In this paper, the wind tunnel test was carried to investigate the behavior of buffer layer in turbulent boundary layer with variation of surface temperature and roughness. The results were as follows; 1. The velocity in turbulent boundary layer was increased when the roughness height within viscous sublayer thickness was increased. 2. When the surface temperature was increased, the density of air was decreased and the velocity in turbulent boundary layer was increased. Thus, the thickness of turbulent boundary layer was decreased. 3. When the roughness height and surface temperature was increased simultaneously, the thickness of turbulent boundary layer was decreased. 4. The decrement of the thickness of turbulent boundary layer was more effected by the increment of the roughness height rather than the increment of surface temperature. 5. In this study, it was found that the condition of the highest velocity n turbulent boundary layer was the temperature 333K and roughness #100.

이 논문에서는, 균일한 횡방향 인장변형률이 작용하는 조건에서 강체모재들을 결합하고 있는 점탄성 접착재층의 계면모서리에 발생하는 응력 특이성을 조사하고있다. Williams방법을 응용하여 라플라스 변형공간에서 특성방정식을 구하였고, 주어진 점탄성 모델에 대해서 변형공간에서의 특성방정식을 시간공간으로 해석적으로 전환하였다. 시간 공간에서의 특이차수는 수치적으로 계산하였다. 계면을 따라 발생하는 응력의 특성을 조사하는데 시간영역 경계요소법을 적용하였다. 수치해석 결과에 의하면, 특이차수는 시간이 경과함에 따라 커지는 반면에, 자유모서리 응력확대계수는 시간에 따라 이완되는 특성을 보여주고 있다.

There has been studied a lot of two dimensional hydrofoil sections for the boundary layers. This paper suggests that the plaiable roughness effects on boundary layer transition region of suction side for NACA 4412 hydrofoil sections provided by auxieiary shape factor and lag-entrainment effects. These results show that the laminar sepration. Transition and end of transition of the boundary layer due to pitting roughness effects, to the foil Reynold's number as well as to the angle of attack were delayed a little. And comparisons with valuable the other calculations and measurements show qualitative agreements.

이상의 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. (1)Karman의 적분 방정식에 미소 거칠기 영향을 고려함으로서 디퓨져 닥트 표면의 경계층 계산에 응용한 결과 모멘트 적분법 및 실험치와의 비교에서 개선된 결과임이 확인되었다. (2) 국소 거칠기의 효과를 주는 방법으로는 Cole의 벽 및 와 법칙에 Clauser의 거칠기 함수와, 압력 기울기를 고려한 부가 형상계수 값으로 적분 방정식에 응용할 수 있다. (3) 국소 거칠기 분포에 의하여 경계층 특성을 교란시켜 표면 마찰력 계수를 줄일 수 있어 마찰력 손실을 줄일 수 있는 방안이 제시되었다.

This study focused on comparing the meteorological conditions in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) on high-event days and non-event days in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). We utilized observed PM10 and meteorological variables at the surface as well as at the upper heights. The results showed that high-event days were consistently associated with lower wind speed, whereas wind direction showed no particular difference between high-event and non-event days with frequent westerlies and northwesterlies for both cases. During high-event days, the temperature was much warmer than the monthly normal values with a sharp increasing trend, and Relative Humidity (RH) was higher than the monthly normal, especially on high-event days in February. During high-event days in spring, a double inversion layer was present at surface and upper heights. This indicates that stability in the multi-layer is an important indicator of higher PM10 concentrations. Net radiation in spring and winter is also closely associated with higher PM10 concentrations. Strong net radiation resulted in large sensible heat, which in turn facilitated a deeper mixing height with diluted PM10 concentrations; in contrast, PM10 concentrations were higher when sensible heat in spring and winter was very low. We also confirmed that convective and friction velocity was higher on non-event days than on high-event days, and this was especially obvious in spring and winter. This indicated that thermal turbulence was dominant in spring, whereas in winter, mechanical turbulence was dominant over the SMA.

With global warming and the rapid increase in urbanization accompanied by a concentration of population, the urban heat island effects (UHI) have become an important environmental issue. In this study, rooftop greening and permeable asphalt pavement were selected as measures to reduce urban heat island and applied to a simple virtual urban environment to simulate temperature change using ENVI-met. A total of five measures were tested by dividing the partial and whole area application of each measure. The results showed that the temperature range of the base experiment is 33.11-37.11 ℃, with the UTCI comfort level described as strong heat and very strong heat stress. A case applied permeable asphalt has a greater temperature difference than a rooftop greening case, the larger the area where each condition was applied, the greater the temperature change was.

본 연구에서는 패류 껍질의 경계조건을 모사한 고연성 시멘트 복합재료의 휨 성능을 평가하였다. 패류 껍질층 경계면 구조를 모방 하여 프리캐스트 형식으로 제조된 패널 사이를 후 타설 HDCC로 충전한 실험체와 PE-mesh를 HDCC층의 경계면에 배치한 실험체 등 2가지 경계면 특성을 고려하여 제작한 4종류 실험체의 휨 성능을 평가하였다. 패류 껍질의 경계조건을 모사한 고연성 시멘트 복합재료의 휨 성능 평가 결과 일반적인 휨 시험체 대비 층상화 단면을 적용한 모든 실험체의 연성이 증가하였다. 특히 PE-mesh를 삽입하여 층상화한 방법이 가장 우수한 연성을 나타내는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 삽입된 PE-mesh가 층을 분리하는 경계면 역할을 하고, PE-mesh 체눈 내의 각주형 HDCC는 층과 층 사이의 부착을 견고히 하는 역할을 하였기 때문이라고 사료된다.

The mean wind speed and turbulence intensity profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer were extracted from a LIDAR remote sensing campaign in order to apply for CFD validation. After considering the semi-steady state field data requirements to be used for CFD validation, a neutral atmosphere campaign period, in which the main wind direction and the power-law exponent of the wind profile were constantly maintained, was chosen. The campaign site at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, surrounded by 40~50m high hills, with an apartment district spread beyond the hills, is to be classified as a semi-complex terrain. Nevertheless, wind speed profiles measured up to 100m above the ground fitted well into a theoretical-experimental logarithmic-law equation. The LIDAR remote-sensing data of the sub-layer of the atmospheric boundary layer has been proven to be superior to the data obtained by conventional extrapolation of the wind profile with 2 or 3 anemometer measurements.

본 연구는 난류현상의 모형화를 위해 널리 이용되는 k-과 k- 난류모형을 비교하는 것이 목적으로, 횡방향 흐름이 무시될 수 있는 U-튜브 모양의 터널형 수로 내 높은 레이놀즈수를 가진 진동 경계층 흐름에 두 난류해석방법을 적용하였다. 난류모형의 적용은 1차원 연직 모형을 통해 이루어지며, 수치 모의 결과, 유속의 분포와 난류운동에너지 (turbulent kinetic energy) 모두에서 두 모형이 매우 유사한 결과를 나타낸다. 이를 통하여, 횡방향

해양의 다양한 환경에 노출된 선체 표면의 거칠기를 일반화 하여 모델 실험을 PIV기법을 적용하여 회류수조에서 수행하였다. 모델의 유동방향 표면 거칠기의 폭에 기초하여 본 연구에 적용된 레이놀즈수 Re=1.0×103에서 유동가시화, 시간평균 속도장 및 와도장을 상호 평가를 통하여 유동특성을 조사하였다. 와의 생성과 소멸 메커니즘을 통해 와류의 중심은 표면 거칠기 높이의 0.5H로 나타났다. 또한 거칠기 계수가 증가함에 따라 와의 크기와 비례하고, 와의 생성위치도 상부와 전방으로 이동하였다.

This paper investigates the characteristics of turbulence schemes. Turbulence closures are fundamental for modeling the atmospheric diffusion, transport and dispersion in the boundary layer. In particular, in non-homogeneous conditions, a proper description of turbulent transport in planetary boundary layer is fundamental aspect. This study is based on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) and combines four different turbulence schemes to assess if the different schemes have a impact on simulation results of vertical profiles. Two of these schemes are Isotropc Deformation scheme (I.Def) and Anisotropic deformation scheme (A.Def) that are simple local scheme based on Smagorinsky scheme. The other two are Mellor-Yamada scheme (MY2.5) and Deardorff TKE scheme (D.TKE) that are more complex non-local schemes that include a prognostic equation for turbulence kinetic energy. The simulated potential temperature, wind speed and mixing ratio are compared against radiosonde observations from the study region. MY2.5 shows consistently reasonable vertical profile and closet to observation. D.TKE shows good results under relatively strong synoptic condition especially, mixing ratio simulation. Validation results show that all schemes consistently underestimated wind speed and mixing ratio but, potential temperature was somewhat overestimated.

This study aims to explore micrometeorological influences on particle growth by the experimental and statistical approaches. Characteristic meteorological conditions of the nucleation event were observed, and turbulence in the PBL seemed to play a role in particle growth. The major micrometeorological factors governing particle size growth in the PBL were instability (-z/L), friction velocity (u*), Bowen ration (B), and downward shortwave radiation (RsDN) as determined by a regression model. This result indicates that the geographical properties including land surface cover and geomorphology have strong influence on the aerosol size growth in PBL.

The physical properties of an atmospheric boundary layer in Wolryong, a west coastal region of Jeju, South Korea, in terms of the atmospheric stability and roughness length, is important and relevant to both engineers and scientists. The study is aiming to understand the atmospheric stability around this region and its effect on the roughness length. We calculate the Monin-Obukhov length(L) against 3 typical regions of the atmospheric condition - unstable regime (-5<H/L<-0.2), neutral regime (-0.2≤H/L≤0.2) and stable regime (0.2<H/L<2), where H is the measurement height. The diurnal Monin-Obukhov length substantially varies in the night, but most of the H/L comes under the neutral regime. The roughness length scale can be derived by three different methods - logarithmic profile, standard deviation and gust factor method. The finding in the study is that the methods of the standard deviation and the gust factor, apart from the logarithmic profile, are all similar in terms of the roughness length under the different atmospheric conditions. In addition, they have sufficiently shown the effect of obstacles and surface conditions around the measurement site.

The southeastern coastal area of the Korean peninsula has a complex terrain including an irregular coastline and moderately high mountains. This implies that mesoscale circulations such as mountain-valley breeze and land-sea breeze can play an important role in wind field and ocean forcing. In this study, to improve the accuracy of complex coastal wind field(surface wind and sea surface wind), we carried out the sensitivity experiments based on PBL schemes in PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), which is being used in the operational system at Korea Meteorological Administration. Four widely used PBL parameterization schemes in sensitivity experiments were chosen: Medium-Range Forecast (MRF), High-resolution Blackadar, Eta, and Gayno-Seaman scheme. Thereafter, case(2004. 8. 26 - 8. 27) of weak-gradient flows was simulated, and the time series and the vertical profiles of the simulated wind speed and wind direction were compared with those of hourly surface observations (AWS, BUOY) and QuikSCAT data. In the simulated results, the strength of wind speed of all schemes was overestimated in complex coastal regions, while that of about four different schemes was underestimated in islands and over the sea. Sea surface wind using the Eta scheme showed the highest wind speed over the sea and its distribution was similar to the observational data. Horizontal distribution of the simulated wind direction was very similar to that of real observational data in case of all schemes. Simulated and observed vertical distribution of wind field was also similar under boundary layer(about 1 km), however the simulated wind speed was underestimated in upper layer.

The vertical structure of atmosphere was observed to investigate the variation of surface ozone concentration by vertical downward mixing of residual ozone in the atmospheric boundary layer at the Busan coastal area. Airsonde and pilot balloon measurements were made at Gamcheondong and the Kimhae airport for April 26∼27, 1996. The vertical profile of potential temperature showed a residual layer between 510m and 1800m from 2100LST April 26 to 0900LST April 27. The downward mixing of ozone in the residual layer of the atmospheric boundary layer was confirmed from vertical profile of mixing ratio near 600m in the morning. The thickness of the sea breeze layer was 900m at 1500LST April 26. Thereafter, it become to be lowered with time. A low level jet was measured near 900m at 0300LST on April 27 from a pibal measurement. Early morning sharp increase of surface ozone concentration at the Busan coastal area was caused by vertical downward mixing of ozone concentration rather than by photochemical reaction in the atmospheric boundary layer.

The Rondonia Boundary Layer Experiment (RBLE-Ⅱ) was conceived to collect data the atmospheric boundary layer over two representative surfaces in the Amazon region of Brazil; tropical forest and a deforested, pasture area. The present study deals with the observations of atmospheric boundary layer growth and decay. Although the atmospheric boundary layer measurements made in RBLE-Ⅱ were not made simultaneously over the two different surface types, some insights can be gained from analysing and comparing with their structure. The greater depth of the nocturnal boundary layer at the forest site may be due to the influence of mechanical turbulence. The pasture site is aerodynamically smoother and so the downward turbulent diffusion will be much less, resulting in a lower surface temperature. The strength of thermal inversion is, consequently, higher over the pasture than over the forest. The development of the convective boundary layer is stronger over the pasture than over the forest. The influence of the sensible heat flux is important but may be not enough to explain the difference completely. It seems that energy advection may occur from the wet and colder (forest) to the dry and warmer area (pasture), rapidly breaking up the nocturnal inversion. Such advection can explain the abrupt growth of the convective boundary layer at the pasture site during the early morning.

Characgcteristics of nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) were analyzed by the upper-air observations data using with the airsonde and pilot balloons from 1994 to 1999 in Kyungpook province. The automatic weather system was also installed to obtain data in the surface layer. The atmospheric boundary layer can become stably stratified when the surface is cooler than the air. Stable nocturnal boundary layer heights were estimated from the top of surface stable layer where the vertical gradient of temperature and mixing ratio tend to zero or negative. The depth of the stable nocturnal boundary layer depended largely on the thermal effect rather than the wind effect at nighttime. The NBL was more developed on the land than on the coastal region. The stability index (bulk Richardson number) showed that the NBL was stable when the wind was weak and the vertical gradient of the temperature was strong. The heat budget in the NBL was studied by considering the effect of the radiative and the turbulent cooling rates in the cases with cloud and without cloud. The NBL under clear sky was cooled by both the longwave radiative flux and the divergence of the heat flux, while NBL under the cloudy sky the longwave radiative flux played a role of the warming. It was noted that the heat was not conserved in both cases. To complete the heat budget in the NBL the warming/cooling by advection and subsidence must be considered.

An one dimensional atmosphere-canopy-soil interaction model is developed to estimate of the heat budget parameter in the atmospheric boundary layer. The canopy model is composed of the three balance equations of energy, temperature, moisture at ground surface and canopy layer with three independent variables of T_f(foliage temperature), T_g(ground temperature), and q_g(ground specific humidity). The model was verified by comparative study with OSUID(Oregon State University One Dimensional Model) proved in HAPEX-MOBILHY experiment. Also we applied this model in two dimensional land-sea breeze circulation. According to the results of this study, surface characteristics considering canopy acted importantly upon the simulation of meso-scale circulation. The factors which used in the numerical experiment are as follows ; the change for a sort of soll(sand and peat), the change for shielding factor, and the change for a kind of vegetation.

In genneral, Businger expression is used for determining a turbulance diffusion coefficient. In this study, it is applied to the surface elements of cities such as Asphalt, Ground, Grass, Pond. We set up 5 m-height bar and measured the dry temperature and wet temperature at the height of 0.13, 0.27, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 m. In addition we measured the wind gradient and wind velocity at the height 3 m, solar radiation continuously for 48 hours on the surface. Compared the measured data to Businger expression, the result showed that Businger expression can be well applied to the complex surface of the city.