In the car speaker, because the sound characteristics is changed by the space of car which mount the speaker, the speaker elements must be decide according to sound field. In this study, the mass of cone paper and damper is changed and the characteristics of the sound pressure and loudness are investigated by the experimental approach. According to the change of the speaker characteristics, the sound pressure and loudness level are changed. The effect of the con paper is larger than that of the damper in the aspect of the loudness. In the future, these data will be used to investigate the correlation between the sound quality and measurement data.

This study is concerned about the optimal design of the main frame in a moper. Mopper is widely used for cleaning in the fields such as airport, subway, train station, large shopping mall, department store, hospital, government buildings, school, industrial building floor, etc. Especially, main frame in mopper are stressed by high, mostly loads. Nevertheless, design of main frame is dependent on experience, and it will cause reliability reduction and cost increase. This research purpose is to propose and verify a method to achieve higher product quality, lower costs, and far less physical testing. In this study, design parameters used for optimization are each thickness of 4 square pipes and 1 plate in the main frame. The result after optimization showed that the weight of main frame reduced to maximum 6.5% when compared with the initial design in main frame.

The object of this study is concerned about the optimal design of the supporting frame in a twist screen. Twist screen is widely used for grading and screening materials in the fields such as coal-selecting, mining-selecting, building materials, electrical power and chemical industry, etc. It is composed of base, supporting frame, vibrator, screen, spring, trough, clamp and etc. Especially, supporting frame in twist screen are stressed by high load, mostly it is shock-type loads. Nevertheless, design of base is dependent on experience, and it will cause reliability reduction and cost increase. The supporting plate is composed by the upper plate, the bracket and etc. This research purpose is to propose and verify a method to achieve higher product quality, lower costs, and far less physical testing. In this study, design parameters used for optimization are the upper plate thickness(8㎜, 10㎜, 12㎜) and the bracket thickness(8㎜, 10㎜, 12㎜) in the supporting frame. The result showed that base weight reduced to maximum 25.8% when compared with the current twist screen.

강릉항 주변 해역의 퇴적환경의 변화 특성을 파악하기 위해 2007년 2월부터 2009년 2월까지 총 5회에 걸쳐 획득한 퇴적물의 조직변수와 측량 자료를 분석하였다. 연구지역의 퇴적물은 주로 모래로 이루어져 있고 외해 방향으로 갈수록 입도가 세립해진다. 하계에 평균입경은 외해역, 강릉항 내측, 남항진 해빈에서 동계보다 조립하게 나타났으며, 안목 해빈에서는 점차적으로 세립해지는 양상을 나타냈다. 강릉항 완공 전의 연구 결과와 비교할 때, 강릉항 완공 후 평균입경은 안목 해빈에서 세립해졌으나, 남항진 해빈에서 조립해졌다. 2년간의 침 퇴적 양상을 보면, 수심 5-10 m 사이 지역에서는 침식이, 수심 2-5 m 사이 지역에서는 퇴적이 우세하며, 수심이 2 m 보다 얕은 지역에서는 침식과 퇴적이 교호하는 형태로 침식이 다소 우세하게 나타났다. 연구지역의 퇴적물 조직변수와 침 퇴적 분포는 지속적으로 변화하고 있다. 이러한 변화는 계절적인 변동뿐만 아니라 장기변화 추이 양상을 보이고 있고, 강릉항 완공 후 장기변화 추이는 유지되는 것으로 생각된다.

Artificial insemination (AI) has been performed widely in swine industry using fresh liquid sperm instead of frozen type of sperm. However fresh sperm are not able to preserve more than three days with optimal motility and other sperm parameters for the successful fertilization, since in vitro stored sperm has an oxidative stress that resulted increase of abnormality and acrosome reation. To overcome these major problems, novel preservative formulation is needed to neutralize the oxidative stress and to provide suitable physiological environment for sperm in in vitro. In this study, naturally derived substances such as Poncirus trifoliate (Trifoliate orange), Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen), pig placenta and testis extracts were tested as sperm preservative agents. Placenta extracts (PE), trifoliate orange extracts (TOE), testes extracts (TE) and mangosteen extracts (ME) were applied to analyze specific parameters for sperm motion characteristics individually and combinatorial. Each individual extract treatment can accelerate the sperm motility but noticeably TOE, TE and ME treatments exhibited the considerable and significant preservation of sperm motility. PE, TE and ME showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in ALH after one week. Further we evaluated the five different combinations of these extracts on sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Surprisingly even after one week ME, TOE and TE combination significantly preserved the sperm motility about 75%. It is noteworthy that unlike individual extract treatment, combination of ME, TOE and TE simultaneously protect the sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Taken together these data conclude that addition of ME, TOE and TE can be effective for preservation of pig sperm.

본 연구는 음성 인식기에서 일반적으로 사용되는 음향적 특징인 MFCC, LPC, 에너지, 피치 관련 파라미터들을 이용하여 자연스러운 음성의 정서를 범주 및 차원으로 얼마나 잘 인식할 수 있는지 살펴보았다. 자연스러운 정서 반응 데이터를 얻기 위해 선행 연구에서 이미 타당도와 효과성이 밝혀진 정서 유발 자극을 사용하였고, 110명의 대학생들에게 7가지 정서 유발 자극을 제시한 후 유발된 음성 반응을 녹음하여 분석에 사용하였다. 각 음성 데이터에서 추출한 파라미터들을 독립변인으로 하여 선형 판별 분석(LDA)으로 7가지 정서 범주를 분류하였고, 범주 분류의 한계를 극복하기 위해 단계별 다중회귀(stepwise multiple regression) 모형을 도출하여 4가지 정서 차원(valence, arousal, intensity, potency)을 가장 잘 예측하는 음성 특징 파라미터를 산출하였다. 7가지 정서 범주 판별율은 평균 62.7%이었고, 4 차원 예측 회귀모형들도 p<.001수준에서 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론적으로, 본 연구 결과는 자연스러운 감정의 음성 반응을 분류하는데 유용한 파라미터들을 선정하여 정서의 범주와 차원적 접근으로 정서 분류 가능성을 보였으며 논의에 본 연구의 개선방향에 대해 기술하였다.

It was compared the estimated parameters by the surplus production from three different models, i.e., three types (Schaefer, Gulland, and Schnute) of the traditional surplus production models, a stock production model incorporating covariates (ASPIC) model and a maximum entropy (ME) model. We also evaluated the performance of models in the estimation of their parameters. The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of small yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena polyactis) in Korean waters ranged from 35,061 metric tons (mt) by Gulland model to 44,844mt by ME model, and fishing effort at MSY (fMSY) ranged from 262,188hauls by Schnute model to 355,200hauls by ME model. The lowest root mean square error (RMSE) for small yellow croaker was obtained from the Gulland surplus production model, while the highest RMSE was from Schnute model. However, the highest coefficient of determination (R2) was from the ME model, but the ASPIC model yielded the lowest coefficient. On the other hand, the MSY of Kapenta (Limnothrissa miodon) ranged from 16,880 mt by ASPIC model to 25,373mt by ME model, and fMSY, from 94,580hauls by ASPIC model to 225,490hauls by Schnute model. In this case, both the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) and the highest coefficient of determination (R2) were obtained from the ME model, which showed relatively better fits of data to the model, indicating that the ME model is statistically more stable and robust than other models. Moreover, the ME model could provide additional ecologically useful parameters such as, biomass at MSY (BMSY), carrying capacity of the population (K), catchability coefficient (q) and the intrinsic rate of population growth (r).

This study examined the effects of custom-made foot orthotics on the temporal-spatial gait parameters in children with cerebral palsy. Twenty spastic bilateral cerebral palsy (spastic CP) children (11 boys and 9 girls) participated in this study. GAITRite was used to examine the velocity, cadence, step length differential, step length, stride length, stance time, single support time, double support time, base of support, and toe angle while walking with and without foot orthotics. The differences in temporal-spatial parameters were analyzed using paired t-test. The significance level was set at .05. The velocity, cadence, both step lengths, both stride lengths, both bases of support and right toe angle significantly increased when the children with spastic CP with foot orthotics compared to without foot orthotics (p<.05). The step length differential between the two extremities, left stance time and left single support time, significantly decreased with foot orthotics (p<.05). Right stance time, right single support time, both double support times and left toe angle showed little change (p>.05). This study demonstrated that foot orthotics were beneficial for children with spastic CP as a gait assistance tool.

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between elapsed time after semen preservation on the changes of bacteria and semen quality. Semen was diluted with BTS(Beltsville Thawing Solution) extender without antibiotic for 7 days and sperm parameter and fertility were measured. Sperm motility was measured by CASA and total bacteria number was counted after 22～24 hr incubation from counting agar plate in which sperm dilute to 10 ～106 in 0.9% saline solution and inoculate to agar. Acrosomal integrity was measured by Chlortetracycline (CTC) staining. CTC patterns were uniform fluorescence over the whole head (pattern F), characteristic of incapacitated acrosome- intact spermatozoa; fluorescence-free band in the post-acrosomal region (pattern B), characteristic of capacitated acrosome-intact spermatozoa; and almost no fluorescence over the whole head except for a thin band in the equatorial segment (pattern AR), characteristic of acrosome reacted spermatozoa. Total number of bacteria was significantly increased (p<0.0001) 3 days after preservation. Sperm motility, viability, and morphological abnormality on elapsed time after preservation were lower from 5 (77.24±6.47, p<0.001) and 7 days (77.24±6.47, p<0.001) after preservation compared to 1 (15.71±7.18) and 3 days(18.39±7.22) after preservation, respectively. Sperm viability was significantly lower (53.25± 35.03, p<0.0001) at 7 days after preservation. Morphological abnormality of sperm was lower (p<0.001) at 1 (15.71±7.18) and 3 (18.39±7.22) days compared to 5 (21.84±7.91) and 7 (22.59±9.93) days after preservation. Acrosomal integrity and capacitation rate (pattern F) were significantly lower (p<0.001) from 5 days after preservation. Based on the data we obtained from this study suggested that semen preserved more than 5 days without antibiotic would not recommend use for artificial insemination.

Companies strive for quality improvement and use process data obtained through measurement process to monitor and control the process. Measurement data contain variation due to error of operator and instrument. The total variation is sum of product variat

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ankle joint mobilization with movement (MWM) on the range of motion (ROM) in the ankle, on the muscle strength of lower extremities, and on spatiotemporal gait parameters in chronic hemiplegic patients. Fifteen subjects with chronic stroke were divided into two groups: an experimental group (8 subjects) and a control group (7 subjects). Both groups attended two or three sessions of physical therapy each week. The experimental group also attended additional MWM training sessions three times a week for five weeks. For both groups, the ROM of the ankle, the muscle strength of the lower extremities, and the spatiotemporal gait parameters in paretic limbs were evaluated before and after the training period. The results showed that the experimental group experienced more significant increases than did the control group in terms of passive (6.10%) and active (21.96%) ROM of the ankle, gait velocity (12.96%), and peak torque, of the knee flexor (81.39%), the knee extensor (24.88%), and the ankle plantar flexor (41.75%)(p<.05). These results suggest that MWM training in patients with chronic stroke may be beneficial in increasing ROM in the ankle, muscle strength in the lower extremities, and gait speed.

Microbial parameters of indoor air containing systematic, random, and accidental error were analyzed statistically by the water quality control guidelines to suggest a guideline of indoor air. Samples were collected from 20 subway stations of Seoul Metropolitan City. Systematic errors resulted from sampling devices were checked and removed by using same devices and flow rate check. Another source of systematic error resulted from different testing personals were assessed and qualified by proficiency test. Increase of replicate sample numbers could minimize random errors and use of geometric mean instead of arithmetic mean gave more statically reliable representative values for microbial parameters. Considerations for the culture media, colony counting results with incubation time, and statement of supplemented statistical data were also suggested.

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among growth traits (weaning weight, weight of 12 month, weight of 18 month, weight of 24 month). Growth data collected from steers (n=3,321) and 8,818 animals in pedigree were used for estimation of genetic parameters. Traits evaluated included live weight at 4 month (W4), 12 month (W12), 18 month (W18) and 24 month (W24). Parameters were estimated using an multitrait animal model and derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood procedures. Heritabilities estimated for growth traits at W4, W12, W18 and W24 were 0.21, 0.11, 0.08 and 0.14, respectively. Genetic correlations were in the range of 0.79 to 0.87. Phenotypic correlations were in the range of 0.16 to 0.81.

Companies strive for quality improvement and use process data obtained through measurement process to monitor and control the process. Measurement data contain variation due to error of operator and instrument. The total variation is sum of product variation and measurement variation. Gage R&R is for repeatability and reproducibility of measurement system. Gage R&R study is usually conducted to analyze the measurement process. In performing the gage R&R study, several parameters such as the appropriate number of operators (o), sample size of parts (p), and replicate (r) are used. In this paper we propose how to determine the optimal combination of number of operators (o), sample size of parts (p), and replicates (r) considering measurement time and cost by statistical method.

New methods are developed to estimate the effective temperature (Te), surface gravity (log g), and metallicity ([A/H]) simultaneously with the spectral line depth ratios. Using the model atmosphere grids, depth values are calculated for the wavelength range of 4000 A–5600 A for various temperatures, gravities, and metallicities. All possible different combinations of line depth ratios for different pairs of ratios are investigated. A graphical 3D figure is produced with X, Y, and Z axes corresponding to Te, log g, and [A/H], respectively. By reading a cross point of two curves plotted by a connection of three parameters obtained from spectral line depth ratio pairs on each of the three projected planes, Te, log g, and [A/H] are determined simultaneously. In addition, an analytical method is devised based on the similar algorithm developed for the graphical method. Our methods were applied to estimate the fundamental atmospheric parameters of the Sun and Arcturus.