The purpose of this study was to explore if, what kinds of, how much computational thinking (CT after this) practices could be included in STEAM programs, and what kinds of CT practices could be improved to make STEAM revitalized. The CT analyzing tool with operational definitions and its examples in science education was modified and employed for 5 science-focused and 5 engineering-focused STEAM programs. There was no discerning pattern of CT practices uses between science and engineering STEAM programs but CT practices were displayed depending on their topics. The patterns of CT practices uses from each STEAM program could be used to describe what CT practices were more explored, weakly exposed, or missing. On the basis of these prescription of CT practices from each STEAM program, the researchers could develop the weakly exposed or missing CT practices to be improved for the rich experience in CT practices during STEAM programs.

A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) producing microorganism was isolated from Sun-Tae Jeotgal, a Korean traditional fermented seafood. Two thousand presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were screened for GABA production by thin layer chromatography. One isolate, T118, produced GABA profusely, and identified as Lactobacillus brevis. Growth of Lb. brevis T118 was examined during 120 h cultivation in MRS broth under different conditions. Lb. brevis T118 grew well at 30-37℃, initial pH of 4-7, and up to 5% NaCl (w/v). A gene, gadB, encoding glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) was cloned by PCR. gadC encoding a glutamate/GABA antiporter was cloned and gadC located immediately upstream of gadB, indicating gadCB operon structure. The operon structure was confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. gadB was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and recombinant GAD was purified. The size of recombinant GAD was 54.4 kDa by SDS-PAGE, which matched well with the calculated size from the nucleotide sequence.

In this study, partially dry transfer is investigated to solve the problem of fully dry transfer. Partially dry transfer is a method in which multiple layers of graphene are dry-transferred over a wet-transferred graphene layer. At a wavelength of 550 nm, the transmittance of the partially dry-transferred graphene is seen to be about 3% higher for each layer than that of the fully dry-transferred graphene. Furthermore, the sheet resistance of the partially drytransferred graphene is relatively lower than that of the fully dry-transferred graphene, with the minimum sheet resistance being 179 Ω/sq. In addition, the fully dry-transferred graphene is easily damaged during the solution process, so that the performance of the organic photovoltaics (OPV) does not occur. In contrast, the best efficiency achievable for OPV using the partially dry-transferred graphene is 2.37% for 4 layers.

W2C is synthesized through a reaction-sintering process from an ultrafine-W and WC powder mixture using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effect of various parameters, such as W:WC molar ratio, sintering temperature, and sintering time, on the synthesis behavior of W2C is investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the microstructure, and final sintered density. Further, the etching properties of a W2C specimen are analyzed. A W2C sintered specimen with a particle size of 2.0 μm and a relative density over 98% could be obtained from a W-WC powder mixture with 55 mol%, after SPS at 1700℃ for 20 min under a pressure of 50 MPa. The sample etching rate is similar to that of SiC. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it is confirmed that fluorocarbon-based layers such as C-F and C-F2 with lower etch rates are also formed.

“시진핑 신시대 중국특색 사회주의(Xi Jinping new era’s socialism with Chinese characteristics)” 배경 하에 중국의 외교정책은 3.0시대로 진입했다. 3.0시대의 중국외교정책은 2017년 이후에 두 가지 새로운 발전(New developments)을 추가로 제시하였다. 첫째는 중공 19대 회의에서 “주변외교방침”(Neighborhood diplomacy)을 강조하였고, “일대일로”(the Belt and Road Initiative)를 당장(Party constitution)에 넣었다. 둘째는 중국의 헌법에 “평화발전도로를 견지한다”, “호익공영개방전략을 견지한다”, 및 “인류운명공동체를 추진한다” 3가지 내용을 추가하였다. 중국이 아시아의 중요한 나라 중의 하나로써 3.0시대 중국외교정책의 이러한 새로운 발전변화는 주변국가에 많은 영향을 줄 것으로 판단된다. 본 논문은 문헌연구를 기반으로 중국 3.0시대 외교정책의 새로운 발전변화를 파악하고 이들이 한반도 평화과정에 어떤 영향을 미칠지 분석하고자 한다. 연구결과로 중국의 3.0시대외교는 동북아시아, 특히 한반도의 비핵화 및 평화프로세스를 중점으로 두고 있다. 한반도의 평화 및 발전은 중국의 국익(National interest)과 일치하며, 중국은 관련 국가들과 함께 한반도의 평화를 위해 노력할 것이다. 또한 중국은 향후에 “일대일로” 및 “인류운명공동체” 측면에서 볼 때 남북한과 지역발전전략 연계(Docking)를 통해 한반도 발전에도 큰 도움을 줄 것이다.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and currently there are many approaches developing towards cancer treatment. Cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy are often painful and have adverse effects. The mechanism of apoptosis is a complex process and it involves different pathways in its mechanism of action. Apoptosis can be caused by signals within the cell such as stress, or by extrinsic signals such as ligands binding to cell surface death receptors. The programmed cell death plays a important role in the several physiological and pathological processes. It plays important role in homeostasis. Flavonoids have gained importance as anticancer agents promoting cytotoxicity and apoptosis in cancer cells. Flavonoids are present in many medicinal plants which are a kind of ubiquitous natural products and essential active ingredients. They have strong biological activities with high efficiency and low toxicity, possessing good preventive and cure effects on different tumor forms. Flavonoids such as Scutellarein, Pectolinarigenin and Naringin have reported to possess significant anti-cancer effects on different cancer cell lines till date. In this review, we provide a summary about the anti-cancer effect of the three flavonoids and its mechanisms of action that can be used in future for understanding their potent anti-tumor properties.

We submit a proposal ‘Jeju 6+1 Forum in France : World Environment University in Korea and its Sister University in Strasbourg in 2022’ for a private meeting for the IUCN World Conservation Congress 2020 at Parc Chanot in Marseille to 7 to 15 January 2021. The purpose of this study is not only to practice both Jeju Environment or bio diplomacy utilizing UNESCO Environmental Assets but also actualize Jeju peace island cultural and educational diplomacy making use of peace-promoting image of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province through institutionalization of 6+1 Wonsan Culture Forum, Jeju Peace Concert, Global Youth Peace Documentary Film contest by people to people democracy at grassroots level

Due to the rise of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) adoption in many fields, it is necessary to diagnose the informatization situations of corporations in agriculture and give suggestions for improvement. For this goal, surveys were designed and conducted to understand the current informatization situations of agriculture corporations in Korea. The survey covers the plan for utilizing information technology, the establishment of infrastructure for information technology, IT application status, and its effect on their performance. The specific focus of our research is to segment the corporations by their type of industries and their level of sales and give differentiated managerial implications for each segment. This is because the type of informatization and information technology assistance they need highly depends on their industry type and sales level. Based on descriptive statistics and regression analyses, tailored managerial and polic

본 논문의 목적은 조선 후기의 백암 성총(栢庵性聰, 1631~1700)의 사상 특징과 그것이 그의 시문학 세계에 어떻게 투영되고 있는지를 살펴보는 데 있다. 백암 성총은 부휴 선수(浮休善修, 1543~1615)- 벽암 각성(碧巖覺性, 1575~1660)-취미 수초(翠微守初, 1590~1668)로 이어지는 법맥을 계승하고 있다. 『화엄경소초』, 『금강경간정기』, 『기신론필 삭기』등을 간행하여 교학발전에 크게 공헌하기도 하였던 성총은 선과 교학을 두루 섭렵한 종장으로 화엄, 천태, 정토 등 불교 전반에 해박하였으며, 송광사, 징광사, 쌍계사 등지에서 강석을 펴서 후학을 지도하였다. 또한 성총은 외전에도 능통했고 시문을 잘 지어 당시의 명사들과 잦은 교유를 하였다. 김문곡, 정동명, 남호곡. 오서파, 최동강 등은 그 대표적인 인물이다. 특히 1686년(56세)에 정토신앙 지침서인 『정토보서』를 펴내기도 하였던 성총은 말년에는 정토신앙에 더욱 깊이 침잠하여 『백암정토찬』을 펴냈다. 이는 『정토보서』의 내용을 기반으로 하여 성총신의 구도와 깨달음의 세계를 잘 표현한 것으로써, 그의 정토사상과 시적 상상력과의 절묘한 조화를 보여주는 압권의 시집이라 할 수 있다. 이 글에서는 백암 성총의 사상의 특징과 그것이 그의 시문학 세계에 어떻게 투영되고 있는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 다시 말해 백암 성총의 핵심 사상이라 할 수 있는 정토사상과 그것의 시적 형상화를 『백암정토찬』을 중심으로 1) 구도와 깨달음의 시, 2) 극락정토 예찬의 시, 3) 아미타불 신심의 시 세계를 조명하고, 그것이 우리에게 던져주는 메시지가 무엇인지를 살펴보고자 한다.

When domestic sewage and rainwater runoff are discharged into a single sewer pipe, it is called a “combined sewer system.” The sewage design standards in Korea specify the flow velocity based only on the volume of rainfall; therefore, sedimentation occurs on non-rainy days owing to the reduced flow rate and velocity. This sedimentation reduces the discharge capacity, causes unpleasant odors, and exacerbates the problem of combined sewer overflow concentration. To address this problem, the amount of sewage on non-rainy days, not just the volume of rainfall, should also be considered. There are various theories on sedimentation in sewer movement. This study introduces a self-cleansing velocity based on tractive force theory. By applying a self-cleansing velocity equivalent to the critical shear stress of a sand particle, sedimentation can be reduced on non-rainy days. The amount of sewage changes according to the water use pattern of citizens. The design hourly maximum wastewater flow was considered as a representative value, and the velocity of this flow should be more than the self-cleansing velocity. This design method requires a steeper gradient than existing design criteria. Therefore, the existing sewer pipelines need to be improved and repaired accordingly. In this study, five types of improvement and repair methods that can maximize the use of existing pipelines and minimize the depth of excavation are proposed. The key technologies utilized are trenchless sewer rehabilitation and complex cross-section pipes. Trenchless sewer rehabilitation is a popular sewage repair method. However, it is complex because the cross-section pipes do not have a universal design and require continuous research and development. In an old metropolis with a combined sewer system, it is difficult to carry out excavation work; hence, the methods presented in this study may be useful in the future.

Perineural invasion (PNI) is the underestimated metastatic pathway and has been widely recognized as a negative prognostic factor in many human cancers. L1CAM is one of members of the immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecule (CAM) family, which play a role in neural development. Moreover, a new role of L1CAM outside the nervous system has been revealed. Overexpression of L1CAM was involved in the tumor progression and LN metastasis in various malignancies. In the present study, presence of PNI and L1CAM expression were examined to define their prognostic values in OSCC. In addition, association of L1CAM expression with presence of PNI was assessed to define the value as a candidate molecule supporting the diagnosis of PNI. We found that presence of PNI significantly correlated with LN metastasis and advanced clinical stage. L1CAM expression also significantly correlated with differentiation, lymph node metastasis, advanced clinical stage, as well as presence of PNI. Our results suggest that L1CAM seems to play a role in tumor progression, possibly through the PNI-related mechanism and could be a molecular marker for supporting the presence of PNI and predicting clinical outcome in OSCC.

본 연구는 일본의 히키코모리 지원체계를 살펴보고, 한국에의 시사점을 얻고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 1970년대 고도성장기와 1990년대 경제침체기를 경험한 일본은 그 여파로 히키코모리라는 아픈 가시가 사회문제로 자리잡고 있다. ‘8050문제’와 같은 세계적으로도 특수한 형태의 가족구성과 히키코모리의 고령화, 장기화 문제는 그 해법을 찾기가 쉽지 않아 보인다. 그럼에도 일본 정부는 이를 해결하기 위해 국가적 차원에서 히키코모리 실태를 파악하고, 지원정책 개발과 서비스 개선을 통해 대처방안을 모색 해 왔다. 최근에는 대상과 방식에 변화를 주고 있다. 그간 ‘아동·청소년’ 내지는 ‘청년층’을 중심으로 진 행해왔던 히키코모리 지원정책 대상을 ‘중·고령층’으로 확대하고, 분절된 방식에서 ‘포괄적’ 방식의 지 원시스템으로 바꿔 가는 중이다. 또한 상담·복지·의료·교육·고용 등 다 영역에서의 포괄적 지원시스템 과 더불어 민관의 다양한 협력체계 구축을 위해 노력하고 있는 모습이다. 이러한 일본의 경험을 바탕으 로 한국 사회에 가져다주는 시사점을 제시하였다.

The sustainable development of outer space demands the protection of intellectual property in outer space. However, it worth noting that the intellectual property international treaties have not explicitly regulated in their provisions the issue of intellectual property protection in outer space, neither the provisions of the five outer space treaties explicitly address the legal issue. One suspicious rationale resulting in this legal status is the theoretical territoriality paradox between the legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. This article aims to unveil the theoretical territoriality paradox by comparing the two legal regimes of outer space and intellectual property. It then moves to argue that the paradox is proved to be a theoretical problem since the legal value of Article VIII of the Outer Space Treaty elaborately reconcile the theoretical paradox and practically provides a self-contained mechanism that would permit guaranteed levels of intellectual property rights protection in outer space.

본 연구에서는, 국내 선행 연구에서 간과되어 왔던 주제인 <외국 브랜드의 현지성이 국내 소비자의 품질 인식에 미치는 영향>을 분석하고, 이를 조절하는 요인들을 살펴본다. 이를 위해 3개 제품군의 8개의 외국 브랜드에 대한 온라인 소비자 조사를 수행하였다. 검증 결과, 국내 소비자들의 지각된 브랜드의 현지성은, 브랜드 글로벌성과 브랜드 친숙도의 높은 영향력을 통제하고도 외국 브랜드의 품질 지각에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 동시에, 외국 브랜드의 원산지 전형성이 낮을수록, 제품의 현지 문화와의 연계성이 높을수록, 그리고 소비자의 자민족주의 성향이 높을수록, 브랜드 현지성의 효과 가 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 브랜드 현지성이 글로벌 브랜드에게도 중요한 품질 신호가 되며, 그 역할은 브랜드, 제품 그리고 소비자 특성에 따라 달라질 수 있음을 시사해주는 것이다.