This study was conducted to provide important basic information about effective management of the marine environment at major inflow streams in Lake Andong and Lake Imha. The investigation was conducted 8 times from May, 2015 (AD1, AD2, IH1, IH2) to September, 2016 (AD3, AD4, IH3, IH4), and 8 surveyed sites were selected at Lake Andong (4 sites) and Lake Imha (4 sites). The inquiry identified 114 species, 59,913.7 inds. m-2 in Lake Andong and 112 species, 39,038.4 inds. m-2 in Lake Imha. The results indicate that the number of species and individuals in Lake Andong is more than that in Lake Imha, because Lake Andong has a variety of riparian vegetation and a richness of organic materials. Community analysis at Lake Imha revealed a dominant index of 0.57 (±0.18), a diversity index of 2.87 (±0.31), an evenness index of 0.73 (±0.04), and a richness index of 4.17 (±0.71). The results of functional feeding group analysis showed that a high proportion of species and individuals are gathering collectors. The results of functional habitat group analysis showed that a high proportion of species and individuals are clingers. The result of a physico-chemical water assay and dissolved oxygen and electric conductivity tests revealed that these measures increased when the water temperature decreased. The result of Pearson’s correlation analysis by biological factors and physico-chemical factors showed that species and electric conductivity are highly correlated with one another. Major inflow streams of Lake Andong and Lake Imha were exposed to various point pollution sources and non-point pollution sources. This implies a necessity for continuous monitoring of the aquatic ecosystems in order to effect systematic water quality management of Lake Andong and Lake Imha.

예부선이 항행할 경우 부선의 회두운동으로 인하여 예선은 조종성능에 제한을 받기 때문에 부선의 회두운동을 감소시켜야 안전한 예항업무를 이행할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 부선의 침로안정성을 향상시키기 위한 방안으로 부선의 회두운동에 영향을 미치는 항목들을 조사하기 위하여 수조실험을 실행하였다. 선수 형상에 따라 회두운동 특성이 다르게 나타나기 때문에 서로 다른 선수 형상을 지닌 부선 모델을 대상으로 스케그의 영향, 예인선속의 영향, 예인삭 길이의 영향, 브라이들의 영향에 대하여 종합적으로 분석하였다. 실험결과 스케그의 설치 위치에 의한 효과는 선수형상에 따라서 다르게 나타나고 있는 모습을 보여주고 있다. 부선의 회두운동은 부선에 연결된 예인삭의 길이가 길수록 부선의 회두가 작아짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한 예인삭만 연결한 상태보다 예인삭에 브라이들을 연결하는 것이 부선의 회두가 작아지며, 브라이들의 길이가 길어질수록 부선의 회두운동이 크게 작아짐을 알 수 있었다.

In recent years, single layer latticed domes have attracted many designers and researchers's attention all over the world, because single layer latticed domes as space structure are of great advantage in not only mechanical rationality but also function, fabrication, construction and economic aspect. One of the most important factor, in building of single-layer single-layer lattice spherical dome with 300m span, is to ensure the structural safety. Network pattern of single layer latticed domes can be infinitely taken into account. The typical network patterns are triangle, square, hexagon etc. Especially triangular network pattern has mechanically more advantage than the other network patterns because of having not only a large equivalent shearing rigidity but also a large equivalent bending rigidity and axial rigidity. Among the triangular network pattern, that is, 3 way grid pattern, there are many mechanical differences according to the arranging methods of members. In order to ensure the structural stability of single-layer latticed dome with 3 way grid, designers are required to maintain a constant member length and the member angle. In order to achieve this, it is important to search the member array that the standard deviation of the member lengths and angles is the smallest. This paper is to develop the arrangement of member and to verify its validity for single-layer latticed spherical dome with 300m span.

Background: Shoulder stabilization commonly involves two components: the glenohumeral stabilization exercise (GSE) and scapular stabilization exercise (SSE). Despite the fact that the shoulder stabilization has advantageous merit, to our knowledge, only a few studies have compared the superior of the GSE and the SSE. Objects: The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of GSE in patients with nonspecific shoulder pain. Methods: Thirty subjects with nonspecific shoulder pain were randomly divided into an experimental group and control group, each with 15 patients. The experimental group used an GSE, whereas the control group did SSE. All subjects were measured in shoulder stability, scapular symmetric alignment, pain, muscle power, and range of motion before and after the intervention. Results: GSE resulted in significantly better shoulder stability (p=.046, from 8.67±7.54 score to 13.93±9.40) in the experimental group compared with SSE in the control group. However, no significant effects were observed for scapular symmetric alignment including the angles of inferior scapular distance (p=.829) and inferior scapular height difference (p=.735), pain (p=.113), muscle power including shoulder flexion (p=.723) and abduction (p=.897) and range of motion including shoulder flexion (p=.853) and abduction (p=.472). Conclusion: These findings suggest that GSE may be more effective in increasing the shoulder stability than the SSE in patients with nonspecific shoulder pain, probably through a centralization effect on the shoulder mechanism.

Cycloamyloses (CA) from high-amylose rice starch (Dodamssal, 50.94% amylose) was produced to form a complex with anthocyanin extracted from black rice (sihtoheukmi). The effects of CA concentration (1, 5, 10 and 30%, w/v), pH (2, 4, 6, and 8), UVB irradiation time (~24h) and thermal treatment time (~24h) on the oxidant capacity of the complex were investigated. Anthocyanin consisting of 95% cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) was extracted from the black rice by suspending in 60%(v/v) ethanol containing 0.2%(v/v) hydrochloric acid for 90 min at 50°C. Cycloamyloses (CA) produced by 4-α-glucanotransferase (4αGTase) formed complexes with C3G by shaking the mixture for 48 hours at 30°C. Antioxidant activities (radical scavenging capacity) were determined by using ABTS [2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)]. The antioxidant activities of the complexes increased with pH increasing. Upon UVB irradiation and heat treatment, the antioxidant activities were more retained for the complexes incorporating 10% CA concentration or above compared to the C3G control. Degradation rate constant (Kd) and half-life (T1/2) were obtained from degradation data of CA complex with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The effect of CA complex formation with C3G is significantly observed at pH4. The results suggest that the CA complex formed with C3G indeed has an enhanced antioxidant potential toward UVB and thermal degradation.

Ginsenosides are sensitive to various factors such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, etc. However, powdery form of ginseng is good to preserve ginsenosides in it compared to the extracted form. In addition, the ginseng powder can provide pickering effect to control emulsion stability as a substitute of emulsifier forming wall on the surface of oil. A ginseng pickering emulsions was prepared by mixing, MCT oil, polysorbate 80 and ginseng. Thereafter, to homogenize the emulsions magnetic stirrer, homogenizer and ultra sonicator were used. The physicochemical properties, stability, and bioaccessibility of the ginseng pickering emulsion were investigated. Both particle size and polydisperse index of the ginseng pickering emulsion were constant as time elapsed. However, pH and zeta-potential of the ginseng pickering emulsion decreased over time. Moreover, to find out the proper amount of ginseng powder, different ginseng powder weights were added to sample respectively and the physiochemical characteristics were measured. The pH and zeta-potential value tended to decrease following increase of amount of ginseng powder. This result is impacted to food quality and it could be used as a preliminary result in the development of food product.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the stability of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) - loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) after Autoclave sterilization. EGCG, glycerolmonostearate (GMS), oleic acid, and lecithin were mixed as solid lipid phase and subsequently it was heated up to 70°C. Thereafter, the solid lipid phase was mixed with the water phase consisting of Tween 80 and deionized water. Then, ultra-sonication(work time, 5 min; pulse on, 4s; pulse off, 2s), high pressure homogenization(600 bar and 3 cycles) process were proceeded to homogenize NLC particles. The particle size and zeta-potential of NLCs was approximate 100 ~ 120nm and -50 ~ -60mV, respectively. In order to investigate the effect of sterilization on the stability of NLCs, Autoclavesterilization was applied to the NLCs suspension at 121°C for 15 min. After the sterilization, the particle size and zeta potentialtended to be maintained or improved. Moreover, after sterilization, crystal shape was formed and it was considered as transformation of the lipid in NLCs (from α to β) because of recrystallization upon heating. In conclusion, sterilization process can be helpful to improve the stability of NLCs.

The aim of this study was to improve dispersion stability of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles in aqueous medium using alkyl polyglucoside (APG). One hundred milligrams of CaCO3 nanoparticles was mixed with 30 mL of deionized water. Thereafter, APG was dissolved into the CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures at approximate 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9%, and subsequently, pH was adjusted to 7.0 and 10.0. Afterward, all CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures were dispersed by ultrasonic processing treatment for 10 min. Dispersion stability and physicochemical properties of the CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures were observed by measuring the change of absorbance and mean diameter for 96 h as well as the initial zeta-potential. As results, initial zeta-potentials of the CaCO3 nanoparticles in deionized water at pH 7.0 and 10.0 showed approximately +20 and 0, respectively. The positive surface charge at pH 7.0 had unfavorable impact on the adsorption of APG onto CaCO3 nanoparticles in the aqueous suspensions because APG is nonionic surfactant. Among all samples at pH 10, CaCO3 nanoparticles in 0.5% APG aqueous solution showed the smallest initial mean diameter and the slowest increase in mean diameter and decrease in absorbance. In conclusion, the pH 10.0 and 0.5% APG concentration was the most desirable condition in order to improve dispersion stability of CaCO3 nanoparticles in an aqueous medium.

본 연구는 딸기 ‘매향’ 품종의 과실을 수확 한 후 LPE 용액에 침지처리 한 뒤 저장기간 동안 당도, 색도, 경도 및 생체중 변화를 조사하여 적정 LPE 처리 농도 및 적정 숙도를 구명하고자 실시하였다. 숙도 70%인 과실을 LPE 0(증류수, 대조구), 10, 50, 100mg·L-1 농도에 1분간 침지하거나, 딸기 꼭지에서부터 익은 비율로 숙도 0%, 50%, 70%, 100%로 등급화한 후에 LPE 0(증류수, 대조구), 2.5, 5, 10, 25mg·L-1 농도에 1분간 침지한 후 실온(20oC±1)에서 40분간 자연건조 한 뒤 4oC 저장고에 12일간 저장하였다. 저장 기간 동안 생체중, 종경도, 횡경도, 색도 및 당도 변화를 조사하였다. 숙도 70% 과실을 수확 후 LPE 0, 10, 50, 100mg·L-1 농도에 침지 후 저장하며 과실의 생체중을 측정하였을 때 처리 농도별 유의차가 없었다. 종경도는 저장 3일째에는 무처리구와 LPE 10mg·L-1 처리구에서 가장 높았다. 저장 6일째부터 12일까지는 10mg·L-1 처리구에서 가장 높았다. 횡경도는 저장 9일째 10과 50mg·L-1에서 가장 높게 측정되었으나 12일째에는 10mg·L-1 처리구는 무처리구와 차이가 없었고 50과 100mg·L-1에서 가장 낮았다. 색차계 L*과 b* 값은 LPE 처리 농도별 저장 기간 별 유의차가 없었고, a* 값은 저장 12일째에 LPE 10mg·L-1 처리를 포함한 모든 농도에서 무처리구에 비하여 높았다. 숙도 0%, 50%, 70%, 100%로 등급화한 후에 LPE 0( 증류수, 대조구), 2.5, 5, 10, 25 mg·L-1 농도에 침지한 후 저장하였을 때 과실 생체중은 LPE 처리농도별 유의 차가 없었다. 종경도와 횡경도는 LPE 처리농도와 상관 없이 숙도 0% >50%> 70%> 100% 순으로 높았다. LPE 농도 처리에 의한 영향은 종경도는 숙도 70% 과실의 경우 저장 3, 6, 12일째 모두 LPE 5mg·L-1에서 가장 높았고 12일째는 LPE 처리구 모두 무처리구에 비해 높았다. 숙도 100% 과실의 경우 저장 12일째에 LPE 10mg·L-1에서 종경도가 무처리구에 비해 높았지만 25mg·L-1에서는 종경도 및 횡경도 모두 가장 낮았다. 색차계 L, b 값은 LPE 처리와 관계없이 숙도 0% > 50% > 70% > 100% 순으로 높아 숙도에 따라 유의차가 있었다. 숙도100%에서 가장 낮은 L*과 b*값이 측정 되었다. 숙도 50%와 70% 과실의 경우 저장기간 중 다른 처리구에 비해 5mg·L-1에서 L*, b* 값이 가장 높았다. 숙도 100%의 경우 25mg·L-1에서는 가장 낮은 값을 보여 과숙이 유발된 것으로 판단된다. 색차계 a* 값은 L*과 b*와는 반대로 그 값의 증가는 숙도가 높음을 의미하는 것으로 숙도 0, 50, 70, 100% 모두에서 LPE 처리 효과를 구분할 수 없었고, 당도는 처리별, 기간별 유의차가 없었다. 결론적으로, LPE는 저장 중인 딸기 과실의 생체중에 영향을 주지 않으면서 경도 및 색도 변화에는 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있다. 숙도 70% 과실은 타 숙도에 비해 저장성 증대효과가 크며, 숙도 70%일 때 처리농도 LPE 5mg·L-1에서 저장성 증대에 효과적 이였다.

Loss of postural stability can possibly lead to slip and fall accidents in the number of workplaces and everyday life. This study was aimed to examine the effects of whole body fatigue and partially limited visual field on the ability of maintaining postural balance during quiet standing. A group of twelve healthy male subjects participated in the experiment. Before and after experiencing the whole body fatigue induced by bicycling exercises, the position coordinates of subject’s center of pressure (COP) were obtained under the two levels of visual field condition (i.e., open visual field and limited visual field). Four levels of the whole body fatigue examined were rest, 300watt, 600watt, and 900watt. Position coordinates of COPs measured on a force plate were then converted into the total length of postural sway path in both the medio-lateral (ML) direction and the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Two-way ANOVA result showed that the length of sway path in the AP direction became significantly larger as the whole body fatigue accumulated. Post-hoc test revealed statistically significant differences between rest and 900watt and between 300watt and 900watt. The significant increase of the sway length was also found when the visual field was partially obstructed by the boxes. In the ML direction, however, there was no statistically significant difference of the postural sway in both the AP and ML directions. The results imply that the ability of maintaining postural stability can be reduced significantly due to such tasks along with whole body fatigue. The postural balance can also be impaired by the limited visual field.

본 연구에서는 고려엉겅퀴 추출물에 대한 열안정성, pH 안정성을 조사하고자 고려엉겅퀴 주정추출물은 온도별(4,25 및 50℃), pH별(4.0, 7.0, 및 10.0)로 저장하면서 추출물의 pectolinarin 함량, 총 페놀 함량, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 소거능 및 FRAP assay를 분석하였다. 고려엉겅퀴 추출물의 pectolinarin 함량은 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 다소 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 온도에 의한 영향보다 pH에 의한 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 총 페놀 함량도 pectolinarin 함량과 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 같이 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 저온(4℃)에서 보다 높은 온도인 25℃와 50℃에서 큰 감소치를 보였고 산성(pH 4.0)과 중성(pH 7.0)에서는 비교적 변화가 적었다. 항산화 활성은 저장기간이 증가함에 따라 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 FRAP은 온도 별, pH별 저장조건에 따른 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 고려해 볼 때, 고려엉겅퀴 주정 추출물은 산성(pH 4.0)과 중성(pH 7.0)조건에서 저온(4℃) 저장 시 추출물의 안정성을 최적화 할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.