The increase in the meat quality and milk production of cows, which breed Korean Native Cow (KNC) and Holstein cow, is not improving reproductive efficiency. In this study, we examined the effect of interferon (IFN) supplementation on motility of frozen-thawed semen and pregnancy rate after artificial insemination of KNC and Holstein cow. In experiment 1, we investigated the effect of IFN-tau concentration (10,000 IU and 20,000 IU) on the percentage of total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) of frozen-thawed spermatozoa. In experiment 2, KNC were infused 20,000 IU IFN-tau at insemination or after insemination. In experiment 3, KNC or Holstein cow were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen and infused 20,000 IU IFN-gamma or -tau after insemination. In experiment 1, the average of TM (23.9% to 30.9%) and PM (18.5% to 21.9%) were similar between control and treatments. In experiment 2, the pregnancy rates of IFN infusing times were not different from 45.8% to 53.6%. In experiment 3, the pregnancy rates of Holstein cow infused different kinds of IFN were similar (control, IFN-gamma, IFN-tau; 42.9%, 40.5%, 48.0%). In the case of KNC, however, the pregnancy rate of control was 55.6%, which was significantly lower than that of IFN-gamma (68.9%; p<0.05). Thus, IFN is effective on the improvement of reproductive efficiency, but further study is needed.

Body condition score (BCS) is a useful management tool for distinguishing differences in nutritional needs of cows in the herd. Although it is not always possible to quantify the nutrient content of the feed supplied to the donor cow, the nutritional status can be determined by the BCS. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vivo embryo production, return to estrous of donor and pregnancy rate of recipients following BCS in Hanwoo superovulation. Sixty nine Hanwoo donor cows were flushed on day 7 of estrus cycle with same FSH and artificial insemination by the same technicians. Embryos were recovered on 7 days after the third insemination by flushing the uterus with Embryo Collection Medium. The results obtained were as follows: No differences were observed in the efficiency of superovulation rates regardless of BCS (≦2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, and ≧3.5). The mean number of total embryos was each 5.20±0.86, 11.56±1.04, and 6.23±1.07. The mean number of transferable embryo from ≦2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, and ≧3.5 of BCS was 2.60±0.87, 7.94±0.89, and 4.75±1.32, respectively (p<0.05). Return to estrous regardless of donor BCS was no difference. The pregnancy rates of recipient were BCS ≦2.0 11.76%, 2.5 to 3.0 40.79%, and ≧3.5 11.11%, following transfer of fresh embryos produced in vivo, respectively. These results indicate that if the Hanwoo with BCS 2.5 to 3.3 are used for donor and recipient, the embryo production and the conception rate will be greater.

We describe the preparation of superparamagnetic nanoclusters (SNCs) by fine-tuning of the seed Fe3O4 nanoparticle sizes to enhance and their T2 relaxivity can be increased by > 4-fold. Therefore, with 11 nm seed core and PVA coating, SNC-11 exhibit a higher T2 relaxivity than other cluster condition. So fabricating the cluster, seed size is the most important influence the T2 relaxivity. As well as, in vitro cellular imaging results demonstrated the strong potential of SNCs for clinical applications by targeting affinity. According to the experiments, with 11 nm seed core and PVA coating, SNC-11 exhibited the highest T2 relaxivity of 454 mM-1s-1 due to the strong seed size effect on their magnetic sensitivity, indicating superior magnetic resonance (MR) contrast efficiency. Further in vitro cellular imaging results demonstrated the strong potential of SNCs for clinical applications.

본 연구는 단면변화를 고려한 수위-단면적 변화 및 평 균 유속-단면적 간의 상관관계를 분석하여 유량 산정 및 하천관리에 활용하고자 하였다. 수위에 따른 단면적 변화 는 SB-A 지점은 1.0 m, 1.9 m, SB-C 지점은 0.6 m, 1.8 m, CL-A 지점은 1.0 m, 1.8 m, OS-A 지점은 0.6 m, 2.0m에서 발생되었다. 이 중 첫 번째 변화는 평∙저수기에 해당되 고, 두 번째 변화는 홍수기 및 하천 좌∙우 안에 인위적 ∙자연적으로 형성된 둔치 등으로 판단된다. 수위-단면적 변화에 따른 관계식의 기울기는 지수형 0.5539~1.9013, 선형 9.040~52.544의 범위를 가진다. 기울기는 두 곡선 모두 고수위로 갈수록 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 평균유 속-단면적 변화의 관계는 지수와 직선의 방정식으로 지 수형 기울기와 상관계수는 각각 0.1182~0.8734, 0.22~ 0.86이며, 선형의 기울기와 상관계수는 0.0028~0.1032, 0.20~0.87로 분석되었다. SB-A, SB-C 지점의 저수위는 다른 수위보다 상관관계가 높게 산정되었는데, 이는 수위 구간이 좁고, 하천 단면적의 변화가 크지 않기 때문으로 판단된다. CL-A, OS-A 지점은 월류보의 영향으로 저수위 일 경우에 상관관계가 낮았다. 수위-단면적, 평균유속-단 면적의 상관관계 및 곡선식 등을 이용하여 하천 정비계 획 등의 수립에 활용할 수 있으며, 제외지의 단면적이 변 하는 지점의 유량 변화 등의 예측에 활용할 수 있을 것 이다.

Several different depreciation systems may be used for group depreciation. The vintage group procedure treats the same type of property placed in service during the same year as a distinct group for depreciation purposes; therefore an estimate of the probable average service life and net salvage ratio(s) of each individual vintage is necessary. The vintage group procedure calculates an accrual rate for each vintage and the accrual rate for an account for specific calendar year is the weighted average vintage accrual rate for that calendar year. A further refinement would be to divide each vintage into groups such that all of the dollars in a group have the same estimated life-an equal life group (ELG). Then each ELG is depreciated over its estimated life. The effect is to recover each dollar over the estimated number of years it is in service. Each vintage is divided into several equal life groups (ELGs) such that all the property in a specific ELG has the same estimated life. The accrual rate for each ELG is based on the estimated life of that ELG. The vintage accrual rate for a specific year is the weighted average ELG accrual rate for that calendar year. In this paper, we illustrate the calculations of vintage accrual rates for each of the calendar years by the ELG depreciation systems.

In real world applications, the response of structures may be dependent on the rate of loading and thus can be affected by transient loading, especially when the rate of loading is significant. In such situations, the rate of loading may become a major issue to understand structures during earthquake excitation or under blast or high velocity impact. In some cases, the rate effect on structures under strong earthquake excitation cannot be ignored when attempting to understand inelastic behavior of structures. M any researchers developed the constitutive theories in cyclic plasticity and viscoplasticity. In this study, numerical simulation by cyclic visocoplasticity models is introduced and analyzed. Finally, the analytical results are compared with experimental results as a means to evaluate and verify the model.

In this study, the transfer rate of wild type Listeria monocytogenes (LM) was investigated to establish the standard of safety management during pork meat processing for meat to meat and meat to food contact surfaces contamination at 5 and 10oC. The transfer rate of LM from meat to meat during the processing increased from 0.02% after 30 min to 0.42% after 120 min at 5oC, while for conveyor belt and stainless steel, it decreased from 0.015% and 0.013% after 30 min to 0.002% and 0.0003% after 120 min at 5oC, respectively (p < 0.05). When temperature increased to 10oC, the transfer rates of LM from meat to meat, conveyor belt and stainless steel were the highest at 60 min exposure, and all decreased after 120 min. In reverse, the transfer rate from food contact surface to pork meat was significantly higher than that from pork meat to food contact surface (p < 0.01). Also, the transfer rate to conveyor belt was significantly higher than stainless steel (p < 0.05) and it was highest at 30 min exposure time in both 5 and 10oC. This study indicates that the transfer and adherence rates of LM are influenced by the contact time and temperature. Consequently, these results were utilized to develop a predictive model with a high level of confidence which can lead to prevent cross-contamination during pork meat processing.

This research was investigated the relationship between the number of the transferable embryos and estrus expression rate, BCS (Body Condition Score), which affect the nutritional state of the cow, in Holstein donor cows. CIDRs were inserted into the vaginas of twenty two head of Holstein cows, regardless of estrous cycle. Superovulation was induced using folliclar stimulating hormone (FSH). For artificial insemination, donor cows were injected with and estrus was checked about 48 hours after the injection. Then they were treated with 4 straws of semen 3 times, with 12-hour intervals. Embryos were collected by a non-surgical method 7 days after the first artificial insemination. When BCS was 2.5, the total number of collected ova was 7.3 + 1.9, which is significantly lower (p<0.05) than the numbers 15.4 + 2.8 and 15.4 + 2.1 that were obtained when BCSs were 2.75 and 3.0, respectively. Whereas the numbers of transferable embryos were 5.2 + 1.4 when BCS was 2.5, which was smaller than the numbers 6.0 + 2.1 and 8.5 + 1.8 that were obtained when BCSs were 2.75 and 3.0, respectively; however, the differences were not significant. As for estrus induction rate, the cow groups whose BCSs were 2.75 and 3.0 showed 100.0% and 95.0%, respectively. Whereas the cow group whose BCS was 2.5 showed 57.1%, and the differences were significant (p< 0.05). As for estrous expression rate, the cow groups whose BCSs were 2.5, 2.75 and 3.0 showed 100.0%, 100.0% and 85.7%, respectively; however, the differences were not significant. According to the result of this research, it is considered that the total number of collected ova and the number of transferable embryos will be affected by the nutritional state before and after in vivo embryo production and superovulation treatment, and that although the mechanism is not clear, poor stockbreeding management and nutritional level would cause the decrease of ovum recovery rate and the number of transferable embryos in high-producing cows. On the other hand, diverse researches on the superovulation treatment method that is suitable for high-producing Holstein donor cows would contribute to preventing ovarian cyclicity disorder, as well as to the early multiplication of cows with superior genes by increasing the utilization value of donor cows.

본 연구에서는 지름이 일정한 하나의 직선 관형 막을 가정하여 그 단위구간의 투과속도에 대한 물질수지를 세웠으며 이것을 기초로 하여 파이프의 정상상태 식과 함께 비선형 연립 2차 미분방정식을 이루었다. 이러한 관형 막의 압력손실을 표현한 연립방정식은 비선형이므로 Gauss-Seidel method와 같은 반복법에 의해서 해결될 수 있다. 이러한 수치해를 나타내기 위해 모사 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 또한 투과수는 운전 조건의 변화에 따라 변하므로 각 조건에서의 연립 방정식의 해를 수치적으로 적분하여 해결하였다. 모사의 결과를 검증, 해석하기 위해서 실제 중공사막과 유사한 관형 막을 사용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 본 연구에서는 중공사막을 유체가 흐를 때 발생하는 압력손실, 유량, 그리고 투과수의 관계를 분석적 방법을 이용해 제시하였고 이러한 이론적 기초를 바탕으로 실제 기공을 가진 막에 적용하여 그 정확성을 실험을 통하여 비교하였다.

최근 선진국은 개발도상국의 REDD+ 활동을 지원하기 위해 매년 200억불을 목표로 기금을 조성하고 있고, 한국 역시 탄소배출권 확보 및 국제협력 활성화를 위하여 적극적으로 REDD+ 사업을 추진중이다. 한국의 REDD+ 협력 대상국을 선정하기 위해 대상 국가 선정 기준을 온실가스 감축잠재력 및 양자 협력 여부로 설정하고, 지구산림자원평가서(FAO, 2010)를 활용하여 REDD+ 협력 대상국으로 고려할 후보 38개 국가를 선정하였다. 온실가스 감축잠재력을 추정하기 위해서 산림이 전체 면적에서 차지하는 비율을 나타내는 산림률과 산림전용의 정도를 나타내는 산림전용률을 산출하였다. 기준치를 정할 때, 산림률은 2000 ~ 2010년간 대상 국가들의 연평균 산림률인 42%를 기준으로 하여 산림률이 높은 국가와 낮은 국가로 구분하였고, 산림전용률은 2000 ~ 2010년간 대상 국가들의 연평균 산림전용률인 0.2%를 기준으로 산림전용률이 높은 국가와 낮은 국가로 구분하였다. 보완적으로 산림청과 양자협력 체결 여부와 한국이 주도적으로 운영하고 있는 국제산림기구인 AFoCO 회원국 가입 여부를 고려하여 한국의 REDD+ 협력 대상국을 선정하였다. 본 선정기준에 따라 인도네시아, 미얀마, 캄보디아, 라오스가 한국의 REDD+ 1차 협력대상국으로, 브라질, 콩고민주공화국, 파푸아 뉴기니가 2차 협력 대상국으로 선정되었다. 결론적으로 REDD+ 협력 국가 대상국을 동남아시아에만 국한하지 않고 온실가스 감축잠재력이 높은 아프리카와 중남미로 확장시킬 것을 제안하는 바이다.

Recently real-estate investment business is standing out as a new plan for creation of source of income. In this paper, we suggested appropriate real-estate investment strategy through the reconstruct case study of existing one-storied building. That is, we showed the efficient process of decision and propel to reconstruct and the key points for lease business and post management after building completion. Also, we analyzed the rate of return of commercial building investment in order to find its optimum dealing time. Therefore the results of this paper are expected to be a help to old ages and persons laying plans for a similar business.

PURPOSES : Two-lane highways have one lane in each direction, and lane changing and passing maneuvers take place in the opposing lane depending on the availability of passing sight distance. 2001 Korea Highway Capacity Manual (KHCM) is classified into two classes of two-lane highways (Type I, II), and average travel speed and time-delayed rate are used as measures of effectiveness (MOEs). However, since existing two-lane highways have both uninterrupted and interrupted traffic flow-system elements, a variety of free-flow speeds exhibits in two-lane highways. In addition, it is necessary to check if the linear-relationship between volumes and time-delayed rate is appropriate. Then, this study is to reestablish the relationship between average travel speed, time-delayed rate, and flow. METHODS : TWOPAS model was selected to conduct this study, and the free-flow speeds of passenger cars and the percentage of following vehicles observed in two-lane highways were applied to the model as the input. The revised relationships were developed from the computer simulation. RESULTS : In the revised average travel speed vs. flow relationship, the free-flow speed of 90km/h and 70km/h were added. It shows that the relationship between time delayed-rate and flow appeared to be appropriate with the log-function form and that there was no difference in time-delayed rate between the free flow speeds. In addition to revise the relationships, the speed prediction model and the time-delayed rate prediction model were also developed. CONCLUSIONS : The revised relationships between average travel speed, time-delayed rate, and flow would be useful in estimating the Level of Service(LOS) of a two-lane highway.

Mushroom is cultivated as one of the major economical crops in many areas in Korea. The total production has steadily increased from approximately 186,400 M/T in 2007 to 190,104 M/T in 2011. This study was carried out to investigated optimum mixing ratio of Korean natural Juglans mandshurica for production of functional oyster mushroom. Mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus showed the highest growth at the media of 20% Juglans mandshurica after culture of 34 days. But mushroom mycelial growth at Juglans mandshurica media was slower than that of the control. Total nitrogen and carbon source of Juglans mandshurica was 0.21% and 46.0%, respectively and C/N ratio was 219. Total nitrogen source and pH of substrates mixed with Juglans mandshurica were 2.8∼2.9 and 5.0, respectively. The contents of P2O5,, CaO, MgO and Na2O were no significant difference. The contents of Fe and Mn were decreased according to increasing of Juglans mandshurica, but the contents of Zn was increased. Yields and valid stipe number of fruiting body was the highest at 10% Juglans mandshurica, and diameter and thick of pileus were no significant difference to increase of Juglans mandshurica addition ratio. The L value of pileus was the highest at the 20% Juglans mandshurica during mushroom harvest, but there was no significant difference in the a-value and the b-value. Chemical contents of fruiting body were no significant difference.

Recently real-estate investment business is standing out as a new plan for creation of source of income. In this paper, we suggested appropriate real-estate investment strategy through the reconstruct case study of existing one-storied building. That is, we showed the efficient process of decision and propel to reconstruct and the key points for lease business and post management after building completion. Also, we analyzed the rate of return of commercial building investment in order to find its optimum dealing time. Therefore the results of this paper are expected to be a help to old ages and persons laying plans for a similar business.

Recently, automobile parts have been required to have high strength and toughness to allow for weight lightening or improved stability. But, traditional micro-alloyed steel cannot be applied in automobile parts. In this study, we considered the influence of quenching temperature and cooling rate for specimens fabricated by vacuum induction furnace. Directly quenched micro-alloyed steel for hot forging can be controlled according to its micro structure and the heat-treatment process. Low carbon steel, as well as alloying elements for improvement of strength and toughness, was used to obtain optimized conditions. After hot forging at 1,200˚C, the ideal mechanical properties (tensile strength ≥ 1,000 MPa, Charpy impact value ≥ 100 J/cm2) can be achieved by using optimized conditions (quenching temperature : 925 to 1,050˚C, cooling rate : ≥ 5˚C/sec). The difference of impact value according to cooling rate can be influenced by the microstructure. A fine lath martensite micro structure is formed at a cooling rate of over 5˚C/sec. On the other hand, the second phase of the M-A constituent microstructure is the cause of crack initiation under the cooling rate of 5˚C/sec.

This study was conducted to investigate the impacts of male incubating behaviour on hatching rate of giant water bug from May 2, 2011 to September 2, 2012 in the laboratory(24.1±0.2℃) in HECRI. The giant water bug, Lethocerus deyrollei, is the largest aquatic insect in Korea (length, Female: 63.5±0.4mm, Male: 54.0±0.3mm). L. deyrollei has been designated as an endangered species by the Ministry of Environment of Korea since 1997. L. deyrollei lay eggs as clusters on stems or vegetation of aquatic plants above the water. Males do not leave the stems which eggs are sticked until eggs hatched because they protect eggs against predators and supply water to eggs. The incubating behavior of male L. deyrollei was observed three times a day, 06:00, 13:00 and 19:00 respectively and 32 egg-clusters were used. Three treatment - presence of male incubation, absence of male incubation, and artificial removing male - were manipulated to observe the hatching rate of egg masses. There were different hatching rates between presence (67.2%) and absence (1.9%) of male incubatng behavior. In case of artificial removing male, eggs could not hatch. The mean diameter of eggs(2.87±0.03mm) which male incubated was bigger than that of eggs(2.18±0.03mm) which male did not care.

An aphid usually stays at one feeding site for a long time for development and reproduction. The green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), feed consistently and regularly throughout all stages of nymphs and adult at one feeding site. In M. persicae, honey dew production, which indicates a state of feeding, occurs at regular intervals within a given stage, and moving, which may be related to escape or dispersal, interrupts feeding, The results of the playback experiments showed that acoustic stimuli with frequencies of 100 and 10000 Hz were effective in inducing feeding repression in M. persicae. That is, HDP occurred less often, and MV occurred more often and longer under acoustic stimuli. In this study, we tested whether the acoustic stimulus effective for inducing feeding suppression decreased reproductive rate in M. persicae. A group of 20 aphids were placed in a host plant and was subject to the acoustic stimulus with two frequency components, 100 and 10000 Hz, for a given time (1, 3, 6, and 12 hours) each day for four days. The result of this experiment showed that the acoustic stimulus did not affect the reproductive rate, regardless of exposure time, in M. persicae.