Learning vocabulary is considered basic in second language learning and yet Korean high school students tend to use a limited range of vocabulary learning strategies. The present study attempts to investigate the relationship between Korean high school students' English vocabulary learning strategies (EVLS) and vocabulary proficiency. For the purpose, a survey was conducted to 113 first grade high school students to find out their vocabulary learning strategies and their relationship with vocabulary proficiency. The results show that the participating students favored simple memorization strategies regardless of the proficiency levels though the higher group used more EVLS than the lower group. Among the five EVLS categories, the meaning-determination strategies were most frequently used while the social strategies was least used. The results suggest that students need to be encouraged to use various vocabulary learning strategies to use words in their productive language.

본 연구는 고등학교 영어수업시간에 문화수업을 실험 적용하여 학생들의 문화간 감성수준의 향상 효과를 알아보고, 더불어 문화간 감성수준과 영어성취도의 상관성을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 우선 문화수업 실시 전의 학생들의 문화간 감성수준이 확인되었으며, 확인된 문화간 감성수준을 토대로 문화수업의 내용 선정 및 과업기반 문화수업 교수-학습모형 구안 등의 과정을 거쳐 실험수업이 적용되었다. 실험수업 적용 후에는 문화간 감성수준의 변화를 알아보기 위한 사후 검정작업이 이루어졌으며, 더불어 학생들의 문화간 감성수준과 영어성취도간의 상관관계 분석 단계로 연구가 진행되었다. 본 연구에서 활용된 자료는 연구 과정에서 수집된 것으로 구체적으로 기초정보 조사 설문과 실험수업을 전후로 두 차례 이루어진 문화간 감성수준 검사 및 영어성취도 평가 등을 통해 확보되었다. 이때 사용된 문화간 감성수준 검사지는 Bennett(1986, 1993)의 문화간 감성발달모형(Intercultural Sensitivity Development Model: DMIS)을 근거로 제작된 문화간 감성발달 검사지(Hammer, Bennet, & Wiseman, 2003)를 본 연구자가 수정하여 적용한 것이다. 이와 같은 연구과정을 통해 일련의 연구 결과가 도출되었으며 이를 바탕으로 다음과 같은 결론에 이르게 되었다. 첫째, 외국어로서의 영어(English as a Foreign Language: EFL)환경에서 영어를 학습하는 고등학교 학생들은 문화차이에 대해 방어적이거나 차이를 최소화하려는 자문화 중심적인 문화간 감성단계이면서, 한편으로는 문화차이를 수용하고 경험하고자 하는 문화상대적인 관점을 지향하고 있다. 둘째, EFL의 환경적인 제약에도 불구하고 문화수업이 문화적인 차이에 대한 경험기회를 제공하여 타문화에 대한 태도와 인식의 변화를 가져오는 데 효과가 있다. 셋째, 문화간 감성수준을 영어학습성취도를 예측할 수 있는 최고의 지표라고는 할 수 없을 것이나 그 상관성은 영어교육에서 고려될 가치가 있다.

Dong-Ho Kang. 2001. The Use of Language Learning Strategies in Korean EFL Input-Poor Contexts. Studies in Modern Grammar 24, 179-201. The purpose of this study was to identify Korean students` learning strategies through the cross-sectional study as a first step to make a framework of the strategy instruction. The retrospective interview and think-aloud procedures were used to assess the learning strategies of sixty students from grades 7, 8, and 9. The results showed that (1) biological or developmental increase in strategy use did not appear with Korean middle school students and regardless of their proficiency levels, all students seldom used social strategies; (2) the differences between advanced students and poorer students were significant in the use of metacognitive and memory strategies; (3) specific strategy use depended on the type of tasks; and (4) there was no difference between males and females across levels. The findings suggest that effective language learning strategies should be taught for a students and be modeled simultaneously with what is being taught, but with different emphasis of the strategy use.

Han, Sang-Ho. 1999. Directions for Learner-Centered English Education in the 21st Century. Studies in Modern Grammar 17, 191-206. This study proposes that, in the 21st century, English teaching in Korea should be implemented in a learner-centered way, not only in name, but in substance. The author initiates his arguments by attributing the reason for a loose application of learner-centeredness in Korea to its Confucian educational practice deep-rooted in history. He suggests that leaner-centered teaching will assist Korean English teachers to overcome the constraints of traditionalism in the new era. The author gives a brief overview of recent development of English language teaching from the prescientific era to structural linguistic, to cognitive linguistic, and finally to leaner-centered English education. He then conceptualizes learner-centeredness from the four perspectives which, combined together, have given birth to modern western traditions in foreign language education: humanistic movements in general education, communicative approach to curriculum developments, orientation towards individualized instruction, and process-oriented English education. Finally, the author goes into the details of open English education and self-directed learning. He argues that teachers need to have an in-depth awareness of learners` motivations, learning styles and strategies to be able to incorporate the traditional teacher-centered approach into more learner-based teaching. In order for this to be materialized, teachers should seek open-mindedness in their own teaching situations and develop professionally from the traditional status of `teacher as explainer` to `teacher as involver`, and even to `teacher as enabler` in the long run, in an effort to facilitate self-directed English learning.

Kim Han-kyung. 1998. A Study on the Readability As Learner-Originated Open Teaching Method. Studies in Modern Grammar 14, 365-387. The purpose of this study is to make researches in the readability as a way of open teaching method that is focused on learners, as the current trend of education is changing from supplier-originated education to customer-originated one. The English teaching courses, focused on students, consist of three parts; planning, implementation and evaluation. The phase of planning includes the needs analysis and the goal setting. And the implementation also includes the development of texts and teaching methods. Those are not different from existing English teaching processes. The student-originated curriculum, however, is quite different from traditional curricula in the fact that the former allows the students to participate in the decision-makings on the contents curricula and teaching methods. The student-originated curriculum suggests the teacher and students have prior conferences t negotiate on their curricula. The basic philosophies of English teaching open-method, particularly focused on learners, are to increase students` learning-motives and effectiveness by teaching them the issues and functions they need, and to most effectively use the limited session of class. In this study, corresponding to the concepts above, various teaching methods for reading such as bottom-up processing, top-down processing and interactive processing are further discussed. And some factors, related to more effective readability, and the principal models, including both substantial and formal background informations and the concept of super-recognition, are illustrated.

Han, Sang-Ho. 1997. A Model of English Instruction Based on Communication Strategies. Studies in Modern Grammatical Theories 10: 149-171. The purpose of this paper is to identify developmental stages of communication strategies displayed by basic learners of English. For this purpose two groups of ESL learners and a group of EFL learners were observed and videotaped for 9 months respectively. Through an analysis of transcribed data, it was found that communication strategies develop in a relatively invariant order: avoidance, paralinguistic, code-switching, reduction, and paraphrasing strategies. Based on the result of the study an effective instructional model is suggested for Korean learners of English.