이 논문은 대기오염 개선에 따른 부수적 가치를 분석하기 위하여 가상가치평가법을 이용하였으며, 지 불의사 유도방법으로는 이중 양분선택법을 적용하였다. 온실가스의 감축, 특히 이산화탄소 감축은 화석 연료의 사용감소를 통해 대기오염물질의 감소라는 부수적 효과를 갖는다. 주요 분석결과를 정리하면 다 음과 같다. 첫째, 대기오염 개선에 따른 부수적 가치는 연간 329,236원으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 지불의사 금액의 가치 추정에 있어 사회․경제적 특성변수와 환경에 대한 인식을 포함한 분석모형의 적합성이 다소 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 제시금액뿐만 아니라 사회․경제적 특성변수들을 포함한 분석모형을 적용하고 이를 통한 지불의사금액의 가치가 보다 타당할 것으로 판단된다.

Government and company are unfolding greenhouse gas reduction activity to prevent the effects of global warming. Also, verification business through greenhouse gas inventory construction is spreaded variously. Greenhouse gas verification proceeds by document examination, risk analysis, field survey. Document investigates emission information, calculation standard, emission report, data management system. And through risk assessment result, establish field verification plan. Through study on risk assessment of greenhouse gas inventory verification, wish to reduce risk of verification.

To achieve energy efficiency improvement is used to lower temperature for emission gas at catalyst inlet, or to reduce/stop using steam to reheat emission gas. Saved energy from this process can be used as power source in order to increase generation efficiency. Dry emission gas treatment, on the other hand, is the technology to increase generation efficiency by using highly efficient desalination materials including highly-responsive slaked lime and sodium type chemicals in order to comply with air pollution standards and reduce used steam volume for reheating emission gas. If dry emission gas is available, reheating is possible only with the temperature of 45℃ in order to expect generation efficiency by reducing steam volume for reheating. Retention energy of emission gas from combustion is calculated by emission gas multiplied by specific heat and temperature. In order to obtain more heat recovery from combustion emission gas, it is necessary to reduce not only exothermic loss from boiler facilities but emission calorie of emission gas coming out of boiler facilities. In order to reduce emission calorie of emission gas, it is efficient to realize temperature lowering for the emission gas temperature from the exit of heat recovery facility and reduce emission gas volume. When applying low temperature catalysts, the energy saving features from 0.03% to 2.52% (average 1.28%). When increasing the excess air ratio to 2.0, generation efficiency decreases by 0.41%. When the inlet temperature of the catalyst bed was changed from 210℃ to 180℃, greenhouse gas reduction results were 47.4, 94.8, 118.5, 142.2 thousand tons-CO2/y, CH4 was calculated to be 550.0, 1100.1, 1375.1, 1650.1 kg-CH4/y, and N2O was 275.0, 550.0, 687.6, 825.1 kg-N2O/y. In the case of high efficiency dry flue gas treatment, reduction of greenhouse gases by the change of temperature 120~160℃ and exhaust gas 5,000 ~ 6,500 ㎥/ton is possible with a minimum of 355,461 ton/y of CO2 and minimum 4,125 tons of CH4/y to a maximum of 6,325 ton/y and N2O to a minimum of 2,045 kg/y to a maximum of 3,135 kg/y.

유엔기후변화협약(UNFCC)은 온실가스 배출통계의 중요성을 강조함에 따라 모든 당사국들은 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 산정 보고서를 제출할 의무를 명시하고 있다. 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 분야에는 폐기물 분야도 포함되어 있으며, 특히 메탄배출량의 상당량을 차지하는 폐기물매립지에 대한 온실가스 배출량 산정은 매우 중요시되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국내 폐기물매립지는 아직까지 GPG(Good practice guidance) 2000에 기반하여 온실가스 배출량을 산정하고 있어 2006 IPCC 가이드라인을 기준으로 매립지 온실가스 배출량을 산정하고 있는 미국과 EU 국가 등과 비교하여 배출량 산정의 정확도가 낮은 문제점을 나타내고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 GPG 2000과 2006 IPCC 가이드라인(Tier 1, 2)을 기반으로 국내 폐기물매립지의 온실가스 배출량을 산정 및 비교함으로써 폐기물매립지 온실가스 배출량 산정방법의 문제점 및 개선방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 각 방법별 폐기물매립지의 국가 온실가스 배출량 산정 결과, 2015년 기준으로 2006 IPCC Tier 1의 배출량은 10,885 Gg CO2eq,로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 다음으로 2006 IPCC Tier 2(9,443 Gg CO2eq,), GPG 2000(7,727Gg CO2eq)순으로 나타났다. GPG 2000과 2006 IPCC 가이드라인 모두 FOD 모델을 기반으로 하고 있기 때문에 연도별 배출량 증감은 비슷하였으나 GPG 2000은 매립폐기물 전부를 하나의 단일 성상으로 가정한 반면 2006 IPCC에서는 폐기물 성상별로 배출계수를 적용하도록 하고 있어 배출량의 차이가 발생하였다. 다만 2006 IPCC에서는 국가 배출계수의 적용을 권고하고 있어 향후 이에 대한 지속적 개발 및 검증이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

In this research, we present a new methodology to indirectly assess the concentration levels of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total nitrogen (T-N) of dewatered cake by evaluating the amounts of the volatile solids (VS) and total solids (TS). Information regarding the BOD and T-N concentrations of dewatered cake could then be used to estimate the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions caused by sewage treatment. To this end, regression equations were derived by considering the relationship between the product of two solid terms: (TS × VS) and BOD/T-N levels of digested sludge. The optimal regression equations for BOD and T-N were computed as y = 152425x (R2= 0.969, p < 0.05) and y = 128378x (R2= 0.970, p < 0.05), respectively. For the purposes of verification, the applicability of the regression equations was tested using the data for other periods not considered in the regression analysis. Accordingly, the differences between the measured and estimated concentration data (derived using the regression equations) were within the standard deviation of the measured concentrations. However, the concentrations estimated by regression equations were quite different from those obtained by conventional methods. Nonetheless, such differences did not significantly change GHG emissions, thus we conclude that the plant specific regression equations can be derived from the methods presented in this study, although more efforts are needed for its validation in various respects.

IPCC Guidelines have been updated after the first official announcement to get more precise estimation of GHG emissions. The goal of this study is to evaluate the implications of the IPCC Guidelines improvements including equations of country-specific parameter values for estimating GHG emissions for rice cultivation on the agricultural sector. In addition, we analyze the effects of emission factors associated with organic amendment applications. The results of this study are as follows; (1) the total GHG emissions of rice cultivation based on 1996 IPCC GL are 28% lower than those estimated by 2006 IPCC GL with the same year data; (2) GHGs can be reduced up to 60% through the assumption of organic fertilizer applications; (3) Jeonnam and Chungnam are the worst regions for GHG emissions on rice cultivation and Chungbuk shows the highest reduction rate of GHG emissions, about 40%.

The study focuses on 32 environmental facilities in Incheon Metropolitan City, South Korea, categorizes them by sector: sewage treatment, wastewater treatment, incineration, landfill, water purification, and water supply. Their GHG reduction results are analyzed through quantitative and qualitative measures for 2012 to 2015. The study surveys and examines GHG reductions of the environmental facilities for two categories - facility operation and management. The findings are as follows: First, the GHG reduction rate, an emission-to-allocation ratio, from 2012 to 2015 is 89.67%. Second, GHG reductions coming from qualitative measures of facility management are even greater than those from quantitative measures of facility operation. Third, GHG reductions through facility operation are mostly attributable to overhauls, less use of facilities, resources recycling, process improvement rather than the betterment of fuels, facilities and energy efficiency. Fourth, higher reduction can be achieved by effective facility management, qualitative measures.

제21차 파리 기후변화협약 당사국총회(COP21)에서 신기후변화체제인 파리협정이 채택되었으며, 파리협정은 각 국가가 국가별 기여방안(INDC)을 스스로 정하여 매 5년마다 상향된 감축 목표를 제출하도록 하고 있다. 우리나라는 2030년 총 국가 배출량 전망치(BAU) 대비 37%를 감축하겠다는 내용의 국가별 기여방안을 UN에 제출하였다. 이러한 국제 및 국내 환경은 온실가스 배출 및 감축량 산정의 중요성을 부각시키며, 국내의 다수의 기업들은 온실가스 배출의 감축을 위하여 부산물, 폐수, 에너지 등을 교환하는 산업공생을 진행하고 있다. 산업공생은 공급기업, 수요기업 등의 다수의 이해당사자가 관련되어 있으므로, 산업공생으로 발생하는 온실가스 감축 크레딧의 할당이 중요하다. 현재 우리나라의 경우 온실가스 감축 크레딧을 기업의 경계를 기준으로 부여 및 할당하고 있으며, 이와 같은 방법은 전체적인 온실가스의 발생량은 저감시킬 수 있으나, 산업공생에 기여한 일부 이해당사자의 온실가스 배출량을 오히려 증가시킬 수 있는 문제점이 발생한다. 이러한 결과는 산업공생을 추진하는데 있어 커다란 장애요인으로 온실가스 감축노력을 활성화시키기 위해 산업공생 활동이 활발히 일어나도록 온실가스 감축 크레딧의 할당에 대한 제도개선이 필요하다. 산업공생에 의하여 발생하는 온실가스 감축 크레딧은 산업공생과 관련된 이해당사자들의 노력에 의한 결과이므로 총량범위 내에서 상호협의하여 할당하는 유연성을 가지도록 제도개선이 필요하다고 판단된다. 한편, 본 연구에서는 울산광역시에서 현재 이루어지고 있는 실제 산업공생사례를 대상으로 연구를 수행하였다.

This study aims to analyze region-specific trends in changing greenhouse gas emissions in incineration plants of local government where waste heat generated during incineration are reused for the recent five years (2009 to 2013). The greenhouse gas generated from the incineration plants is largely CO2 with a small amount of CH4 and N2O. Most of the incineration plants operated by local government produce steam with waste heat generated from incineration to produce electricity or reuse it for hot water/heating and resident convenience. And steam in some industrial complexes is supplied to companies who require it for obtaining resources for local government or incineration plants. All incineration plants, research targets of this study, are using LNG or diesel fuel as auxiliary fuel for incinerating wastes and some of the facilities are using LFG(Landfill Gas). The calculation of greenhouse gas generated during waste incineration was according to the Local Government's Greenhouse Emissions Calculation Guideline. As a result of calculation, the total amount of greenhouse gas released from all incineration plants for five years was about 3,174,000 tCO2eq. To look at it by year, the biggest amount was about 877,000 tCO2eq in 2013. To look at it by region, Gyeonggido showed the biggest amount (about 163,000 tCO2eq annually) and the greenhouse gas emissions per capita was the highest in Ulsan Metropolitan City(about 154 kCO2eq annually). As a result of greenhouse gas emissions calculation, some incineration plants showed more emissions by heat recovery than by incineration, which rather reduced the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions. For more accurate calculation of greenhouse gas emissions in the future, input data management system needs to be improved.

The relationship between urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions was investigated by statistically analyzing those from 25 administrative districts of Seoul. Urban spatial structures, of which data were obtained from Seoul statistics yearbook, were classified into five categories of city development, residence, environment, traffic and economy. They were further classified into 10 components of local area, population, number of households, residential area, forest area, park area, registered vehicles, road area, number of businesses and total local taxes. GHG-AP integrated emissions were estimated based on IPCC(intergovernmental panel on climate change) 2006 guidelines, guideline for government greenhouse inventories, EPA AP-42(compilation of air pollutant emission factors) and preliminary studies. The result of statistical analysis indicated that GHG-AP integrated emissions were significantly correlated with urban spatial structures. The correlation analysis results showed that registered vehicles for GHG (r=0.803, p<0.01), forest area for AP (r=0.996, p<0.01), and park area for AP (r=0.889, p<0.01) were highly significant. From the factor analysis, three groups such as city and traffic categories, economy category and environment category were identified to be the governing factors controlling GHG-AP emissions. The multiple regression analysis also represented that the most influencing factors on GHG-AP emissions were categories of traffic and environment. 25 administrative districts of Seoul were clustered into six groups, of which each has similar characteristics of urban spatial structures and GHG-AP integrated emissions.

The university is one of the main energy consumption facilities and thereby releases a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG). Accordingly, efforts for reducing energy consumption and GHG have been established in many local as well as international universities. However, it has been limited to energy consumption and GHG, and has not included air pollution (AP). Therefore, we estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions from the energy consumed by Seoul National University of Science and Technology during the years between 2010 and 2012. In addition, the effect of alternative energy use scenario was analysed. We estimated GHG using IPCC guideline and Guidelines for Local Government Greenhouse Inventories, and AP using APEMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook 2013 and Air Pollutants Calculation Manual. The estimated annual average GHG emission was 11,420 tonCO2eq, of which 27% was direct emissions from fuel combustion sectors, including stationary and mobile source, and the remaining 73% was indirect emissions from purchased electricity and purchased water supply. The estimated annual average AP emission was 7,757 kgAP, of which the total amount was from direct emissions only. The annual GHG emissions from city gas and purchased electricity usage per unit area (m2) of the university buildings were estimated as 15.4 kgCO2eq/m2 and 42.4 tonCO2eq/m2 and those per person enrolled in the university were 210 kgCO2eq/capita and 577 kgCO2eq/capita. Alternative energy use scenarios revealed that the use of all alternative energy sources including solar energy, electric car and rain water reuse applicable to the university could reduce as much as 9.4% of the annual GHG and 34% of AP integrated emissions, saving approximately 400 million won per year, corresponding to 14% of the university energy budget.

Quality of GHG emission from solid waste disposal depends on level of activity data. Activity data of solid wastedisposal is mass of waste disposal and waste composition. Waste composition is one of the main factors influencingemissions from solid waste disposal. According to GHG target management in Korea, uncertainty of activity datadetermined by level of tier. We suggest minimum sample number for analysis of waste composition. In result, we suggestto revise the guideline for GHG target management that minimum sample number for analysis of waste compositionmust be over 73 times during 3 years for total uncertainty of waste composition must be less than or equal to 7.5%(Tier 1 level).

UNFCCC was adopted in 1992 in order to prevent global warming. However, as a lack of concrete reduction goal and implementation plan, UNFCCC could not have effectiveness. In 1997, Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC was adopted and UNFCCC regime started practically binding on the parties. Global warming takes the leading role in changing marine environment such as the rising of water level and sea water temperature. Also, Ocean plays the vital role in storing carbon to prevent global warming. Meanwhile ships which get the propulsion generated by consuming the fossil fuel are identified as GHG source and the discussions regarding the control of GHG emitted from ships are still in progress in IMO. IMO instrument has some legal conflicts with UNFCCC in principle. Therefore, this paper reviews the present UNFCCC regime and UNCLOS. Also, it surveys activities of IMO and analyze the Amendment to MARPOL73/78 Annex VI which entered into force on January 1, 2013. Finally, conclusions suggest the improvements in order to ensure effectiveness the new Amendment to MARPOL73/78 practically.

교토의정서에서 국제항해 선박의 온실가스 배출규제문제를 IMO에 위임하여 현재 IMO MEPC에서 논의중에 있다. 유엔해양법협약에 따라 모든 국가들은 해양환경보호를 위한 동등한 의무와 책임을 부담하여야 하며, 항만국은 입항하는 외국적 선박을 비차별적 원칙에 따라 통제하도록 하고 있다. 그러나 교토의정서의 기본협약인 기후변화협약은 온실가스 배출의 역사적 책임을 일부 선진국에 부과하는 차별적 공동책임을 기본원칙으로 내세우고 있기 때문에 IMO가 마련하고 있는 선박기인 온실가스 배출규제의 동등한 의무와 책임 원칙과 상반되는 양상을 보이고 있다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 기후변화협약의 발전과정과 기본원칙을 살펴보고 IMO의 선박기인 온실가스 배출규제 최근동향을 통하여 유엔해양법협약과 IMO의 규제에 있어 국제법상 제기될 수 있는 문제점을 검토하여 선박기인 온실가스 규제를 유엔해양법협약과 IMO 협약의 원칙에 따라 현실적으로 구현할 수 있는 이론적 기초와 함께 이행수단을 제공하고자 한다.