본 연구에서는 제주도에 자생하고 있는 12종의 야생 버섯에 대한 항산화, 미백 그리고 염증억제 효능을 조사하였다. 항산화 효능은 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)를 이용한 free radical 소거 활성을 측정하였으며, 미백 효능 검정을 위하여 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정하였다. 그리고 항염 효능 검정을 위하여 nitric oxide (NO) 생성 저해활성을 측정하였다. 그 결과, DPPH 소거 활성(FSC50)에서는 참나무 잔나비버섯 추출물(74.8 μg/mL), 서어나무 잔나비버섯 추출물(182.6 μg/mL)이 높은 억제 활성을 나타내었다. Tyrosinase 저해 활성(IC50)에서는 참나무 잔나비버섯 추출물(346.8 μg/mL)이 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었고, 이는 비교 대조군으로 사용한 Arbutin (421.6 μg/mL)보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 염증 억제 효능 관련 NO 생성 저해율을 측정한 결과, 100 μg/mL 처리 시 참나무 잔나비버섯과 때죽나무 잔나비버섯에서 각각 74.1%, 62.9%의 억제활성을 나타내었다. 그리고, 이들을 농도별로 처리한 결과 농도 의존적으로 NO 생성을 저해함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 연구결과로부터, 참나무 잔나비버섯, 서어나무 잔나비버섯, 때죽나무 잔나비버섯에서 화장품 효능 원료로서의 가능성을 발견할 수 있었다.

Estimation of runoff peak is needed to assess water availability, in order to support the multifaceted water uses and functions, hence to underscore the modalities for efficient water utilization. The magnitude of storm rainfall acts as a primary input for basin level runoff computation. The rainfall-runoff linkage plays a pivotal role in water resource system management and feasibility level planning for resource distribution. Considering this importance, a case study has been carried out in the Hancheon basin of Jeju Island where distinctive hydrological characteristics are investigated for continuous storm rainfall and high permeable geological features. The study aims to estimate unit hydrograph parameters, peak runoff and peak time of storm rainfalls based on Clark unit hydrograph method. For analyzing observed runoff, five storm rainfall events were selected randomly from recent years’ rainfall and HEC-hydrologic modeling system (HMS) model was used for rainfall-runoff data processing. The simulation results showed that the peak runoff varies from 164 to 548 m3/sec and peak time (onset) varies from 8 to 27 hours. A comprehensive relationship between Clark unit hydrograph parameters (time of concentration and storage coefficient) has also been derived in this study. The optimized values of the two parameters were verified by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and runoff comparison performance were analyzed by root mean square error (RMSE) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) estimation. After statistical analysis of the Clark parameters significance level was found in 5% and runoff performances were found as 3.97 RMSE and 0.99 NSE, respectively. The calibration and validation results indicated strong coherence of unit hydrograph model responses to the actual situation of historical storm runoff events.

The estimation of groundwater usage in Jeju island is important to understand hydrologic cycle system and to plan management of water resource because large amounts of groundwater have been used for agricultural and domestic purpose. The model has been developed to estimate agricultural groundwater usage for garlic at uplands and citrus at orchards raising outdoors using the soil water balance model from FAO 56, respectively. The total amount of water supplied for the crop evapotranspiration and the multipurpose function such as sprout promotion can be simulated by the model. However, due to the discrepancy of water use in initial stage between calculated and observed, the model was calibrated and verified using actual groundwater usage monitoring data for 3.5 years (2011.6 to 2014.12) at three uplands for garlic and three orchards for citrus. Consequently, it would be concluded that the model simulated efficiently actual water usage in that root mean square (RMS) and normalized RMS of the validation stage were less than 8.99 mm and 2.43%, respectively, in two different conditions.

The grid-based water balance of watershed scale was assessed in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment in Jeju Island after analyzing precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff from January 2008 to December 2013. The existing results of direct runoff, evapotranspirtion, and groundwater recharge comparing to precipitation were presented 22.0%, 25.6%, and 52.4%, respectively, in Pyosun catchment. However, this study indicated each component shows 14.5%, 24.2%, and 61.0%, respectively, in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment. Therefore, groundwater recharge rate in the mountainous area appears higher than 10% comparing to the overall catchment. It would be analyzed that the amount of direct runoff is relatively small. Moreover, this difference could be generated because of the spatial discontinuities in the process of estimating the total amount of precipitation in the mountainous area. Therefore, the grid-based spatial analysis to maximize the spatial continuity would be useful for providing a more reasonable result when the total amount of water resources are evaluated in mountainous areas in the future.

To estimate water balance of Pyosun watershed in Jeju Island, a three-dimensional finite difference model MODFLOW was applied. Moreover, the accuracy of groundwater flow modeling was evaluated through the comparison of the recharge rate by flow modeling and the existing one from water balance model. The modeling result under the steady-state condition indicates that groundwater flow direction was from Mt. Halla to the South Sea and groundwater gradient was gradually lowered depending on the elevation. Annual recharge rate by the groundwater flow modeling in Pyosun watershed was calculated to 236 million m3/year and it was found to be very low as compared to the recharge rate 238 million m3/year by the existing water balance model. Therefore, groundwater flow modeling turned out to be useful to estimate the recharge rate in Pyosun watershed and it would be available to make groundwater management policy for watershed in the future.

Groundwater level hydrographs from observation wells in Jeju island clearly illustrate distinctive features of recharge showing the time-delaying and dispersive process, mainly affected by the thickness and hydrogeologic properties of the unsaturated zone. Most groundwater flow models have limitations on delineating temporal variation of recharge, although it is a major component of the groundwater flow system. Recently, a convolution model was suggested as a mathematical technique to generate time series of recharge that incorporated the time-delaying and dispersive process. A groundwater flow model was developed to simulate transient groundwater level fluctuations in Pyoseon area of Jeju island. The model used the convolution technique to simulate temporal variations of groundwater levels. By making a series of trial-and-error adjustments, transient model calibration was conducted for various input parameters of both the groundwater flow model and the convolution model. The calibrated model could simulate water level fluctuations closely coinciding with measurements from 8 observation wells in the model area. Consequently, it is expected that, in transient groundwater flow models, the convolution technique can be effectively used to generate a time series of recharge.

Hydrologic component analysis was conducted to investigate water budget characteristics the Oedocheon watershed, Jeju Island. For this purpose, integrated SWAT-MODFLOW model was applied to this watershed for continuous surface water-groundwater modeling. Pasture and forest-deciduous are the major land use types and these affect general hydrologic component ratio. The spatio-temporal groundwater recharge can be obtained from SWAT and then distributed groundwater recharge can be reproduced by MODFLOW. The groundwater level variation was simulated with distributed groundwater pumping data. The water budget in this watershed was compared with the previous estimated result by Jeju-Do(2013). As this result considered discharge to the coastal side, the discrepancy was found. However, it was found that the overall tendency of both analyses were similar.

The depth of low permeable layer in Jeju Island was analyzed using the geologic columnar section data. The highest low permeable layer was found in center of Mt. Halla and the deepest area was in eastern part of Jeju Island. The study area, Seongsan watershed, is located in the eastern part of Jeju where the low permeable layer showing deep in a northward direction. Based on this analysis, the MODFLOW modeling was performed for groundwater flow of Seongsan watershed. The boundary of Seongsan watershed was set up as a no-flow and the modeling result showed the difference -0.26~0.62 m compared to the observed groundwater level. Meanwhile, MODFLOW model results considering low permeable layer showed -0.26~0.36 m differences compared to groundwater level and indicated more accurate than no-flow method result. Therefore, to interpret the groundwater flow over Seongsan watershed, comprehensive consideration including the low permeable layer distribution below the basalt layer is needed.

A number of projects for development have been done continuously due to the increase of tourist in Jeju Island. However flood disaster countermeasure due to urbanization is not considered during this development projects. This study is to make basic process for the flood estimation in Han stream of Jeju Island. The variation of stream discharge due the every 5 years' land use change from 1980 to 2005. Data for flood events (rainfall and discharge) were collected for HEC-HMS model. Clark method was used for unit hydrograph analysis. For the estimation of Clark unit hydrograph parameters, Kraven II and Sabol’s empirical equations were applied. The peak discharge increased 9.9~33.67% and total discharge amount increased 12.53~30.21%. Also, time of concentration for peak discharge was reduced by 10 minutes for each event.

As occurrence of gradually increasing extreme temperature events in Jeju Island, a hybrid downscaling technique that simultaneously applies by dynamical method and statistical method has implemented on design rainfall in order to reduce flood damages from severe storms and typhoons.As a result of computation, Case 1 shows a strong tendency to excessively compute rainfall, which is continuously increasing. While Case 2 showed similar trend as Case 1, low design rainfall has computed by rainfall in A1B scenario. Based on the design rainfall computation method mainly used in Preventive Disaster System through Pre-disaster Effect Examination System and Basic Plan for River of Jeju Island which are considering climatic change for selecting 50-year and 100-year frequencies. Case 3 selecting for Jeju rain gage station and Case 1 for Seogwipo rain gage station. The results were different for each rain gage station because of difference in rainfall characteristics according to recent climatic change, and the risk of currently known design rainfall can be increased in near future.

In the mountain streams in Jeju Island, strong turbulence and roughness usually made it nearly impossible to utilize most of intrusive instrumentation for streamflow discharge measurements. Instead, a non-intrusive fixed electro-magnetic wave surface velocimetry (fixed EWSV: Kalesto) became alternatively popular in many representative streams to measure stream discharge seamlessly. Currently, Kalesto has shown noteworthy performance with little loss in flood discharge measurements and also has successfully provided discharge for every minute. However, Kalesto has been operated to regard its measured one-point velocity as the representative mean velocity for the given cross-section. Therefore, it could be highly possible to potentially encompass discharge measurements errors. In this study, we analyzed the difference between such Kalesto discharge measurements and other alternative concurrent discharge measurements such as Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and mobile EWSV which were able to measure velocity in multi-points in the cross-section. Consequently, Kalesto discharge deviated from ADCP discharge in amount of 48% for relatively low flow, and more than 20% difference for high flow compared with mobile EWSV discharge measurements. These results indicated that the one-point velocity measured by Kalesto should be used as a cross-sectional mean velocity, rather it should be accounted for as an index-velocity in conjunction with directly measured cross-sectional mean velocity by using more reliable instrumentations. After inducing Kalesto Discharge Correction Coefficient (KDCC) that actually means relationship between index velocity and cross-sectional mean velocity, the corrected discharge from Kalesto was significantly improved. Therefore, we found that index velocity method should be applied to obtain better accuracy of discharge measurement in case of Kalesto operation.

본 연구는 제주도 지역에서 이용되는 민속식물에 대한 전통 지식 정보를 수집 및 보존을 위하여 2011년 3월부터 11월까지 수 행되었다. 제주도지역의 78개소에서 주민 177명을 대상으로 수 집한 조사야장 1,774장의 설문조사를 분석한 결과, 조사된 식물 은 총 103과 260속 312종 2아종 37변종 5품종의 총 356분류군으 로 정리되었다. 용도별 이용현황은 약용 284분류군, 식용 145분 류군, 제례 36분류군, 생활용품 31분류군, 목재 31분류군 등으 로 주로 약용의 빈도가 높았다. 이용 부위로는 잎, 줄기, 식물체 전체 순으로 나타났다. 또한 분류군별 이용 빈도를 분석한 결과, 질경이, 쑥, 인동 등의 순으로 확인되었다.

The purpose of this study is to show the geographical distribution and the temporal variation of the emission amount of biogenic volatile organic compounds(BVOCs) emanated from forests at Jeju Island. The total emission amount of BVOCs calculated by using the CORINAIR Methodology is 3612 ton yr-1 at Jeju Island. More than half of BVOCs emissions is come from coniferous forest, and 45 per cent from broad leaved forest. The others is attributed to grassland. Of total emission of BVOCs, isoprene accounts for 28 per cent, monoterpene for 32 per cent, and other VOCs for about 40 percent, respectively. It can be shown that 3000~10000 kg yr-1 of BVOCs is emitted at the zone with dense forest from an altitude of 500 m to the top of Mt. Halla, and less than 1500 kg yr-1 at the zone an altitude of below 500 meters. The monoterpene emission is more than 1500 kg yr-1 due to the existence of a colony of Abies koreana at the place with more than 1500 meters and a community of Pinus thunbergii and Cryptomeria japonica at the elevation of 500~700 m. In the case of isoprene emission, there is 1500~3000 kg yr-1 at the zone of an elevation from 700 m to 1500 m due to dense broad leaved forest and very little of its emission at an elevation of more than 1500 meters because there is hardly broad leaved trees grown. In this study, emission of BVOCs according to the altitude above sea level is estimated under the situation of lack of the data for broad leaved tree. More detailed data and information for the distribution of broad leaved trees are needed in order to calculate more realistic BVOC emission.

For 63 soil series distributed in Jeju Island, natural uncultivated soils in each soil series were collected, and their physicochemical properties and their concentrations of 19 heavy metals including 8 heavy metals which are regulated by Korean Soil Environment Conservation Law, were analyzed. Moreover, the correlations between physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations, and between heavy metal concentrations were analyzed. The heavy metals distributed in the higher concentrations and the lower concentrations with arithmetric mean value, were Mn(730 mg/kg) and Ba(493 mg/kg), and Hg(0.146 mg/kg) and Tl(0.096 mg/kg), respectively. The correlations between pH(H2O) and heavy metals(Hg, Ni, Co, Se), between pH(NaF) and heavy metals(Hg, Ba, Se, Tl), and between organic matter content and heavy metals(Hg, Tl) were significant at the 0.01 level. From the correlations between heavy metal concentrations, there were 22 where there were significant at the 0.01 level and they showed positive correlation. Among those, the heavy metals showing the correlation higher than r=0.5, were Sb-V(0.878), Mo-Sn(0.867), Co-V(0.654), Co-Sb(0.648), Be-Sn(0.546), and Sn-Tl(0.528).

For the purpose of protecting the health of citizens and creating a delightful environment, the Government shall establish the environmental standards, and make such standards keep their propriety according to any changes in environmental conditions. The Special Metropolitan City, Metropolitan City or Do may, in case where deemed necessary in view of the speciality of regional environments, set forth the separate environmental standards which are more expanded and strengthened than the environmental standards by the Municipal Ordinance of the relevant City/Do. The purpose of this study was for the management of stream waters of Jeju Island and proposed the appropriate Jeju local river environmental standards. Jeju-Do and Daejeon-si applies the Local River Environmental Standards in Korea. While each nationʹ circumstances and environment are different, for the most part, environmental standards and purposes of use are similar to those in Korea. Proposed Jeju River Local Environment Standards followed The River Environment Standards of Nation(Korea) for Living Environment Standards. Newly Strengthened Value is Cd, Carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethene, Tetrachloroethylene(PCE) and add Items is Fluorine, Selenium, Phenol and Toluene for Human Health Protection.

This study was carried out to estimate the BVOCs emissions with the emission factors which reflected the native conditions of forests in Jeju Island. This study made effective use of the previous data for the weather data and the emission rate of each organic volatile component measured at 10 species of conifers and broad leaved trees. The CORINAIR method and the grid system of 1km×1km for whole area of Jeju Island were adopted in calculating the BVOCs emission emitted from forest. The vegetation information for Jeju Island was referred to GIS and a government report. By the results of BVOCs emission for Jeju Island, the 85% of monoterpene emission was emitted from conifers and the others was from broad leaved trees. Most of monoterpene emission was attributed to Pinus thunbergii and Cryptomeria japonica. The broad leaved trees greatly contributed to the isoprene emission and Quercus serrata played a dominant role in emission of isoprene. The total amount of BVOCs emission was estimated as 3612 ton yr-1 in Jeju Island. The 51.1% of total emission was contributed to conifers, the 44.9% to broad leaved trees, and the 4.0% to grassland. Of total emission of BVOCs, monoterpene accounted for 32.3%, isoprene for 28.0%, and OVOCs for 39.7%. The BVOCs emission estimated by this study was less than that estimated by other previous study. This means that it is important to survey the emission rate at native conditions and gather the detailed information for various species of vegetation on target region.

본 연구에서는 잠재증발산량과 실제증발산량간의 보완관계 기반의 증발산량 산정 모형인 Brutsaert and Stricker (1979)의 AA 모형과 Morton (1983)의 CRAE 모형을 제주도내 두 개의 상시하천 유역에 처음으로 적용하고 이 지역에 적합한 모형의 매개변수를 제안하였다. AA 모형과 CRAE 모형의 매개변수 검정과 모형의 검증을 위한 대표유역으로 각각 북제주에 위치한 한천 유역과 남제주에 위치한 강정천 유역을 선정하였다. 한천 유역에 대해 AA 모형의 경험상수 α와 이류에너지항 M, CRAE 모형의 경험상수 B1과 b2를 바꾸어가면서 실제증발 산량을 산정하고 이를 유역수문모델링 결과와의 비교를 통해 매개변수 검정을 수행하였다. 그 결과 AA 모형은 α=1.00, M=30.0Wm-2, CRAE 모형은 b1=33.0Wm-2, b2=1.02이 최적의 값으로 산정되었다. 동일한 매개변수를 사용하여 AA 모형과 CRAE 모형의 검증 대상유역인 강정천 유역에 적용한 결과, 두 모형 모두 식생의 성장기 및 비성장기에 유역수문모델링 결과와 유사한 것으로 분석되었다.

The characteristics of meteorological conditions related to changes in atmospheric environment on Jeju Island were investigated during recent years (2010-2012). This analysis was performed using the hourly observed data of meteorological variables (air temperature, wind speed and direction) and air pollutants (O3, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO). Out of 5 pollutants, O3 and PM10 concentrations have frequently exceeded national environmental standards in the study area during the study period, with relatively higher concentrations than the others. The concentrations of O3 and PM10 in 2010 and 2011 were somewhat higher than those in 2012, and their highest concentrations were mostly observed in spring followed by fall. Nighttime O3 concentrations (with relatively high concentration levels) were almost similar to its daytime concentrations, due to less O3 titration by very low NO concentrations in the target area and in part to O3 increase resulting from atmospheric transport processes. The transport effect related to the concentration variations of O3 and PM10 was also clarified in correlation between these pollutants and meteorological variables, e.g. the high exceedance frequency of concentration criteria with strong wind speed and the high concentrations with the westerly/northwesterly winds (e.g., transport from the polluted regions of China). The overall results of this study suggest that the changes in atmospheric environment in the study area were likely to be caused by the transport effect (horizontal and vertical) due to the meteorological conditions rather than the contribution of local emission sources.

In this study, the 3D-analysis of multi-functional fishway with underground passage and is carried out by SAP2000 soft ware. In case of width 2m, 1m of vertical cross-section structure, the width 400mm× length 400mm and the width 1,000mm× length 400mm of square type were experimental parameters. The multi-functional fishway with underground passage and sediment block system is propased in Jeju Island.

3D-analysis by SAP2000 software is required for designing of sea pools in order to settle the problems regarding the degradation of the concrete durability. Sea pools are faced with sea water including salts so it will be used high strength concrete, reinforced high strength and urethane for its construction. The purpose of this paper is to establish specifications and data base for the construction of the sea pools. This results of analysis show that 50MPa strength of concrete is the most suitable and 4m wave is more advantageous than that of 2m.