Grapevine leaf rust (GLR) caused by Phakopsora euvitis results in the reduction of fruit quality and yield loss in grape production. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of genes related with defense responses in the grapevines infected with rust pathogens. In two genotypes of Ampelopsis species inoculated with P. euvitis, the real-time PCR with RNAs was performed to investigate transcripts levels of nine defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), β-1,3glutannase (Glu), chitinase (Chi), superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), stilbene synthase 1 (STS1), and resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT). All tested genes were upregulated in YG11030 as well as YG10075, while mostly the expression of genes was higher in YG10075 than that in YG11030. Glu and STS showed significantly high expression in YG10075 than in YG11030. Expression of ROMT was upregulated in YG11030 and downregulated in YG10075 at 24 hours after inoculation. The differential expression pattern of the tested genes seems to be related with the defense responses, considered to be involved in plant-resistant responses against the infection by P. euvitis, and further studies on resistant responses based on the expression of genes would provide valuable information in breeding grapes resistant to diseases.

In this paper, we investigate the requirements of QPA(Quality Process Audit), which is a process quality audit system for secondary defense contractors, compared with those of DQMS(Defense Quality Management System). And evaluate whether the deployment of QPA meets the DQMS certification requirements through the case example of Company H. The evaluation items of QPA are composed of five categories such as Material Management, Incoming Inspection, Manufacturing Process, Product Evaluation, and Packaging Management. The QPA requirements are mainly related to the chapter 7(support) and chapter 8(operation) of DQMS standards. In this view point, QPA can be expected as an effective audit for suppliers preparing for DQMS certification. In the case example, we evaluate the results and effects of improvement due to QPA and compare it with the case of DQMS. QPA can be used as appropriate quality management standards of secondary and tertiary defense contractors and can provide the basis guidelines for the preparation of implementation steps in DQMS certification.

첨단 과학기술의 발전은 미중 패권경쟁의 양상을 변화시키고 있다. 특히, 탄도미사일, 순항미사일, 초음속 순항미사일 등과 같은 첨단 미사일을 중심으로 진행된 중국 해군의 군사 무기체계 변화는 공세적 군사전략에 유리한 환경을 조성하고 있다. 중화민족의 위 대한 부흥을 선포한 시진핑 주석은 ‘해양강국 건설’을 선언하며 방어 중심의 군사전략에 서 탈피하여, 힘의 투사력과 국익의 범위를 확장시켜 나가고 있다. 이에 대응하여 바이든 정부 역시 쿼드(Quad)를 축으로 아시아‧태평양 지역에서의 군사동맹을 강화하고 있으며, 강력한 對중국 봉쇄 및 견제정책을 전개하고 있다. 본 연구는 ‘공격-방어 균형 이론’을 통해 공격이 우월 전략인 안보환경에서는 안보의 딜레마가 심화되며, 이로 인한 우발적 무력충돌과 오판은 참혹한 전쟁으로 귀결될 수 있음을 경고한다. 또한, 비대칭적 군사전 력을 중심으로 전개되고 있는 미중 간의 新패권경쟁이 과거의 전면전과는 어떤 다른 양 상으로 전개될지에 대해 논하고 있다.

이 논문의 목적은 ‘방위산업의 침해에 대한 보호’ 라는 관점에서 대내외 적인 방산안보 환경을 분석하고 방산안보정책을 검토하는데 있다. 첨단 분야의 기술을 바탕으로 나날이 발전하고 있는 방위산업 분야의 기술발 전이 새로운 국제안보 정보 환경을 초래하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 방위산 업 침해와 관련한 보호정책은 주로 ’기술탈취‘에 대한 보호에 중점을 두 고 있다. 국가전략 사업의 일환으로 발돋움하고 있는 방위산업이 국가안 보 및 국가경제에 미치는 막대한 영향을 고려할 때, 안보전략적 관점의 방산안보정책 검토가 필요하다. 따라서 방산안보정책의 방향이 방산기술 의 보호는 물론 북한, 외국기업, 외국인, 외국 정보기관 등의 부당한 활 동을 견제, 차단, 방어하기 위한 방산방첩 차원의 역량 강화에 관심이 제 고되고 있다. 이러한 점에 착안하여 방산침해와 관련한 방산안보정책을 검토하고 향후 방산방첩 차원의 방산안보정책 모색에 주안점을 두었다.

Forage crop management is severely challenged by global warming-induced climate changes representing diverse a/biotic stresses. Thus, screening of valuable genetic resources would be applied to develop stress-tolerant forage crops. We isolated two NAC (NAM, ATAF1, ATAF2, CUC2) transcription factors (ANAC032 and ANAC083) transcriptionally activated by multi-abiotic stresses (salt, drought, and cold stresses) from Arabidopsis by microarray analysis. The NAC family is one of the most prominent transcription factor families in plants and functions in various biological processes. The enhanced expressions of two ANACs by multi-abiotic stresses were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. We also confirmed that both ANACs were localized in the nucleus, suggesting that ANAC032 and ANAC083 act as transcription factors to regulate the expression of downstream target genes. Promoter activities of ANAC032 and ANAC083 through histochemical GUS staining again suggested that various abiotic stresses strongly drive both ANACs expressions. Our data suggest that ANAC032 and ANAC083 would be valuable genetic candidates for breeding multi-abiotic stress-tolerant forage crops via the genetic modification of a single gene.

Over the past 40 years, Korea's defense industry has been deepening into a low-efficiency industrial structure as the government directly controls prices, quantities, and costs. By implementing the Defense Industry Building Act in 2021, the government is creating a healthy ecosystem for the defense industry and strengthening its global competitiveness. In this study, based on KPC's Productivity Management System (PMS), a diagnostic model of defense companies implemented since 2013, the on-site diagnosis was performed from 4 to 28 days depending on the size of the company data was collected based on the results. The causal relationship was analyzed through structural equation model path analysis for the effect of innovation capability on productivity performance. As a result, it suggests that defense materials suppliers should focus on which core processes to innovate and strengthen and improve their innovation capabilities.

Korea's defense industry has been fostered as a protection industry in which the government directly controls prices, quantities, and costs for the past 40 years, and it is deepening into a low-efficiency industrial structure. By implementing the Defense Industry Building Act in 2021, the government is creating a healthy ecosystem for the defense industry and strengthening its global competitiveness. In this study, based on KPC's Productivity Management System (PMS), a diagnostic model of defense companies that has been implemented since 2013, on-site diagnosis was performed from 4 to 28 days depending on the size of the company, and data was collected based on the results. For the effect of innovation capability on productivity performance, the causal relationship was analyzed through structural equation model path analysis. As a result, it suggests that defense materials suppliers should focus on which core processes to innovate and strengthen and improve their innovation capabilities.

In this paper, following the recent development of optical transmission device equipped with Post-Quantum Cryptography, it proposes to improve the level of defense security system by applying USB security token with Q-PUF USB technology. Although trends of quantum computer development are currently in progress, quantum computer, which have been developed so far, have exceeded the computational capabilities of existing supercomputers. This allows us to easily decode the public certificates and encryption keys. Although the frequency of using public certificates is decreasing due to the abolition of public certificates in May 2020, Republic of Korea Army still uses public certificates for various defense authentication systems. This reality calls for a stronger security systems. Meanwhile, korean technology companies have developed a portable USB security token that can increase security against the use of the quantum computer, and the author suggests the application of it at the defense environment. This report suggests the application of the defense and its expected effectiveness.

본 연구에서는 기 선발한 Enterobacter asburiae ObRS-5 균주를 1×108 cfu mL-1 농도로 고추에 관주 처리했을 때 Phytophthora capsici에 의한 고추역병을 74.6% 방제하는 효과가 있었다. E. asburiae ObRS-5 균주에 의한 고추역병 방제 메커니즘을 확인하기 위해 고추의 PR1, PR4 및 PR10 유전자를 특이적으로 증폭하는 프라이머를 이용하여 quantitative PCR을 수행하였다. 그 결과 E. asburiae ObRS- 5 균주를 처리한 고추에서 대조구와 비교하여 상기 세 가지 유전자의 발현이 모두 높은 수준을 유지하였다. 또한 E. asburiae ObRS-5 균주는 고추의 생육을 억제하지 않으면서 ISR 반응을 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통하여 P. capsici이 침입할 때 E. asburiae ObRS-5 균주가 매개 하는 ISR 메커니즘을 통해 Phytophthora 역병의 제어가 가능한 것으로 사료된다.

조선은 19세기 60년대부터 외세의 위협을 받기 시작하였고 프랑스와 병인양요, 미국과 신미양요가 발생하였다. 또 1876년 일본과 강화도조약을 체결하면서 문호를 개방하였다. 일본은 제일 먼저 울릉도·독도에 대한 야심을 드러내기 시작하였고, 울릉도에 일본인을 보내 벌목사업을 진행하였으며 해산물을 채취하였다. 이것은 1881년 울릉도 수토에서 보고되었다. 수토사들이 울릉도를 순찰할 때 일본인들이 나무를 베어 원산과 부산으로 옮기려 하였고 이 사실을 들은 고종은 이규원을 울릉도관찰사로 파견하여 울릉도를 자세히 조사할 것을 명하였다. 이규원은 울릉도 상황과 ｢울릉도내도｣, ｢울릉도외도｣지도를 그려 바쳤다. 이후 조선은 울릉도에 주민을 이주시키고, 도장(島長)을 두어 울릉도를 관리하였고, 군을 설치해 지방관제에 편입하고 관할 구역을 울릉도 전체와 독도를 포함하였다. 이러한 정책은 고종의 관방정책으로 볼 수 있다. 흥선대원군이 물러나고 고종이 집권하면서 1870년대 초부터 국경 방어에 관심을 갖고 대책을 강구하였으며 관방의 중요성을 인식하였다. 국경지역인 동래, 의주, 황해지역 방어와 이양선의 출몰 등에 대비하여 조치를 강구하였다. 또한 고종의 울릉도 관방정책은 전국 관방정책의 일환으로 울릉도를 개척하고자 하는 그의 영토수호의지를 살펴볼 수 있다. 울릉도는 버려진 섬이 아니라 비웠던 섬이고, 주민을 이주하여 단계적으로 울릉도를 개척하였고, 군청을 설치하는 등 고종의 정책변화를 살펴볼 수 있다.

The most important role of air defense system is to attack the air target of enemy to defend the important military unit or facilities. In order to attack the target as soon as it is detected, fast and precise fire signal transfer using the fire control stick is very important. However, it was found that firing is not conducted in the test for fire control stick. In order to find the reason of such problem and improve life cycle of fire control stick, the test was conducted and it was found that chattering occurred and this led to malfunction of signal transfer from control stick to fire control unit of air defense system. In order to draw resolution for this problem, two contact plate made of beryllium copper is suggested to add to the control stick to enhance the contact and reduce chattering effect. The four fire switch prototypes were tested for 100,000 times and it showed its reliability of use.

In case vehicle system has low travel distance and short duration of engine operation, this can be relatively susceptible to engine scuffing related problem. Users also experience inconvenience in system maintenance that they have to manually start engine periodically in cold night during winter. In order to solve such problems and improve system's life cycle, the automatic engine start system is developed. In order to develop the automatic engine start sytem for air defense system BIHO, two types of engine start sytem and the engine sub system are studied and four steps to start and control the automatic engine start system is suggested. The prototype of automatic engine start system was tested for the single assembly and vehicle-installed test and all requirement of the system was madeto prove its possible application.

Air Defense System requires fast movement of the turret to detect and attack the flying target of enemy. In order for the air defense system to operate accurately and properly, it is necessary to optimize the design of the motor brake system. The air defense system that is not designed properly has possibility of low performance of the gun turret and environment of operators. The previous air defense system had such flaw in its design and it caused much noise and current in the operation of the turret. In order to resolve this flaw, we changed the position and design of the components of the motor brake system to reduce load and achieved the 62.5% reduced current and 40% reduced noise of the motor brake system compared to the previous design.

Here, we investigated antioxidant defense mechanism in the spermatheca of A. mellifera queens via RNA-seq analysis of spermathecae in both mated and virgin queens. We identified the genes encoding antioxidant proteins, which were differentially expressed in the spermatheca of mated queens. The concentrations of antioxidant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GTPX), and transferrin (Tf) together with the levels of ROS, H2O2, and iron were higher in the spermathecal fluid of mated queens as opposed to those in the spermathecal fluid of virgin queens; this indicated that increase in antioxidant protein concentration is an antioxidant defense mechanism occurring in the spermathecal fluid of mated queens against ROS; this mechanism involves conversion of ROS using antioxidant enzymes and Tf-mediated inhibition of the Fenton reaction occurring between Fe2+ and H2O2. Our data indicate that an increased expression of antioxidant proteins could facilitate prolonged storage and survival of sperms in the spermatheca of mated queens, suggesting the role of antioxidant proteins in antioxidative defense against ROS.

South Korea has over 0.38 million of managed honey bee (Apis cerana) colonies before 2009 years ago, which produce the highest quantity of honey in the Korea; however, almost colony (90%) were collapsed by Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) in South Korea. Korean Sacbrood Virus (KSBV) is the pathogen of A. cerana Sacbrood disease, which poses a serious threat to honeybee A. cerana, and tends to cause bee colony and even the whole apiary collapse. Colony collapse of A. cerana was first reported on the Pyeong-Chang of the South Korea in 2009. Several scientists and governments has been tried research for cure the sacbrood disease in A. cerana colony by medicines and management techniques. Unfortunately, The sacbrood disease dosen’t improve. So, we were developed a better breed of A. cerana for resistance of sacbrood virus by selection and then artificial insemination. A. cerana breeding technique was first successful applied with A. cerana in Korean. Queens was grafted from sacbrood resistance line and then it was growing in sacbrood disease colony that was survived 100%. Altogether selected 18 queens were artificially inseminated and 2,000 drones of A. cerana in Korea was used to evaluate amount of semen collection. We are select two scabrood resistance A. cerana line (R and H). R line be used for rearing the Queen. Drone was reared in H line colony. The RH hybrid were not infected sacbrood virus even spread sacbrood virus (2×106). RH colonies have very excellent hygienic behavior, brood, and sacbrood disease resistance activity.