Net primary productivity (NPP) is considered as an important indicator for forest ecosystem since the role of the forest is highlighted as a key sector for mitigating climate change. The objective of this research is to estimate changes on the net primary productivity of forest in South Korea under the different climate change scenarios. The G4M (Global Forest Model) was used to estimate current NPP and future NPP trends in different climate scenarios. As input data, we used detailed (1 km × 1 km) downscaled monthly precipitation and average temperature from Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) for four RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenarios (2.6/4.5/6.0/8.5). We used MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) NPP data for the model validation. Current NPP derived from G4M showed similar patterns with MODIS NPP data. Total NPP of forest increased in most of RCP scenarios except RCP 8.5 scenario because the average temperature increased by 5°C. In addition, the standard deviation of annual precipitation was the highest in RCP8.5 scenario. Precipitation change in wider range could cause water stress on vegetation that affects decrease of forest productivity. We calculated future NPP change in different climate change scenarios to estimate carbon sequestration in forest ecosystem. If there was no biome changes in the future NPP will be decreased up to 90%. On the other hand, if proper biome change will be conducted, future NPP will be increased 50% according to scenarios.

Purpose - The purpose of the study was to develop a reliable measurement tool for the evaluation of TQM application in Greek education settings and to examine the factors that determine quality of education. Research design, data, and methodology - A questionnaire commencing from the questions included in the Application Guide of Common Assessment Framework was used for research purposes. Each item was scored on a 5point Likert scale - to a sample of 112 educators (55 men, 57 women), all teachers working in public primary education schools. Factor analysis resulted in a questionnaire of 43 items consisting of five factors, teacher satisfaction, school management and operation, motivation, effectiveness of public school leadership and finance management. Results - Results revealed a positive correlation among all factors. Reliability results using Cronbach’s α was high (a=.961) for all factors of the questionnaire ranging from α=.930 (for motivation) to α=.797 (for financial management). Additionally, ICC procedure revealed high values for the above mentioned factors. Conclusions – The study resulted in the construction of a reliable questionnaire focused exclusively on TQM that can be used in future studies using larger samples in different areas so as to draw useful conclusions regarding TQM application in Greek education settings and further identify the factors determining quality in education.

교과도서는 국가적인 수준에서 가르쳐야 할 교육내용을 제시한 것으로 교육과정의 목표와 내용을 구현하는 하나의 학습 자 료이다. 본 연구에서는 현 초등학교 과학교과서를 중심으로 국내의 사례분석과 편집디자인 구성 요소에 따라 현황을 분석 하고 개선방안을 제시하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구를 통해 교과서를 이용하는 학습자들의 학습의 동기를 유발하고 학습의 교과를 돕기 위하여 본 연구를 시행하였다. 더 나아가 앞으로 교과서 편집디자인을 하는데 있어 도움이 될 수 있는 방향을 제시하고자 연구자가 밝혀낸 현교과도서의 개선방안을 아래와 같이 제안한다. 그 결과 워드 중심의 과학의 원리를 쉽게 알 수 있도록 학습이 진행되어야 한다. 이는 틀에 박혀있는 교육에서 벗어나 학습 자가 스스로 학습하면서 창의력을 발휘할 수 있는 기회를 제공할 것이며, 어떤 사건이나 학습내용을 시간에 따라 차례로 배열해야 한다. 이는 암기식 교육에서 벗어나 자연스럽게 학습내용을 습득하는데 도움을 줄 것이다. 또한 디자인 구성체계는 다양한 서체사용을 지양함으로서 보통 고딕체와 명조 기타로 유지하여 학생이 학습에 몰입할 수 있도록 유도하는 것이 중요하며, 무분별한 그래픽적 요소들을 지양해야 한다. 스토리진행이나 컨셉상 사용은 흥미 유발에 적절하나 무분별한 만화나 템플릿의 사용은 자칫 과학을 흥미위주로만 접하게 되어 고학년 학습에 적응하기 어려울 수 있 음을 간과해서는 안 된다.

Purpose Currently, organizations – must have a plan to achieve their future objectives. In this case, an information strategy facilitates greater success when planning for the future in any organization. Research design, data, and methodology – The core objective of the project was to explore the information infrastructure of Walkbase in a discursive manner. We started the project by providing a description of the firm, which facilitates retail outlets using in-store analytical devices. Results – We conclude that the management of Walkbase revised its current information structure to implement a more structured one that might be included in a long-term investment. On such an occasion, management can prioritize the component to develop first. Conclusions – Along with our results, we also described the business, its products, its facilities, and how it can serve different industries. Finally, we left the prioritization decision within the framework’s components to top management.

The aim of this study is to establish resident-participative primary design of integrated rural development project with master planner by setting principals of open competition and transparent decision-making about village-to-village or business-to-business unit enterprise in Onui area, Hong-seong Gun. For effective processing, software projects such as residents education and rural landscape planning are simultaneously conducted for enhancing project understanding and comprehensive development plan including related post project. Above all, competition teams for individual project were organized to establish the resident-participative primary design using survey tables of residents demand. In 6 months resident-participative processing of primary design, continuous education and visiting to advanced area are conducted in team unit. Strengthened ability of team unit can be used in management and maintenance after project development. To do this, residents with the same opinions gathered as one competition team and identified business plans such as village asset, business location, size, program, and method for land securing. Favorable decision-making process by residents who are audience in project presentation of competition team has conducted. After selecting competition teams, continuos consulting are operated for establishing operation and management for developed or remodeled facilities through repetitive education and visiting advanced area. In this process, unit project suggested by competition team are completed. Preliminary selection was conducted by experts who were entrusted by residents. After residents agreement of project main stream such as major facilities and location, final detailed cost of projects are work out. Suggested process in this study which choose the final project by residents would improve residents' voluntary participation in integrated rural development project through open competition in establishing primary design.

본 연구는 1차 의료기관 내원 환자를 대상으로 진단용 방사선 검사 시 방사선피폭 인식에 대한 관련요인을 분석하여 방사선피폭 인식의 변화를 위한 교육 자료를 만드는데 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 시도하였다. 방사선 장치 중 가장 방사선 피폭을 가장 많이 받는 검사에 대해서는 전체 66.7%로 CT가 가장 높았으며, 방사선 검사 시 피폭에 가장 민감한 부위에 대해서는 생식선 56.2% 가장 많았고, 방사선에 대한 정보 파악은 전체 25.9%가 TV나 신문을 통해 습득하는 것이 가장 많았다. 방사선 인식도, 방사선 유해성, 방사선 검사 시 심리상태, 방사선 피폭방지, 방사선 필요성에 대해서는 성 별간 남자가 더 높게 나타났으며, 통계학적으로는 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구를 통해서 환자들로 하여금 방사선피폭에 대하여 올바르게 인식을 할 수 있도록 교육프로그램의 개발이 시급하며, 방사선사들에게는 환자의 피폭선량을 경감을 위한 세심한 배려가 필요하다고 하겠다. 또한 환자들은 방사선에 대해서 올바르게 인식하는 것이 촬영 시 불안감과 방사선피폭을 줄일 수 있을 것이다.

Future space missions will have larger telescopes in order to look deeper into space while improvising on spatial resolution. The primary mirrors for these telescopes will be so large that using a monolithic mirror will be nearly impossible because of the difficulties associated with its fabrication, transportation, and installation on a launch vehicle. The feasibility of launching these huge mirrors is limited because of their small launch fairing diameter. The aerodynamic shape of the fairing requires a small diameter, but the height of the launch vehicle, which is available for designers to utilize, is larger than the fairing diameter. This paper presents the development of an axial deployment mechanism based on the screw jack principle. The mechanism was designed and developed, and a prototype was constructed in order to demonstrate a lab model.

Panax ginseng C.A. meyer (family: Araliaceae) is a perennial crop that has been widely used as a traditional medicine in Korea. Various P. ginseng cultivars exhibit a range of morphological and physiological traits as well as genetic diversity. To elucidate the differences of primary metabolism underlying such genetic diverstiy, we performed primary metabolite profiles in adventitious roots from five Panax ginseng cultivars using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis revealed eight primary metabolites as biomarkers and allowed us to classify the five cultivars into three groups. We selected three cultivars to represent each group and analyzed their transcriptomes by Illumina sequencing. We inspected 100 unigenes involved in seven primary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and found that 21 unigenes encoding 15 enzymes were differentially expressed among the three cultivars. Integrated analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes revealed that the ginseng cultivars differ in primary metabolites as well as in the putative genes involved in the complex process of primary metabolic pathways. Our data derived from this integrated analysis provide insights into the underlying complexity of genes and metabolites that co-regulate flux through these pathways in ginseng.

In this study, we sought to identify primary pears species and Korean native pears, without the use of morphological characteristics. In addition, this study was to establish pear DNA fingerprinting data for Korean native pears using 12 microsatellite markers, and to accurately classify a database for management of the Korean pear collection. Forty two pear accessions (7 primary pears, 5 Asian pears, 29 Korean pears, and 2 reference pears) were analyzed with twelve primers covering whole pear genome. In the present study, all pear accessions were successfully classified along with their pedigrees, and the distribution of primary pears was parallel to those of the previous taxonomic results. Korean pears were divided into 3 groups. Group I was characterized by Pyrus calleryana, and included Korean pea pears. Group II was characterized by P. pyrifolia, and was classified into 2 small groups. The first small group comprised of ‘Najucheongbae’, ‘Sunchanggulimdolbae’, ‘Andongmookbae’, ‘Andongdangsilri’, and ‘Najucheongbae’ and was presumed to be cultivars of P. pyrifolia. The second small group consisted of ‘Cheongdangrori’ and ‘Pyeongchangsuhyangri’. These two accessions were assumed to be a hybrid of P. pyrifolia and the other cultivar. Group III was characterized by P. ussuriensis. ‘Goesanhwangbae’, ‘Andongcheongsilri’, ‘Gongjucheongsilri’, and ‘Yecheoncheongbae’ were assumed to be cultivars of P. ussuriensis. Contrary to ‘Ulreungdocheongbae A’, ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’ was classified as belonging to the P. ussuriensis group. It is possible that this is a consequence of, P. ussuriensis genes being transferred into ‘Ulreungdocheongbae B’. The result of this research reaffirmed the efficiency of a standard set of microsatellite markers and provides data, which will be useful for developing a core collection of pears.

Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) are the remote effects of cancer on the nervous system. These may affect the nervous system from cerebral cortex to neuromuscular junction and muscle, causing damage to one or multiple areas. Among the various papraneoplastic neuropathies, the classical syndrome of PNS is subacute sensory neuronopathy involving the sensory neuron cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia. In general, cases with paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy are associated with small cell lung cancer. The authors experienced a case of an atypical unilateral paraneoplastic sensory neu-ronopathy associated with primary breast adenocarcinoma and lung metastasis, which is worthy of reporting.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum. Ocular involvement is rare and diagnosis of ocular syphilis is challenging due to nonspecific symptoms. The diverse manifestation of ocular syphilis occurs as well in secondary as in tertiary syphilis, for it can affect all structures of the eye; corneoscleral, uveal, retinal, and optic nerve inflammation may be observed. We report on a case of ocular syphilis affecting the vitreous body in a 43-year-old healthy male with a 6-month history of diminished visual acuity in the left eye.

A case of three primary malignancies in one patient is rare. We report on a case of three primary malignancies including myxofibrosarcoma, renal cell cancer, and prostate cancer in one 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET/CT) evaluation of a 75-year-old man. PET/CT showed different FDG meabolism in each tumor.

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a progressive degenerative disorder that primarily affects language. Although the etiology of PPA has not been determined, autoimmune mechanism is known to be one possible pathophysiology. We investigate efficacy of steroid treatment in a patient diagnosed as both logopenic variant PPA and Sjögren's syndrome. After steroid treatment, her cognitive function, especially language ability showed improvement. And also, FDG-PET showed metabolic increase in the bilateral temporal lobe. However, on reassessment after stopping steroid treatment, her cognitive performance declined to pretreatment level.

Tumors of the lacrimal gland are uncommon, and most are of epithelial origin. Primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) of the lacrimal gland is extremely rare. A 45- year-old male was admitted with a complaint of a painless swelling of the right eye superiolateral lesion. We confirmed primary diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the lacrimal gland, and the patient was classified as stage IE. The patient was treated with chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy. He achieved complete remis-sion, and, after 26 months of follow-up, the patient remained free of disease.

We investigated the androgenic effects of 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) on gonadal sex reversal in juvenile red spotted grouper Epinephelus akaara. The fish were immersed in 17α-MT at 1 and 5 mg/L. Treatment method of 17α-MT was once weekly for 4 and 8 weeks. Fish were sampled at 12 months after end of the treatment period in order to histological analysis. At the initiation of an experiment (70 day after hatching), juvenile red spotted grouper have the paired primordial gonads with somatic cells bellow kidney in the posterior portion of the body cavity. Formation of ovarian cavity indicates that the ovarian differentiation beginning at 70 DAH in red spotted grouper. At 12 months after end of the treatment period, control group, 17α-MT 1 mg/L treatment group for 4 and 8 weeks, and 17α-MT 5 mg/L treatment group for 4 weeks were all female. However, sex-changed males without ovarian cavity were observed in the 17α-MT 5 mg/L treatment group for 8 weeks. In grouper, we firstly reported that the red spotted grouper be able to induce the primary males by hormone treatment prior to gonadal sex differentiation.

이 연구의 목적은 서울시 초등학교에서 이중언어강사로 근무한 경험이 있는 이중언어강사들을 대상으로 그들의 다문화교육 경험을 깊이 있게 탐색하는 것이다. 이 연구는 7명의 이중언어강사 경험이 있는 연구참여자를 대상으로 질적연구방법론의 심층면담방법에 의해 수행되었다. 수집된 연구자료는 지속적 비교분석에 의해 분석되었으며, 이 연구의 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이중언어교육은 우리 사회가 성공적인 다문화 사회로 전이되기 위한 중요한 기제가 될 수 있다. 둘째, 일선학교에서의 이중언어강사들의 활동이 성공적으로 수행되기 위해서는 이중언어교육 및 이중언어강사에 대한 충분한 행·재정적 지원이 요구된다. 연구자들은 그 밖에 여러 연구의 시사점을 제시한다.

도계량을 현재의 2배까지 증가시킬 예정인 닭 가공 업체인 A사의 생물학적 처리조를 대상으로 하여 처리효율을 2배까지 높이는 방안을 모색하였다. 이를 위해 MLSS 농도가 증가할 경우 이에 따른 유기물 및 질소 제거 효율 증가에 대한 근거를 확보하고자 연구를 진행하였다. 연구는 닭 가공 폐수를 1차 화학 처리한 가압부상처리수를 대상으로 진행되었으며 SBR 형태로 진행되어 호기조 상태 25시간 운전 후, 무산소조 상태 5시간으로 운전되었다. MLSS 12,700mg/L로 진행된 실험 결과 호기조 상태 25시간 이내에 질산화가 완벽하게 일어났으며 C/N비 3:1 이상 실험군에서의 탈질 효율도 90%를 초과하였다. 후에 진행된 MLSS 농도 대비 유기물 및 질소 제거 효율 비교에서는 MLSS 농도를 5,600에서 12,700mg/L까지 변화시켰으며 MLSS 농도 10,800mg/L 실험군에서 유기물과 총 질소 농도 모두 배출허용기준치를 만족하는 결과를 보였다.

본 연구에서는 초등학생의 외국인 혐오증에 가정요인이 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위해 경기도 지역에 거주하는 초등학교 6학년 학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 총 1,878명의 응답을 분석에 포함시켰으며, 외국인 혐오증 척도를 개발하고 다중회귀분석을 적용하여 초등학생의 가정요인이 외국인 혐오증과 어떠한 관계를 맺고 있는지를 분석하였다. 초등학생의 외국인 혐오도에는 부모 학력, 부 종교, 부모 정치성향, 부모와의 친밀도, 가족구조, 거주지, 성별이 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 외국인 혐오도는 부모와의 관계가 친밀할수록, 편부·편모·기타 가정의 학생이 양부모 가정 학생에 비해, 농어촌에 거주하는 학생이 도시에 거주하는 학생에 비해, 여학생이 남학생에 비해 더 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 부모의 학력과 부모의 정치성향은 아버지 요인과 어머니 요인에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 반면, 부직업, 모종교는 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 외국인 혐오도를 약화시키는 데 부모와의 관계가 중요하다는 것을 밝혀주고 있으며, 아울러 외국인 혐오증 개념이 우리나라에서 주된 연구 주제가 되고 있는 다문화 수용성과는 차별화된 학술적, 정책적 가치를 지니고 있음을 부각시켰다는 점에서도 그 의의를 찾아볼 수 있다.

We report on a unique case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the cecum, which presented as a subepithelial tumor. A 62- year-old woman with abdominal pain underwent a colonoscopy, resulting in detection of a subepithelial tumor measuring 2 cm in the cecum. We performed a right hemicolectomy with diagnostic and curative intent; histological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the resected tumor indicated a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient achieved complete remission with combination chemotherapy.

Primary adenocarcinoma is a rare neoplasm of the urinary bladder, constituting approximately 2.5% of all primary bladder malignancies. Signet ring cell variant is even rarer, constituting approximately 0.5% to 2.0% of all primary carcinoma of the urinary bladder. However, glandular differentiation in the urinary bladder is relatively more common than primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder. Therefore, diagnosis of primary adenocarcinoma of the urinary bladder can be very challenging, but of significant clinical importance. We report on a case of adenocarcinoma with mucinous and signet ring cell differentiation in the bladder dome in a 49-year-old female.