본 논문은 구레츠키(Henlyk Mikołaj Górecki, 1933-2010)라는 한 작곡가의 작품을 설명하는 데 있어서 ‘민족적-종교적 영향’, 독일을 중심으로 한 ‘새로운 단순성’(Neue Einfachheit) 또는 미국 에서 시작된 ‘미니멀음악’(minimal music)과 같이 상이한 개념이 혼용되어 사용되는 그 이유를 작 품 분석을 통해 확인한다. 구레츠키 창작경향의 변화에 근거하여 분석대상 작품의 시간적 범위와 장르 범위는 그의 1972 년 이후 아 카펠라(a cappella) 합창음악으로 한다. 60년대 말 관현악 작품 창작에서 드러나기 시 작한 ‘명료함’과 ‘단순함’으로 대변되는 그의 독자적인 창작세계의 어떤 내용들이 새로운 단순성 또 는 미니멀음악으로 규정될 수 있는지를 다음과 같은 연구 방법으로 접근한다. 아 카펠라 합창음악 분석에 들어가기 전에 그의 창작경향 변화를 간단하게 언급하여 본 연구의 분석대상 작품 선정의 타당성뿐 아니라, 1976년 작곡된 《교향곡 3번》에 교회음악 그리고 민속노래를 인용하면서 작곡가 가 확고히 한 그의 독자적인 음악어법을 확인한다. 작품 연구는 라틴어 텍스트로 작곡된 《그들은 떠났고 울었다》(Euntenes ibant et flebant op.32, 1972)와 폴란드 민속음악에서 가사와 선율에 기초하여 작곡된 《넓은 강》(Zeroka Woda op.39, 1979) 분석을 중심에 둔다. 이 두 작품 분석에서 공통으로 드러나는 음악적 특징들을 라틴 어를 텍스트로 한 《아멘》(Amen op.35, 1975), 《불쌍히 여기소서》(Miserere op.44, 1981), 《나는 당신의 소유》(Totus Tuus op.60, 1987), 그리고 폴란드 민속음악에 기초한 《나의 비스 와 강, 잿빛, 비스와 강》(My Vistula, grey Vistula op.46, 1981), 《세 개의 자장가》(Three Lullabies op.49, 1984, rev. 1991)에 적용하여 구레츠키 고유 음악어법을 확인한다. 결론을 대신하여 본 논문의 마지막 부분에서는 작품 분석을 바탕으로 구레츠키의 독자적인 음악 어법이 새로운 단순성 또는 미니멀음악 작곡기법 그리고 음악적 사고와 어떤 점이 유사하고 어떤 점이 상이한지를 정리한다. 나아가 미니멀음악 작곡가도 아니고 새로운 단순성을 대변하는 작곡가 도 아닌 구레츠키의 음악적 특성을 그가 활동한 공간적·시간적 환경과 연결하여 ‘새로운’ 민족주의 음악으로 볼 수 있음을 제시한다.

The utilization of composite columns is increasing due to the construction of high-rise buildings and large buildings. The commercially available concrete chimney steel column (ACT I) is a stable and economical structure, but there is a limit in the section size to be applied to a composite column subjected to a high load. We have developed a composite mega column with an integral structure by adding a plate to the central part of the ACT I column and installing a binding frame at a certain interval inside the central plate. In this study, to evaluate the compressive performance of the composite mega column, four test specimens were constructed with binding frame reinforcement, reinforcement spacing, and reinforced cross - sectional area. The structural performance of the composite section is compared with that of KBC2016 to evaluate the behavior of the specimen.

Composite columns are increasingly used due to the construction of super-tall buildings and large-scale buildings. Studies on the shapes of and construction technologies for structural members using steel tubes are being conducted actively. Welded built-up CFT columns previously developed and commercialized by the authors of this study (ACT-1 columns) are structurally stable and economically efficient. However, the 1m limit in the width of the columns and their small interior spaces impose a difficulty in installing reinforcing materials and thus deteriorate the ease and efficiency with which they are constructed. This study suggests placing thick plates at the centers of the surfaces of the existing ACT-1 column and installing a binding frame (binding frames) at the central thick plates to enhance the integrity and resist lateral pressure caused by concrete casting. Finite element analysis was conducted with the variables of the number and cross-sectional size of the binding frame and the cross-sectional size of the steel tube to estimate the structural behavior of the steel tubes. Hydraulic tests were conducted to analyze load-displacement relations and identify the influence of the binding frames on the relations. The variables in the tests were the number and cross-sectional size of the binding frame, welding details, column joint and the cross-sectional size of the steel tube

We investigate the long-term spatial drift of the center and the temporal variation of the shutter delay time map of Y4KCam mounted on the CTIO 1.0 m telescope. We have collected shutter delay time maps over eight years as a part of our long-term survey program. We find that the center of the shutter delay time map can drift up to 450 μm, equivalent to  30 pixels, on the CCD. This effect can result in a small amount of error in integration time without the proper shutter delay time correction, but it does not appear to cause any significant problems in photometric measurements. We obtain a mean shutter delay time of 69.1 ± 0.8 ms and find no temporal variation of the shutter delay time of Y4KCam over eight years, indicative of the mechanical stability of the shutter. We suggest that using a master shutter delay time correction frame would be sufficient to achieve high precision photometry, which does not exceed photometric errors ~ 1.7 mmag across the CCD frame for exposure times longer than 1 s.

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) have a important role in influence of pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) processing and mRNA metabolism and transportation in cells. Recently, hnRNP A2/B1 can recognize m6A modifications on pre-mRNA or pre-miRNA and affect alternative splicing and miRNA processing in HeLa Cells. However, roles of hnRNP A2/B1 in various cells and tissues, especially in elary embryo development, are unclear. Here, we investigated the temporal and spatial expression patterns of hnRNPA2B13 during mammalian early embryo development. In mouse, hnRNPA2B1 was localized at the nucleus after 1-cell stage, however, hnRNPA2B1 was expressed after 2-cell stage in pig. Then, knockdown of hnRNP A2/B1 induced by RNA interference (RNAi) was used to analyze the effect of hnRNP A2/B1 in preimplantation develop in pigs. Knockdown of hnRNP A2/B1 delayed embryo development. Interestingly, ICM marker OCT4 and Sox2 was significantly decreased in blastocyst stage. mRNA expression show that transcription factors which is Pou5f1, Sox2, Nanog, Cdx2 and AP2γwas decreased the transcription levels without the changing of junction protein, ZO-1, occludin, and CXADR. Outgrowth results indicated that knock-down of hnRNPA2B1 embryos cannot format the colony. Knock-down of Methyltransferase like 3(METTL3) embryos mislocalized the hnRNPA2/B1 at the nucleus. In summary, the expression patterns of hnRNPA2/B1 differ between mouse and porcine embryos, and these differences may reflect species-specific functions during preimplantation embryo development. Our results suggested that hnRNPA2/B1 is necessary for newly synthesis of mRNA related with transcription factor, and early embryo development by the RNA epigenetic modification.

우리나라에서 개미가 종자를 분산시키는 반기생 한해살이풀 며느리밥풀속 식물종의 서식지, 전파체 특성과 관련 개미를 밝히고자, 2012년 5월부터 2015년 11월까지 며느리밥풀속 3종의 서식지 특성, 열매 수집, 전파체 특성 및 급여시험을 실시하였다. 며느리밥풀속 서식지는 약산성의 토양층이 비교적 얕은 남향사면 수관층이 열린 숲 가장자리 였다. 공통적으로 출현한 식물종은 신갈나무를 포함한 4수종과 대사초를 포함한 4종의 초본식물이었다. 이들 식물종들 이 며느리밥풀속의 숙주식물일 가능성이 높다고 사료된다. 며느리밥풀속 전파체의 모양은 타원형의 종자 한 쪽에 백색의 지방체가 모자처럼 붙어있는 형태였다. 전파체 중량은 새며느리밥풀이 10.6mg으로 가장 무거웠고, 알며느리밥 풀이 8.0mg, 꽃며느리밥풀 7.2mg의 순으로 나타났다. 지방체 중량은 알며느리밥풀이 1.2mg으로 가장 무거웠고, 새며 느리밥풀 1.0mg의 순이였으며, 꽃며느리밥풀이 0.8mg으로 가장 가벼웠다. 며느리밥풀속 서식지에서 전파체를 활발히 물어가는 개미는 두마디개미아과(Myrmicinae)에 속하는 3속 4종의 몸집이 작은 개미들로 코토쿠뿔개미, 항아리뿔개미, 가시방패개미와 일본장다리개미로 확인되었다. 반기생 한해살이풀이며 개미가 종자를 산포하는 며느리밥풀속 식물체 들은 개체의 생육상태에 따라서 변이가 크며, 환경조건의 변화에 민감하므로 많은 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

The Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) is a wide-eld photometric system installed by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI). Here, we present the overall technical specications of the KMTNet observation system, test observation results, data transfer and image processing procedure, and nally, the KMTNet science programs. The system consists of three 1.6 m wide-eld optical telescopes equipped with mosaic CCD cameras of 18k by 18k pixels. Each telescope provides a 2.0 by 2.0 square degree eld of view. We have nished installing all three telescopes and cameras sequentially at the Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile, the South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) in South Africa, and the Siding Spring Observatory (SSO) in Australia. This network of telescopes, which is spread over three dierent continents at a similar latitude of about 􀀀30 degrees, enables 24-hour continuous monitoring of targets observable in the Southern Hemisphere. The test observations showed good image quality that meets the seeing requirement of less than 1.0 arcsec in I-band. All of the observation data are transferred to the KMTNet data center at KASI via the international network communication and are processed with the KMTNet data pipeline. The primary scientic goal of the KMTNet is to discover numerous extrasolar planets toward the Galactic bulge by using the gravitational microlensing technique, especially earth-mass planets in the habitable zone. During the non-bulge season, the system is used for wide-eld photometric survey science on supernovae, asteroids, and external galaxies.

Recently, with the increase of meat production, high quality and safety of meat have been strongly emphasized by Korean consumers. Marbling in beef has been regarded as an important criterion deciding meat quality in Korea. The purpose of this study was to identify the transcriptional level of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in longissimus muscle samples of 46 Hanwoo. The level of IGF-1 transcripts was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and molecular connection of IGF-1 was analyzed using the Pathway Studio program (Ver 9.0). Increase of marbling score (MS) induced increase of IGF-1 transcripts level in the muscle and there is a significant correlation (p<0.05) between IGF-1 mRNA expression and MS. The pathway study showed that IGF-1 genes are regulated in insulin, fatty acid synthase, leptin, and corticotrophin releasing hormone. These results suggest that IGF-1 might be used as a useful marker for the improvement of economic traits in Hanwoo.