With the stabilization of Korea’s industrialization, it has become interested in the efficient use of rare metals, climate change and industrial environment and safety etc. It is thus making efforts to implement economic policies that address such issues. Therefore it is necessary to understand the demand, supply and use of metal materials. Since 2010, the Korean government has developed the integrated material flow methodology and has been trying to examine the demand, supply and use of metal materials. In 2013, the Korean government surveyed the material flow of chromium. Material flow analysis and environment emission of chromium were investigated 8 steps; (1) raw material, (2) first process, (3) Intermediate product, (4) End product, (5) Use/accumulation, (6) Collection, (7) Recycling, (8) Disposal. Chromium was used for stainless steel, alloy steel, coated sheets, refractory material and coating materials. Recycling was done mainly in use of stainless steel scrap. To ensure efficient use of chromium, process improvement is required to reduce the scrap in the intermediate product stage. In the process of producing of the products using chromium, it was confirmed that chromium was exposed to the environment. It requires more attention and protection against environment emission of chromium.

CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) analysis was carried out to analysis the air flow characteristics of vertical axis wind turbine system with accelerating device. Geometric arc angle of the accelerating device affects the air flow characteristics in the turbine with the effect of Coanda generated from the curved surface. Air velocity distributions with the device angle variation are compared. Flow velocity increases with the device length, and the accelerating device plays a key role in decreasing the air velocity in the wake flow region. Maximum air velocity variation becomes reduced with the accelerating device, and it is largely affected by the arc angle. These results are expected to be utilized in various ways to determine the shape of accelerating device for wind power generation system.

This research is to investigate the performance analysis of micro gas turbine for power generation with three different numbers of the nozzle vane in the micro gas turbine. Velocity, pressure. and temperature distributions of fluid over the flow domain of the turbine and turbulent kinetic energy of three different turbine blades are numerically calculated for the optimum design of turbine blade with two different rotational speeds of the turbine blade (10000 and 20000 RPM). Ultimately, the energy-efficient and maximum power-generated shape of the nozzle vane are determined through two different rotational speeds of the turbine with three shapes of the nozzle vane (6, 8, and 12 EA).

The purpose of this study is to identify the flow resistance of the bottom pair trawl nets. The bottom pair trawl nets being used in fishing vessel (100G/T, 550ps) was selected as a full-scale net, and 1/10, 1/25 and 1/50 of the model nets were made. Converted into the full-scale net by Tauti’s modeling rule and Kim’s modeling rule, when resistance coefficient k of each net was calculated by substituting into above equation for flow resistance R and wall area of nets S values of each net v. Because resistant coefficient k decreases exponentially according as flow velocity v increases to make k cv-m, c and m values of each net were compared. As a result, as the model was smaller, c and m values was smaller in the two rule into standard of 1/10 model value, decrease degree of 1/25 model was almost same in the two rule, decrease degree of 1/50 model was very big in Tauti’s modeling rule. Therefore, in the result of experiment, because average of c and m values for similarly 1/10 and 1/25 model were given c=4.9 (kgf․s2/m4) and m=0.45, R (kgf) of bottom pair trawl net could show R =4.9Sv1.55 using these values. As in the order of cod-end, wing and bag part for 1/25 and 1/50 model net were removed in turn, measured flow resistance of each, converted into the full-scale, total resistance of the net and the resistance of each part net were calculated. The resistance ratio of each part for total net was not same in 1/25 and 1/50 model each other, but average of two nets was perfectly same area ratio of each part as the wing, bag and cod-end part was 43%, 45% and 12%. However, the resistance of each part divided area of the part, calculated the resistance of per unit area, wing and bag part were not big difference each other, while the resistance of cod-end part was very large.

The symbiotic star V1016 Cygni, a detached binary system consisting of a hot white dwarf and a mass-losing Mira variable, shows very broad emission features at around 6825 °A and 7082 °A, which are Raman scattered Ovi  1032, 1038 by atomic hydrogen. In the high resolution spectrum of V1016 Cyg obtained with the Bohyunsan Optical Echelle Spectrograph these broad features exhibit double peak profiles with the red peak stronger than the blue counterpart. However, their profiles differ in such a way that the blue peak of the 7082 feature is relatively weaker than the 6825 counterpart when the two Raman features are normalized to exhibit an equal red peak strength in the Doppler factor space. Assuming that an accretion flow around the white dwarf is responsible for the double peak profiles, we attribute this disparity in the profiles to the local variation of the flux ratio of Ovi  1032, 1038 in the accretion flow. A Monte Carlo technique is adopted to provide emissivity maps showing the local emissivity of Ovi 1032 and Ovi 1038 in the vicinity of the white dwarf. We also present a map indicating the differing flux ratios of Ovi  1032 and 1038. Our result shows that the flux ratio reaches its maximum of 2 in the emission region responsible for the central trough of the Raman feature and that the flux ratio in the inner red emission region is almost 1. The blue emission region and the outer red emission region exhibit an intermediate ratio around 1.5. We conclude that the disparity in the profiles of the two Raman Ovi features strongly implies accretion flow around the white dwarf, which is azimuthally asymmetric.

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/polycarbonate (PC) nanocomposite was prepared by direct melt mixing to investigate the effect of the shear rate on the surface resistivity of the nanocomposites. In this study, an experiment was carried out to observe the shear induced orientation of the MWCNT in the polymer matrix using a very simple melt flow indexer with various loads. The compression-molded, should be eliminated. MWCNT/PC nanocomposite sample exhibited lower percolation thresholds (at 0.8 vol%) and higher electrical conductivity values than those of samples extruded by capillary and injection molding. Shear induced orientation of MWCNT was observed via scanning electron microscopy, in the direction of flow in a PC matrix during the extrusion process. The surface resistivity rose with increasing shear rate, because of the breakdown of the network junctions between MWCNTs. For real applications such as injection molding and the extrusion process, the amount of the MWCNT in the composite should be carefully selected to adjust the electrical conductivity.

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics code is developed for predicting nonequilibrium flowfields over Mars entry probes. The numerical scheme is based on the cell-vertex finite volume method for a prismatic unstructured mesh system. Internal energy excitations and chemical reactions with finite rates are considered by introducing the two-temperature model of Park. Eight chemical species, C, N, O, CO, N2, NO, O2, and CO2, and nine chemical reactions are considered in the calculations. The developed code is verified in terms of prediction of heat flux to the body surface near the stagnation point of a Mars entry probe flying with the velocity of 6 km/s. The calculated heat flux reasonably agree with the calculated result in the past studies.

The study on ice thermal storage system is to improve total system performance in actual air-conditioning facilities. This paper deals with experimental research to observe the characteristics of heat flow and the effect of ice thermal storage in case of three sizes of ice ball, which are included identification of ice thermal extraction. Diameters of three ice ball was 103mm, 96mm, and 76mm is equivalent to 0.45, 0.50 and 0.55 in porosity respectively. Also inlet geometric parameters are the perforator and distributor. Flow rate of brine were 2LPM, 4LPM and 6LPM and the temperature difference in dynamic parameter are 8℃, 10℃ and 12℃. Flow rate of brine used the liter per minute(LPM) for liquid measurement applications. The effect of brine flow rate on efficiency increased as the temperature difference and porosity increased. An adaption of a long-term storage in case of smaller porosity(ɛ=0.45) was available through experiments of outlet temperature responses.

This research is to numerically investigate the flow analysis of thermopneumatic micropump with three different thicknesses of PDMS membrane in micropump owing to the thermal expansion with uniform heat flux in the PDMS membrane. Velocity, temperature distributions and flow rates over the flow domain with different membrane thicknesses in the micropump are numerically calculated for the performance evaluation of pressure increase in micropump with uniform inlet velocity and temperature. According to the calculations of local maximum velocity at outlet, higher thickness of PDMS membrane(500μm) give larger local velocity in the micropump and maximum local velocity occurred at the center of the micropump with respect to the axial direction.

This research is to investigate the flow characteristics of micropump with two different types of diffuser outlet in micropump (straight and round). Four different outlet diameters(1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm at straight type of diffuser outlet and single outlet diameter(1mm) at round type are utilized for the flow analysis of the diffuser in micropump. Velocity and pressure distributions of fluid over the flow domain are numerically calculated for the shape optimum design of diffuser in micropump with uniform inlet velocity and pressure. According to the calculations of local maximum pressure at diffuser outlet, straight type of diffuser with larger diameter of diffuser outlet is of highest flow energy performance of the flow channel shapes in the present micropump.

현대사회는 기후변화, 지구 온난화, 생물다양성 감소 등 의 환경문제를 해결하기 위한 일환으로 저탄소사회의 구현 을 지향하고 있으며, 이를 실현시킬 수 있는 저탄소도시가 새로운 패러다임으로 등장하게 되었다(Lee, 2005; Lee, 2012). 저탄소도시는 도시내 탄소 배출량을 감소시키는 것 을 목표로 자원순환, 탄소흡수원 확충, 신재생에너지, 자연 재난예방, 기후계획 등의 다양한 대안을 제시하고 있다 (Koh et al., 2011). 특히 도시내 생태조경공간은 탄소흡수 원으로서의 중요성이 더욱 강조되고 있으며, 이러한 관점에 서 탄소배출을 최소화하여 저탄소사회를 실현가능하게 하 는 요소로 이루어진 저탄소경관의 개념이 등장하게 되었다. 저탄소경관이란 기존 경관의 형성과 관련된 구성자원 중 기후변화, 특히 온실가스인 탄소에 초점을 둔 개념으로 (You et al., 2015), 저탄소경관을 창출하기 위해서는 생태 조경공간 내 시설, 재료, 식재의 탄소흡수와 배출에 대한 복합적인 관계를 시간변화에 따라 동태적으로 파악해야 할 필요가 있다. 옥상습지는 녹지가 부족한 도시에서 탄소를 저감시킬 수 있는 식생, 토양, 습지 등의 요소들로 이루어져 (Lee et al., 2013) 저탄소경관을 창출할 수 있는 공간으로 기대되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 생태조경공간의 탄소흐름 변화에 대한 시뮬레이션 모형을 구축하기 위해, 저탄소경관 구성자원인 시설, 재료, 식재를 활용하여 옥상 습지 내 탄소흐름구조를 모형화하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 탄소의 흐름에 대한 구조와 시뮬레이션 모형의 구축을 위해, 탄소흐름현상에 대한 인과순환적 분석 과 시간의 흐름에 따른 시스템의 동태적인 분석이 가능한시스템 다이내믹스(System Dynamics) 이론을 적용하였다 (Williams and Richard, 2010). 본 연구의 절차는 3단계에 걸쳐 이루어졌으며 시뮬레이션 모형을 구축하기 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. 첫째, 옥상습지의 시설, 재료, 식재에 따른 탄소흐름구조를 파악하고 시뮬레이션 모형에 활용될 식과 데이터를 수집하였다. 둘째, 시뮬레이션 모형에 사용 될 변수 유형을 저량변수(Stock variable), 유량변수(Flow variable), 보조변수(Converter)로 구분하고 수집한 식과 데 이터를 변수의 유형에 맞춰 분류하였다. 셋째, 분류한 변수 를 바탕으로 전체적인 탄소의 흐름을 모형화하였다. 연구의 공간적 범위는 주변의 낮은 녹지율로 인한 생태네트워크의 단절과 지역주민들이 이용 가능한 야외녹지 시설의 부족으 로 인해 2008년 준공된 서울시 강남구청 본관의 옥상습지 로 한정하였다. 강남구청 옥상의 녹지면적(1,477m2)은 전 체 옥상의 면적(1,799.3m2)중 80% 이상의 공간에 조성되었 으며 옥상습지 내부에는 안내판, 파고라, 벤치, 조명등과 같 은 시설과 습지, 데크, 토양, 잔디와 같은 재료로 구성되어 있으며 교목, 관목, 초본류 등 다양한 수목이 식재되어 있어 탄소흐름의 시스템 구조를 파악하기 위한 대상지로서 적합 하다. 연구의 내용적 범위는 옥상습지를 중심으로 하여 일 어나는 탄소의 흐름으로 한정하였다. 먼저 옥상습지의 시설, 재료, 식재에 따라 시뮬레이션 모 형에 활용될 식과 데이터를 수집하여 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 저탄소경관의 구성자원 중 시설에 해당하는 건물에서 탄소를 배출하는 요소는 전력, 수도, 가스 등으로 나타났으 며, 강남구청에서 실제로 구축된 전력, 수도, 가스 사용량에 대한 자료와 2006 IPCC 가이드라인(이하 2006 IPCC G/L) 을 기준으로 사용량과 탄소배출계수를 이용하여 탄소배출 량을 산정하였다(Ahn et al., 2012). 또한 저탄소경관의 구 성자원 중 재료에 해당하는 토양에서 탄소를 흡수하고 저장 하는 요소는 토양 자체로 나타났으며 토양의 탄소저장량도 건물에서의 탄소배출량과 마찬가지로 2006 IPCC G/L에 의거하여 토지이용, 관리체계, 유기물 투입에 대한 계수들 과 각 지목의 면적을 곱하여 산정하였다(Hwang et al., 2014). 마지막으로 강남구청 옥상습지의 식재는 소나무, 황 금측백 등의 상록교목과 산수유, 자작나무, 청단풍, 홍단풍 등의 낙엽교목, 눈향나무, 영산홍, 회양목 등의 상록관목과 등나무, 병꽃나무, 백당나무, 산수국, 조팝나무, 황매화 등의낙엽관목 등으로 구성되어 있었다. 식재의 탄소 흡수와 배 출에 관한 식은 기존 교목과 관목류의 수목들을 토대로 임 목축적을 기초로 하거나 상대성장식을 활용하는 방법, 흉고 직경 또는 근원직경을 이용하여 다양하게 탄소저장량이나 흡수량을 산정하는 방법이 있지만, 본 연구에서는 수목의 흉고직경, 근원직경 및 개체수를 이용하여 수목의 탄소흡수 량과 저장량을 산정하였다(Park, 2009; Hwang and Park, 2011). 이후 탄소흐름의 식과 계수를 추정하여 시뮬레이션 모형을 구축하기 위해 시설, 재료, 식재의 변수들을 저량변 수(Stock variable), 유량변수(Flow variable), 보조변수 (Converter)로 구분하였다. 대기 중의 탄소량과 토양에 저 장되는 탄소량, 그리고 식물이 저장하는 탄소량은 물리적으 로 축적이 계속 이루어지므로 저량변수(Stock variable)로 설정하였으며, 건물에서 배출되는 탄소량과 토양과 식생이 흡수하거나 저장하는 탄소량의 변화는 물리적인 축적이 일 어나게 하는 흐름이므로 유량변수(Flow variable)로 설정하 였다. 마지막으로 이러한 흐름변수를 결정짓는 계수나 상수 등의 값들은 보조변수(Converter)로 설정하였다. 이를 통해 강남구청 옥상습지의 시설, 재료, 식재의 탄소흐름 관계 파 악을 위한 변수들 간의 관계를 통합하여 옥상습지 전체의 탄소흐름을 모형화하였다. 본 연구는 생태조경공간인 강남구청 본관 옥상습지에서 저탄소경관 구성자원인 시설, 재료, 식재의 탄소흐름과 그 변수에 투입될 식 또는 계수를 탐색하여 탄소흐름 시뮬레이 션 모형 구축을 위한 기초연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 옥 상습지 시설의 탄소 배출량에 대한 산정식을 파악하였고 재료에 해당하는 토양의 탄소 흡수량 및 저장량과 옥상습지 식생의 탄소 흡수량과 저장량을 산정하였다. 아울러 시설, 재료, 식재와 같은 단일 구성자원들 간의 관계를 하나의 모 델로 통합하여 시간에 따른 변화 양상에 대한 모형을 구축 하기 위한 기초연구를 진행하였다는데 의의가 있다. 향후, 본 연구에서 구축한 기초모델에 대한 타당성 검토를 통해 탄소의 흐름이나 패턴, 변화가 모델에서 적절하게 구현되었 는지에 대한 검증작업을 수행할 예정이다. 궁극적으로는 옥 상습지의 탄소흐름 모델링을 통해 저탄소경관 창출을 위한 디자인요소를 개발할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

PURPOSES: As a part of our research into repair techniques for roads that have collapsed as a result of a natural disaster, this study set out to find the optimum mix proportion for gravels to be used to restore a damaged area. METHODS: This study considered flow and strength-development characteristics. The experimental variables were the W/C ratio, the usage of the admixture, the types of cement, and the quantity of fine aggregate over three different experimental stages. The compressive strength was measured at 12 hours, one day, three days, and seven days. RESULTS : The flow varied with the amount of fine aggregate and the use of a high-range water-reducing (HRWR) admixture. The compressive strength also varied with respect to the type of cement and the W/C ratios. The strength satisfied the expected requirement of 21 MPa after one day, provided the mix proportion was appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: A gravel-filling high-flow cement-based mortar exhibited strength and consistency with a W/C ratio in the range of 0.40 to 0.45, assuming the use of HRWR at 0.5 to 0.7% and a fine aggregate/cement ratio of 1.0 to 1.5.

In this study, the flow characteristics at the front and the rear side of the diffuser installed in the AHU for Offshore HVAC system were studied. Set up the rectangular prism of which height is H at diffuser inlet duct, the flow control methods were considered using PIV and CFD numerical analysis. Average flow velocity was increased by 37% and the degree of flow uniformity was 96.7% at x/H =1.5.

In this study, flow characteristic of small vertical-axis wind turbine was performed to analysis the numerical analysis. Blade geometry in the wind turbine is NACA 6512-43, and various degrees of the wind turbine accelerator were adopted. Numerical models are used for the analysis with CFD program of Ansys fluent and RNG k-e turbulence model was used. Rotational speed value of the wind turbine in analysis condition were obtained by the experiment. When the wind turbine accelerator is equipped, exit velocity of wind turbine accelerator tended to increases. Also RPM of wind turbine is increase. And maximum RPM appeared that wind turbine accelerator in degree 60° is equipped.

The common octopus, which has a high growth rate and high market price, is a prime candidate for commercial marine aquaculture operations. We evaluated the effectiveness of two types of shelters (pipe and tire types) for juvenile common octopus growing out in flow-through seawater tanks. Growth rates were evaluated in two experiments. The first experiment (Experiment 1) ran for 72 days, and the second (Experiment 2; replicated) ran for 46 days. Each trial included 40 octopuses fed a diet of frozen sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) and swimming crab (Portunustri tuberculatus) at 3–8% of body weight once every 3 days. In the two experiments, the respective specific growth rates were 0.3 and 0.04%/day in pipe-type shelters and 0.00 and 0.88%/day in tire-type shelters, while the respective percentage survivals were 80 and 80% in pipe-type shelters and 70 and 90% in tire-type shelters. Shelter type had little influence on the growth rate (P < 0.05).

개발도상국에 대한 선발국가 기업들의 해외투자는 더 이상 놀랄만한 일이 아니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 투자대상 국인 개발도상국의 낮은 기술혁신역량으로 인해 현지자회사에서의 기술혁신활동은 큰 주목을 받지 못하고 있다. 하지만 기술역량에 대한 기존관점에서 벗어나 개발도상국에 설치된 자회사를 살펴본다면, 이들은 기술혁신활동의 원천으로서 충분한 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 이 점에 주목하여 개발도상국 자회사에서 선발국 모기업으 로의 역진적 지식이전 유형에 관한 명제를 도출하고자 한다. 이와 같은 연구목표는 기존문헌에서 논의했던 기술 혁신활동의 유형구분과 개발도상국 혁신환경을 종합하여 새로운 연구 프레임을 도출한 후, 2차 자료와 특허자료 를 이용해 발굴한 세 가지 개발도상국 자회사 사례를 적용함으로써 달성할 수 있었다. 여기서 도출된 네 가지 명 제는 개발도상국을 저임금 노동시장이 아니라 기술혁신과 글로벌 분업체계를 위한 파트너로 새롭게 평가하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

Impaired respiratory function is common in patients with stroke. The purpose of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of exercises and to assess forced vital capacity and peak cough flow after completion of neck stabilizing and respiratory reeducation exercises (combining diaphragmatic breathing and pursed-lip breathing exercises). The 45 participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group 1 (n1=15), experimental group 2 (n2=15), and a control group (n3=15). All subjects performed conservative physical therapy for 30 minutes. Experimental group 1 undertook the neck stabilizing exercise and the respiratory reeducation exercise. Experimental group 2 undertook the respiratory reeducation exercise. Additional exercise did not exceed 30 minutes, five times a week for six weeks. The subjects were assessed for deep neck flexor thickness and breathing function (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, forced expiratory volume at one second/forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, and manual assisted peak cough flow) at pre-post value. The results of this study were as follows. Experimental group 1 showed a significant increase only in deep neck flexor thickness change rate (p<.05). All groups showed significant increases in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume at one second, and peak expiratory flow in pre-post measurement (p<.05). Experimental groups 1 and 2 showed an increase in manual assisted peak cough flow in pre-post measurement (p<.05). There was no significant difference between experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, but experimental group 1 improved more than experimental group 2 in respiratory function as a whole. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the neck stabilizing exercise in combination with the respiratory reeducation exercise can improve forced vital capacity and peak cough flow in patients with stroke.

본 연구에서는 길이가 다른 장방형 실린더 사이에서 발생하는 제트류가 후류에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 회류수조에서 PIV기법을 사용하여 실험을 실시하였다. 장방형 실린더의 높이(h)와 실린더 사이의 간격(gap)은 10mm이며 폭(B)은 300mm로 하였다. 유동방향의 모델의 길이(L)는 30mm, 60mm, 90mm 및 120mm를 각각 적용하였으며, 모델의 높이(H=30mm)를 기준으로 길이의 비가 1, 2, 3,및 4이다. 유입유동은 조류의 수심에 따른 차이를 감안하여 모델의 높이(H)를 기준으로 Re=1.4×104, Re=2.0×104, Re=2.9×104를 각각 적용하였으며. 유동계측을 위한 영역은 실린더 후방으로 모델 높이의 5배까지 설정하였다. 실험결과 유속이 증가함에 따라 와의 크기가 후류영역으로 증가하며, 근접 후류에서는 장방형 구조물일수록 관통류의 속도성분이 증가하는 특성을 나타냈다. 또한 후류로 갈수록 속도결손은 유입유동이 증가할수록 종횡비가 작은 경우에 크게 나타났다.