 13 persons(32.5%) and the number of person with language disability was 26 persons(65%), without language disability was 14 persons (35.5%). The duration of medical treatment was 61 days at the shortest, 123 days at the lon-gest, and the average duration was 82 days. 2. The variation to the performance of daily life after pre-treatment and post-treatment through the general characteristics of the adult with cerebral palsy was significantly (p<.01) in-creased independent of age, gender, clinical types except dyskinesia, dominated hand, speech dis-ability and treatment duration of less than 2∼3month.3. The variation of the pre-treatment and the post-treatment in the detail item to the per-formance of daily life of the adult with cerebral palsy through task-oriented Learning program was significantly(p<.01) increased at the self-care, sphincter control, locomotion, mobility, com-munication and social cognition.Conclusion : Cerebral palsy cause disability on daily life with decrease of motor performance ability by adding marked growth of the adolescence, disease, treatment interruption, trauma etc, to past poor motor control function, impaired balance reaction, muscle spasticity etc. But if proper task-oriented Learning program has been performing to patients continuously, General ADL performance ability will be increasing in young adult with cerebral palsy patients.

This research deals with an object-oriented task description(OOTD) method to solve problems such as being hard to understand and a lack of description in existing task description methods. The OOTD method includes an object-oriented task structure diagram

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of visual block (eyes open or closed), mental task type, and participation in an exercise program on static balance in the elderly. The subjects were 34 elderly (>65 years old) residents of a social welfare institute in Gyeonggi-do. We measured the following variables. Berg balance scale, mini mental state examination, balance performance monitor (sway area, path, and maximal sway velocity), age, weight, height and whether the subject participated in an exercise program. Scores for the Berg balance scale and mini mental state examination were evaluated to assess static balance ability either alone (single task paradigm) or while performing a mental task (dual task paradigm). Static balance variables that were measured included sway area, path, and maximal sway velocity. Each test was repeated three times. Multiple regressions analysis was used to examine the effect of each variable on static balance ability. For the dual task paradigm, static balance was affected by whether the subject participated in an exercise program. The Berg balance scale score for subjects with their eyes open was affected by whether they participated in an exercise program, while this variable in addition to the height and weight of subjects were determining variables in subjects with their eyes closed. As a result, whether subjects participated in an exercise program affected their static balance irrespective of whether their eyes open or closed. Therefore, regular exercise is recommended for elderly people and further research is needed to examine the relationship between static and dynamic balance while performing mental tasks such as cognition and attention.

This thesis critically analyzes the present condition of Christianity in Asia. It notes the shift of World mission from a Western perspective to Asian perspective. It also provides a descriptive analysis of the factors affecting the spread of Christianity in Asia. Concrete recommendations are drawn to fortify Asian missions. Furthermore, this thesis discusses the role of Korean Christians, as a majority, in the spread of the gospel. The Christian population in Asia is considered statistically as a marginalized denomination with less than ten percent (10%) share of the total world Christian population. However, considering the thirty percent (30%) Christians around the world, Asian Christians constitute a minute proportion to Ule face of the Christian faith. This is taken in the context of a global perspective that Christian Mission in Asiastill continues to be in the state of passivity despite the numbers of missions sent abroad to spread the gospel. The 21st century World Mission has shifted its target to the Asian third world countries. W. B?lman stressed that the center of mission is moving towards the 3rd world countries. Missions have taken into account the number of population and the di stinctive features of Asia. W. B?lman also noted that before the 21st century the Christian population among the whites is more overwhelming than the nonwhite Christians. In the turn of the 21st century, the growth has changed. This is manifested in the growth of non-white Chri stian population in Asia after the evangeli zation by the western missionaries. To date, the 3rd world Christians has taken quantum leaps to share the gospel to their neighboring countries. Despite the missions conducted by churches and Christians in Asia, the people has stayed steadfast to passivity to the acceptance of the gospel. One distinct feature of Asian roots is its various cultural heritage. These roots have been celebrated and preserved to take its truest color. The spirit evolved by this heritage enlivens the Asians. Throughout the years missions have approached these cultures in the light of western ideology and theology. The differences created a conflict and resulted to the passivity of Asians to Christian faith. The author agrees with Aloysius Pieris that poverty is a major factor in the resistance of the Asians to accept the gospel. The control of st ru ctured institutions, s uch as government, eco nomy and education, have hindered the influx of new fa ith. Aloysius Pieris calls this forced poverty. Asian countries have been the crad les of world religions. The growth of these religions all ied the growth of civilization, which strengthened believers in Asia. Some of these world religions are: Shintoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam and even Christianity. These religions have guided believers through their respective scriptures and the tides of civilization strengthened these faiths among Asians. Missions have been idealistic to penetrate the threshold of these major religions and make them accept the Christian faith. But the plurality of religions curtailed the light of Christian faith to the Asians. The Asian population plays a vital challenge to the world Christian Mission. It constitutes a big portion of the world population in which the Christian faith has not reached. The immersion of missionaries to do the task of sharing the gospel has been in vain. Passivity of Christians has always been the reason for the resistance. However, this research, P9sits that mission should be revolutionized to achieve its goal of sharing the gospel. Choan Seng Song suggests Transpositional Theology to carry out the mission. This is the change of approach to introduce the gospel based on Asian perspective. Aloysius Pieris calls this as Asian style gospel. Adaptation to the different cultures in Asia through mission research will play crucial role in the attainment of the task. With the adequate knowledge of the culture, genuine empathy to the experiences, situation, condition and status of Asians will ease the immersion of missionaries in a different culture. The establishment of oneness to the particular group of Asian will be timely for the inculcation of the Christian scripture. Thus, increasing the chance to spread the gospel successfully. Since oneness is very important to the spread of the gospel, Asians are more capable of understanding, adapting, empathizing with fellow Hinduism, Asians. This is called by Choan Seng Song as the 3rd ideology that only Asians can see the Asian roots. Theology school system should restructure its westernized method of teaching theology. Western missionaries have left Asian Theology schools with teachings designed in western context and it has effected the spread of the gospel by Asians also using the western approach. Students of theology will appreciate more the teachings of, the gospel when the context is based on their Asian background and experiences. Appreciative students will be potent instruments in the spreading of the truth. Forced poverty as stated earlier has been identified by Aloysius Pieris to hinder the spread of Christianity, which is in contrast to voluntary poverty. Voluntary poverty manifests the features of a true Christian. He who chooses to be poor truly believes in the doctrine and wholeheartedly serves for the spread of the gospe\. He is a selfless servant of the church and tries to live a life that of Jesus Christ. World mission is optimistic that the realization of its vision will be achieved. Asian Christians comprises only less than ten percent (10%) of the Asian population. Despite the Chri stianityis unpopularity in Asia, Korea has reached a majority in number. Recently, statistics shows that twenty five percent (25%) of the Korean population are Christians. Unlike other Asian countries with framed religions such as Japan (Shintoism), India (Hinduism/ Buddism), China (Confucianism), Korea has opened its horizon to other religions, which includes Christianity . Historically, Korea has its religious roots in Shamanism. In the passing of time, Christian missionarie have immersed with traditions and belief of Korea. Other philosophies (Confucianism, Buddhism, Shintoism, Hinduism) have also found their way to shape Korean belief. Since Christian population in Korea is overwhelming now , Christians are to take part in the spreading of the gospel in Asia. This is the role of the Korean Christians. With the recommendations above, Korean Missions are expected to prosper in its missiological task in religious plurality in Asia.

본 연구의 목적은 이중과업 방법론(dual task methology)을 사용해서 젊은 사람과 노인을 대상으로 독립된 두 사건(two separate concurrent events)을 동시에 수행하는데 요구되는 주의력에 대한 분석과 노인에서의 특징적 차이를 찾는 것이다. 본 실험은 대상자가 힘판(force plate) 위에서 장애물(10cm) 보행시에 경피자극(cutaneous stimulation)에 대하여 마이크로 스위치(micro-switch)를

In order to examine universal design, 1 have developed two analytical methodologies based on 3P(point) task analysis: structured task analysis and task matrix analysis. I also extracted nine universal design items, namely (1) adjustment, (2) redundancy, (3) specification and function transparency, (4) feedback and (5) error tolerance, (6) effective acquisition of information, (7) ease of understanding and judgment, (8) comfortable operation, and (9) continuity of information and operation. Structured task analysis is used to uncover problems in each of the tasks constituting a job for each functionally challenged condition of users, and solutions to the extracted problems are examined in terms of the above-mentioned nine universal design items. Task matrix analysis calls for the production of a table for each task in a job. In each table, nine items form the columns, and the horizontal rows list all disability types. Then, solutions are formulated for each cell formed by the intersecting columns and rows. Using these two analysis methods, 1 have conducted a verification experiment for the universal design of a public bus. The results of the research have enabled me to propose various ,solutions from a system-based perspective, instead of coming up with the superficial and isolated solutions which are normally produced when conventional analytical methods are used.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of metastrategic exercise on a scientific reasoning strategy to control variables, and investigate the developmental patterns in the strategy usage within a given period. Two groups composed of 90 fifth grade students engaged in a scientific reasoning task over six daily sessions. Additionally, one group engaged in metastrategic exercise on fictional students' strategies of controlling variables on the task, while the other spent equivalent time on an unrelated task. Based upon results of the study, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the metacognitive exercise on the strategy to control variables has positive and long-standing effects on the strategy performance at the reasoning task. The exercise also takes effect of near-transfer. Taking into consideration only about sixty minutes of metastrategic practice, the results provide the validity of the activity in order to develop children's reasoning strategies. Second, in a scientific reasoning task, each child seems to go through one out of two developmental patterns in their usage of reasoning strategies: gradual change or fundamental change. Considering the ratio of pattern of fundamental change between the two groups, it is clear that the metacognitive exercise influences the developmental pattern of strategy usage.