Three active components (Z8-12:Ac, E8-12:Ac, and Z8-12:OH) are known in sex pheromone of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, and have been commercially available to apply for population monitoring and mating disruption. However, there have been variation among commercial products in pheromone composition and amount impregnated in each pheromone releaser. This study was performed to optimize factors influencing on pheromone monitoring of G. molesta by analyzing pheromone composition/amount, effective period of releaser, and trap type/placement in apple trees. High purity of Z8-12:Ac component was effective to attract males, in which 96% or more of cis acetate isomer component appeared to be optimal composition. Pheromone amounts (0.01-1 ㎍) impregnated in each rubber dispenser did not give significant effect on monitoring during 90 days from June to August. "Delta" trap was much more efficient than "cone" trap to collect males. Trap installation was another factor, in which placing traps at canopy level was much efficient than at trunk or ground levels. Pheromone trap monitoring with these optimal factors indicated three to four adult peaks from June to September in addition to high overwintering population from April to May in pesticide-applied orchards in Andong, Korea.

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease that leads to periodontal destruction, and is one of the major causes of tooth loss in humans. The osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), which is also known as the receptor activator of the NF-kB ligand (RANKL), is a surface-associated ligand on bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts. RANKL activates its cognate receptor, RANK, on osteoclast progenitor cells, which leads to the differentiation of mononucleated precursor cells. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a decoy receptor that is released from stromal cells and osteoblasts to inhibit the interaction between RANKL and RANK. Although the precise mechanism of bone loss in periodontitis is unknown, the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts by OPG-ODF-RANK signaling might play the role in periodontal bone destruction. The relationship between the concentration of sex hormones and the expression of ODF and OPG was examined by treating human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells with the normal serum concentration of estrogen or progesterone during menstruation or at menopause. The ODF/OPG relative ratio was elevated at the concentration observed during ovulation in human gingival fibroblasts and at the concentration observed between ovulation and menstruation in periodontal ligament cells treated with estrogen. However, the ratio was <1 at all concentrations in both cells treated with progesterone. In the case of menopause simulated by estrogen depletion, the ratio was <1 in human gingival fibroblasts but >1 in periodontal ligament cells.

본 연구에서는 소의 체외 수정란에 대해 Y 염색체 특이 DNA 표지를 이용하여 FISH 기법으로서 수정란의 성감별을 수행하고 이를 이식하여 산전 성감별 개체 생산을 시도하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 Y-염색체 특이 DNA probe는 bovine male specific DNA로 알려진 btDYZ-1의 385bp 단편으로 제작하였고, Dig-PCR 방법으로 labeling하였다. 수정란의 성감별은 IVF로서 생산된 단계의 수정란을 공시하고 이들로부터 단일할구를 생검하여 분석하였다. 생검 방법은 투명대를 laser로 drilling하고 개의 할구를 squeezing하여 분리하였으며 demi-embryo는 1일간 재 배양하여 배반포기 단계에서 이식하였다. 우선, 본 probe의 신뢰성을 검정하기 위하여 생검된 할구는 FISH 기법으로 Y 염색체 존재 여부를 판단하고, 이의 demi-embryo는 재 배양하여 중기상을 유도하여 핵형분석한 후 비교 검토한 바 97.6%의 일치율을 나타내었다. 한편, 수정란에서 성감별을 위한 FISH의 적용 여부를 검토하고자 총 3937개의 공시란 중 3657개(93%)가 분석이 가능하였고, 이들 중 45.8%가 Y 염색체 특이적 접합 발현 양상이 나타났다. 본 결과를 토대로 경남 진주 인근 지역 농장의 15두의 소를 대상으로 성 감별 수정란을 이식한 결과, 7두가 임신한 것으로 확인되었고 이들 중 5마리가 출산하였다. 뿐만 아니라 출산된 송아지들은 모두 예견된 성과 100% 일치하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서 적용한 FISH 기법은 수정란의 성감별에 효율성이 높고 매우 높은 정확성을 나타냄에 따라 실질적으로 성감별 수정란의 대량생산이 가능할 것으로 사료되며, 농가차원에서 산업적 실용화가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.twork descrition)를 통해 교통분석후의 제반 교통특성(교통량, 교통량/용량 비(比), 속도 등)을 교통망상에 표시할 수 있음으로서 의사결정에 보다 많은 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 비트율의 증가와 화질 열화는 각각 최대 1.32%와 최대 0.11dB로 무시할 수 있을 정도로 작음을 확인 하였다.을 알 수 있었다. 현지관측에 비해 막대한 비용과 시간을 절약할 수 있는 위성영상해석방법을 이용한 방법은 해양수질파악이 가능할 것으로 판단되며, GIS를 이용하여 다양하고 복잡한 자료를 데이터베이스화함으로써 가시화하고, 이를 기초로 공간분석을 실시함으로써 환경요소별 공간분포에 대한 파악을 통해 수치모형실험을 이용한 각종 환경영향의 평가 및 예측을 위한 기초자료로 이용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.염총량관리 기본계획 시 구축된 모형 매개변수를 바탕으로 분석을 수행하였다. 일차오차분석을 이용하여 수리매개변수와 수질매개변수의 수질항목별 상대적 기여도를 파악해 본 결과, 수리매개변수는 DO, BOD, 유기질소, 유기인 모든 항목에 일정 정도의 상대적 기여도를 가지고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이로부터 수질 모형의 적용 시 수리 매개변수 또한 수질 매개변수의 추정 시와 같이 보다 세심한 주의를 기울여 추정할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다.변화와 기흉 발생과의 인과관계를 확인하고 좀 더 구체화하기 위한 연구가 필요할 것이다.게 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전략은 존재하므로 이러한 전략을 개발 및 활용할 수 있으며, 특히, 한국주식시장에 적합한 거래전략은 반전거래전략이고, 이 전략의 유용성은 투자자가 설정한 투자기간보다 더욱

Our previous research has identified granulin (grn) and p130 genes as sex steroidinducible genes in the rat hypothalamus, which might be involved in sexual differentiation of the brain. Phthalate esters that are used as plasticizers and also found at low levels in foods such as dairy products are often mentioned as suspected endocrine disrupters. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate whether perinatal exposure to dinbutyl phthalate (DBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di2ethylhexyl adipate (DEHA) affects hypothalamic sex steroidinducible genes. The present study assessed the effects of perinatal exposure to DBP, DINP and DEHA on sex steroid hormones levels and hypothalamic grn and p130 mRNA expressions at postnatal day (PND) 3 and 7. Pregnant rats were fed a soyfree diet containing 20, 200, 2,000 and 10,000 ppm of DBP, 40, 400, 4,000 and 20,000 ppm of DINP, or 480, 2,400 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA from gestational day (GD) 15 to GD 3 or 7. At PND 3 and 7, perinatal exposure to these chemicals did not substantially affect serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol. At PND 3, the expression of grn mRNA levels in males was decreased by DEHA, and that of p130 was decreased by DBP, DINP and DEHA, though the effects were not dosedependent. At PND 7, the expression of grn gene in female pups was increased by higher doses of DBP and all the doses, except for 4,000 ppm, of DINP, while that in male pups decreased by 480 and 12,000 ppm of DEHA. Hypothalamic expression of p130 mRNA in males was increased by lower doses of DBP and all the doses of DINP, whereas that of females was decreased by 480 and 2,400 ppm of DEHA. These results suggest that these chemicals may affect the expression of grn and p130 genes by directly acting on the hypothalamus, thus leading to inappropriate expression of these genes.

Three sex pheromone components (cis-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z12Ac), trans-8-dodecenyl acetate (E12Ac), cis-8-dodecenol (Z12OH)) of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, were chemically synthesized. Especially to increase the composition of cis-stereoisomer, a triple bond intermediate was hydrogenated at -20℃ with catalytic Pd/BaSO₄. The resulting product consisted of the acetates with a stereoisomer ratio in 92:8 (Z:E). The biological activity of the synthesized pheromone compounds was analyzed both in male responses and orientation disruption. The indoor pheromone effect was determined by male flight behavior showing wing movement in response to lure. Different mixtures of the synthetic pheromone components were prepared by mixing acetate and alcohol components in 100:0, 99:1, and 90:10 (g/g) and tested with a comparison of a standard commercial pheromone lure. The highest pheromone effect was observed in only acetate mixture (100:0) and the effect was reduced with the addition of the alcohol component. This indoor pheromone effect could be observed in field monitoring trial, in which 100:0 mixture showed the highest trap catches. Orientation disruption assay was conducted indoor by using a cage, in which the center had a commercial lure on sticky plate and the four candidates were placed at 6 ㎝ away from the central lure on each of four directions. Test males were released to the arena during overnight (12 h) and then the caught males on the sticky plate were counted. The synthesized pheromone as well as the commercial pheromone showed 100% orientation disruption. However, the orientation disruption effect was reduced with decrease in the number of the surrounding disrupting pheromone baits. These results clearly suggest that the synthesized sex pheromone of G. molesta is biologically active and can be used for field mating disruption.

Sex pheromone blends of large black chafer, Holotrichia parallela (Motschulasky), which consist of a major component L-isoleucine methyl ester (LIME) and a minor component (R)-(-)-linalool, showed different attractiveness depending on the mixing ratios of the two components in potato fields in South Korea. The best ratio for H. parallela attraction was 2.5:1 of LIME and (R)-(-)-linalool. The attraction ability of pheromone traps bated with 2.5:1 ratio did not drop up to 14m, but significantly decreased at 21m from H. parallela release point. Korean population of H. parallela showed almost same periodical activity to sex pheromone with that reported in Japan, which showing a circabidian periodicity of 48h cycle.

The citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, is an oligophagous pest of Rutaceae family, especially Citrus spp. occurring in most worldwide citrus-growing areas. This study was conducted to evaluate a sex pheromone chemical of CLM, (Z,Z)-7,1l-hexadecadienal (7Z,11Z-16:AI) in monitoring CLM by trap types, the diel activity and the influence of some weather factors on trap catch. CLM was well attracted on a trap baited 7Z,11Z-16:AI 1㎎. Sticky wing trap was more effective than bucket trap. Most caught CLM were attracted at 2~6 a.m. regardless of season, and activity time of CLM was affected by sunrise time as well as sunset time. The trap catch of CLM was more influenced by wind velocity than temperature for activity time of CLM. The number of caught CLM was fallen at below 13℃, but there was little effect for trap catch at over that temperature. The average wind velocity at over 2.0 m/sec made the number of caught CLM drop down. The precipitation did not affect the number of caught CLM when the average wind velocity was lower than at 2.0 m/sec.

The female sex pheromone of the peach leafminer, Lyonetia clerkella Linne (Lepidoptera:Lyonetiidae), was analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detector (GC-EAD). GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extract revealed a single compound that elicited responses from male antennae. Retention time on DB-l column of EAD-active compound was identical to that of syn-thetic (14S)-14-Methyl-1-octadecene (14Sme-1-18Hy). In field tests, sticky traps baited with synthetic l4Sme-1-18Hy alone were highly attractive to male. Traps with 0.1 ㎎ dose showed the lowest catches, but there were no significant difference in the numbers of moth caught in traps baited with doses of 0.5 and 1.0 ㎎. The results of the field assays for longevity of pheromone traps showed that effectiveness of lures maintained for at least 8 weeks under field condition. The attractiveness of 14Sme-1-18Hy was not affected by the addition of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in lures as an antioxidant. Traps baited with 0.5 ㎎ 14Sme-l-18Hy were successfully used to monitor L. clerkella male flights. Analysis of seasonal trap catches over two years showed that moth flight activity in peach orchards occurred over a period of seven months with six generations in Suwon.

Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease that leads to the destruction, one of the major cause of tooth loss in human. Osteoclast Differentiation Factor(ODF), also called as Receptor activator of NF-xB ligand(RANKL), a surface-associated ligand on bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts, activates its cognate receptor RANK on osteoclast progenitor cells, which leads to differentiation of these mononucleated precursor cells. Osteoprotegerin(OPG), a decoy receptor, is released from stromal cells and osteoblasts to inhibit the interaction between RANKL and RANK. The experiment for the effect of pregnancy on gingival health showed greater gingival inflammation and edema during pregnancy, despite similar plaque index. There should be many factors affecting the periodontal health in pregnancy. In this experiment, we examined the direct effects of sex hormones(estrogen and progesterone) on the ODF/OPG expression in human gingival fibroblasts and periodontal ligament cells at the serum concentration of pregnancy. The ratio was high in the 1st trimester of pregnancy by estrogen and in the late 2nd trimester by progesterone. Therefore, the local periodontal destruction might be accelerated by these hormonal effect on the periodontal cells.

남자와 여자는 여러 가지 관점에서 많은 차이점을 가지고 있다 그 중에서도 남녀의 인지행동과 관련된 차이는 많은 관심 대상이 되어 왔다 지금까지 많은 연구자들이 남자와 여자 사이에는 인지행동적 차이가 존재함을 주장하며 그에 대한 과학적인 근거와 통계들을 제시하였다. 그러나 현재 디자이너들이 제품이나 웹사이트의 정보구조나 네비게이션을 설계하는 과정에서 남녀 사이의 인지 행동적 차이점은 거의 고려되고 있지 않고 있다. 평가 과정에서도 조사 대상을 남녀로 구분하기는 하지만, 구분 목적도 뚜렷하지 않으며 평가 데이터에서 나타나는 남녀의 차이에 대해서도 이를 설명할 수 있는 근거나 이론이 마련되지 않은 실정이다. 본 연구는 웹 네비게이션을 설계하는 데 있어서 남녀의 차이를 반영하기 위하여 관련된 기초 지식과 근거를 마련하고자 하였다. 특히 네비게이션의 정보 구조에 있어서의 남녀의 선호도를 중심으로 논의를 전개하였다. 우선 다양한 문헌 조사를 통하여 남녀의 일반적인 인지행동적 차이에 대해서 조사하였으며 이를 통해 남자의 인지적 사고방식은 일반적으로 순차적(sequence)이며 단계적인 반면 여자의 인지적 사고방식은 동시적(parallel)이며 임의적인 특성을 보임을 제시하였다. 다음으로 이러한 차이가 실제로 웹 네비게이션의 사용 과정에도 적용됨을 보이기 위하여 관련된 실험을 실시하였다. 우선 동일한 컨텐츠를 가지는 상이한 구조의 웹 네비게이션들을 디자인하였고 이를 남녀로 구성된 실험 대상자들로 하여금 사용하고 평가하도록 하였다. 그 결과 분석을 통하여 남자 실험 대상자들은 여자 실험 대상자들에 비해 좁고 깊은(narrow & deep) 정보 구조의 네비게이션에 대한 선호도가 상대적으로 높으며 반면에 여자 실험자들은 넓고 얕은(broad & shallow) 정보 구조의 네비게이션을 상대적으로 더 선호함을 알 수 있었다. 이와 같은 파악된 남녀 사이의 인지적 차이는 향후에 주사용자 그룹에 따른 보다 적절한 웹 네비게이션을 디자인하는 데 있어서 중요한 지침과 근거로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

수정란의 성 판별은 유전적으로 우수한 유전형질을 보유하고 있는 소의 수정란을 성 판별하므로서 희망하는 성의 송아지를 생산할 수 있으며, 부가가치가 높은 수정란을 확보할 수 있는 기술이다. 수정란의 손상을 최소화하면서 할구를 biopsy하는 기술을 개발하고, 간단하고 빠른 시간에 성 판별이 가능한 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification방법으로 수정란을 성 판별을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 한우 체내 수정란의 성비는 암

Greenberg(1990) suggested that organizational justice research may potentially explain many organizational behavior outcome variables. One example of nontraditional job behavior is service quality, for it is part of the spontaneous and innovative behaviors noted by Katz(1964). The first purpose of this research is to test the effects of organizational justice on service quality, and the second purpose is to test the moderating effects of sex and tenure on the relationships between organizational justice and service quality. According to statistical analysis, only interactional justice had an impact on service quality. Also the results of moderating regression analysis showed that short term employees were more sensitive to distributive justice than long term employees. This result means short term employees are more interested in incentive system than long term employees.