고상반응법을 이용하여 SrCo0.8Fe0.1Nb0.1O3-δ 조성의 산화물을 합성하였으며, 합성된 분말은 압축 성형 후 1250°C 에서 소결하여 치밀한 세라믹 분리막을 제조하였다. XRD 분석을 통해 단일상의 페롭스카이트 구조를 확인하였다. 산소 분압 이 0.21 atm, 측정 온도가 800~950°C인 조건하에서 산소투과를 분석한 결과 온도가 증가할수록 산소투과량은 증가하였고, 950°C에서 1.839 mL/min⋅cm2로 최대값을 나타내었다. 니오븀(Nb)을 포함한 세라믹 분리막의 상안정성 및 이산화탄소 내성을 확인하기 위하여 900°C에서 이산화탄소가 500 ppm이 포함된 혼합공기를 이용하여 장기투과 실험을 수행하였다. 이산화탄소에 노출된 SrCo0.8Fe0.1Nb0.1O3-δ의 상안정성은 XRD와 TG로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 이산화탄소에 노출된 SrCo0.8Fe0.1Nb0.1O3-δ 조 성의 경우 약 8%의 SrCO3가 생성되었으나, 이 수준의 SrCO3 생성량은 분리막의 산소투과도에 큰 영향을 주지 않는 것을 확 인하였다.

GNPs have several excellent mechanical properties including high strength, a good young’s modulus, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, electronic shielding, etc. In this study, CF/GNP/Epoxy composites were manufactured using GNP weight ratios of 0.15 wt%, 0.3 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 0.7 wt% and 1 wt%. The composites were manufactured with a mechanical method (3-roll-mill). Tensile, impact and wear tests were performed according to ASTM standards D3039, D256 and D3181, respectively. The results show that the CF/GNP0.3wt%/Epoxy composites have good mechanical properties, e.g., tensile strength and impact and wear resistance. In this study, both carbon fabric and GNPs were used as reinforcements in the composites. The mechanical properties increased and weight loss decreased as the GNP content in the resin films was increased.

Hypocreales entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are well-known biological control agents worldwide and have high potential in industrialization. However their thermo-susceptibility limits long-term storage under high temperature conditions and high insecticidal activity after application to target pests. Herein we isolated highly virulent isolates, B. bassiana JEF006 and JEF007 and M. anisopliae JEF003 and 004, and produced in three grains, as substrates for solid cultures, followed by thermotolerance assays to compare the potential of the three substrates. The JEF isolates were exposed to dry and wet heat at 50°C and overall conidia were more stable under dry heat condition rather than wet heat. Of the three grains, Italian millet was superior to the other grains in the production of thermotolerant conidia. Additionally Italian millet did not severely aggregated, which enabled air to penetrate into the substrate well compared to the sorghum and millet. JEF isolates were more thermotolerant when they were kept in oil conditions. The conidia of JEF 007 and 003 wild type and AtMT-based generating random mutants were subjected to SDS-PAGE. A significant relationship between conidial thermotoelrance and detected proteins was observed. This work suggests that Italian millet can be used as an effective substrate to produce more thermotolerant conidia, thus maintaining viability for long times under unfavorable environment and biological activity against target pests.

The small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus Fallen, is an important pest that causes severe yield losses by transmitting plant viruses to rice. For the efficient control of SBPH in Korea, the respective resistance levels in the immigrant and indigenous populations need to be discerned. The resistance levels to 10 insecticides (three carbamates, an organophosphate, four neonicotinoids, and a phenylpyrazole) were evaluated in 21 field populations collected from either SBPH-immigrating or indigenous regions during two different seasons (early spring vs. late summer). Imidacloprid resistance was most widely observed in many regional populations, followed by thiamethoxam resistance. Interestingly, the resistance level to imidacloprid was significantly higher in both immigrant and late-summer-collected populations than in indigenous and early spring-collected populations, respectively [3.3- (p = 0.018) and 2.6-fold (p = 0.026)]. Moreover, the late summer immigrant population exhibited higher imidacloprid resistance (2.4-fold) than the early spring-collected population from the same region, suggesting that the migratory SBPH that immigrated into Korea already exhibited imidacloprid resistance traits and were further selected after inhabitation. All field populations showed little resistance to fipronil (0.1- to 0.7-fold), suggesting that it is the most effective among the tested insecticides to control field populations of SBPH. The coefficient of variation of the resistance ratio (RR) among different regional populations and the correlation coefficient of RR among different insecticides have been suggested as supplementary parameters when determining appropriate insecticides as respective indicators for the dispersion status of resistance among SBPH populations and the possibility of cross resistance among tested insecticides.

Recent studies have shown that mating can alter starvation resistance in female D. melanogaster, but little is known about the behavioral and physiological mechanisms underlying such mating-mediated changes in starvation resistance. In the present study, we first investigated whether the effect of mating on starvation resistance is sex-specific in D. melanogaster. As indicated by a significant sex × mating status interaction, mating increased starvation resistance in females but not in males. In female D. melanogaster, post-mating increase in starvation resistance was mainly attributed to increases in food intake and in the level of lipid storage relative to lean body weight. We then performed quantitative genetic analysis to estimate the proportion of the total phenotypic variance attributable to genetic differences (i.e., heritability) for starvation resistance in mated male and female D. melanogaster. The narrow-sense heritability (h2) of starvation resistance was 0.235 and 0.155 for males and females, respectively. Mated females were generally more resistant to starvation than males, but the degree of such sexual dimorphism varied substantially among genotypes, as indicated by a significant sex × genotype interaction for starvation resistance. Cross-sex genetic correlation was greater than 0 but less than l for starvation resistance, implying that the genetic architecture of this trait was partially shared between the two sexes. For both sexes, starvation resistance was positively correlated with longevity and lipid storage at genetic level. The present study suggests that sex differences in starvation resistance depend on mating status and have a genetic basis in D. melanogaster.

Resistance switching memory cells were fabricated using atomically dispersed Pt-SiO2 thin film prepared via RF co-sputtering. The memory cell can switch between a low-resistance-state and a high-resistance-state reversibly and reproducibly through applying alternate voltage polarities. Percolated conducting paths are the origin of the low-resistance-state, while trapping electrons in the negative U-center in the Pt-SiO2 interface cause the high-resistance-state. Intermediate resistance-states are obtained through controlling the compliance current, which can be applied to multi-level operation for high memory density. It is found that the resistance value is related to the capacitance of the memory cell: a 265-fold increase in resistance induces a 2.68-fold increase in capacitance. The exponential growth model of the conducting paths can explain the quantitative relationship of resistance-capacitance. The model states that the conducting path generated in the early stage requires a larger area than that generated in the last stage, which results in a larger decrease in the capacitance.

흰가루병에 저항성이 있는 절화장미 품종을 육성하기위하여 2007년 수량이 많고 절화수명이 긴 다홍색의 스탠다드 ‘Aladin’ 품종과 화형이 우수하고 흰가루병에 저항성이 있는 적색 스탠다드 ‘Red Queen’ 품종을 각각모본과 부본으로 인공교배를 실시하였다. 2008년 획득한종자를 파종하여 219개의 실생 개체를 얻었으며 꽃잎수가 5개 미만인 것을 제외하고 2009-2011년까지 3차에 거쳐 특성평가를 실시한 후 ‘원교 D1-179’를 최종 선발하여 ‘Antique Curl’로 명명하였다. ‘Antique Curl’은 복색으로 노랑색(Y2C) 분홍색(R49A)이 혼합되어 있으며, 화형은 고심형, 꽃잎수는 56.7장으로 대조품종인 ‘MoonLight’보다 약 20장 더 많다. 화폭은 12.3cm로 대조품종보다 약간 작았다. 1m2당 연간 채화 가능한 수량은 135.5본이며 절화장은 65.8cm, 절화경경은 5.8mm의 절화 특성을 보였다. 또한 절화수명은 16.8일이며 흰가루병 저항성을 가지고 있으며 기호도 평가에서도 4.0을 획득하여 대조품종 보다 1.0 높은 기호도를 보였다. ‘Antique Curl’의품종보호권(품종보호: 제4456호)은 2013년 4월에 국립종자원을 통해 정식 등록되었다.

연보라색 장미 ‘Violetta’품종은 2013년 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서 육성한 품종이다. 이 품종은 2010년에 수량이 많은 연보라색 품종 ‘Ocean Song’을 모본으로 하고 절화수명이 길고 생육이 우수한 노란색 품종‘Golden Gate’를 부본으로 교배하여 육성되었다. 2011년봄에 인공교배를 실시하였고 수확하여 선별된 종자는 휴면타파를 위해 멸균된 모래와 혼합하여 층적저장 하였다. 101개의 실생 개체를 얻어 2011년부터 2013년까지 3년간 특성검정과 생산성 검정을 실시한 결과 ‘원교 D1-233’을최종 선발하여 ‘Violetta’로 명명하였다. 보라색(P76C)꽃잎은 55.5장이고 만개 했을 때 화폭은 12.8cm, 화고는 4.6cm이다. 잎은 초록색(G137A)으로 난형이다. 절화장은 평균 77.9cm, 절화경경은 평균 6.9cm이고, 무게는35.8g이다. 절화수명은 13.1일이고, 뿌리혹병에 저항성을 가진다. 소비자 선호도와 생산량은 대조품종 ‘Nobless’보다높았다. ‘Violetta’는 2015년에 품종보호권(품종보호: 제5337호)이 국립종자원에 등록되었다.

‘Pink Shine’은 전라북도농업기술원에서 2011년도에 흰녹병 저항성의 절화용 스프레이 국화 신품종으로 육성되었다. 2007년 ‘Orando’를 모본으로 방임 수분하여 2008년 2월에 채종하였고, 동년 6월에 유리온실에서 파종하였으며, 10월에 화색과 화형에 따라 실생 1계통을 선발하였다. 2009년부터 2011년까지 삽목묘를 번식하여 생육과 개화특성을 구명하였으며, 2011년 최종 선발된 영양계통을 ‘Pink Shine’으로 명명하였다. 화형은 홑꽃의 아네모네형태이고, 설상화 색깔은 분홍(PG75C, RHS Value)이다. 화반 색은 적색계열(RPG65B)이고, 줄기 색은anthocyanin이 분포하지 않는 녹색이다(YGG145A). ‘Pink Shine’의 자연개화기는 10월 하순이며, 여름재배에서 개화소요기간은 단일처리 후 58일이고, 대조품종인 ‘Arugus’에 비해 2일 정도 빠르다. 꽃 직경은 4.1cm로 비슷하지만 착화수와 설상화수는 대조품종보다 많다. ‘Pink Shine’은 국화 흰녹병저항성 품종이며, 2012년 국립 종자원에 품종 등록되었다

As a “kind of” mature ship form, planing hull has been widely used in military and civilian areas. Therefore, a reasonable design for planing hull becomes more and more important. For planing hull, resistance and trim are always the most important problems we are concerned with. It affects the planing hull’s economic efficiency and maneuverability very seriously. Instead of the expensive towing tank experiments, the development of computer comprehensive ability allows us to previously apply computational fluid dynamics(CFD)to the ship design. In this paper, the CFD method and Goal Driven Optimization (GDO) were used in the estimations of planing hull resistance and running attitude to provide a possible method for performance computation of planing hull.

본 연구는 역삼투막의 막오염을 해결하기 위하여 실란-에폭시 층을 형성시킨 다층 표면개질법을 이용하여 역삼투막의 내오염성을 향상시키고자 하였다. Sol-gel법을 이용하여 Octyltrimethoxysilane (OcTES)을 막 표면에 가교를 통해 고분자화 하였으며 n = 8인 OcTES의 알킬기가 자발적인 self-assembly를 통하여 막 표면에 가지구조를 형성시켰다. 그 위에 ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE)의 ether기를 ring-opening을 통해 막 표면에 친수성을 부여하여 역삼투막의 내오염성을 향상시키고자 하였다. FE-TEM, AFM을 이용하여 막의 단면 및 표면구조 분석을 하였고 막 표면의 ridge and valley 구조와 OcTES, EGDE의 다층 표면개질로 인한 bridge 구조를 확인하였으며, 거칠기의 증가를 통해 막 표면의 가지가 잘 형성되었음을 확인하였다. XPS를 통하여 막 표면의 화학구조에 대한 관찰과 표면개질이 잘 이루어졌음을 확인하였으며, contact angle 분석을 통해 표면개질막의 표면에 친수성이 부여되었음을 확인하였다. EGDE 표면개질 조건 최적화를 진행한 결과 EGDE 농도는 0.5 wt%, ring-opening 온도는 70°C가 가장 적합하였고, 내오염성 실험 결과 및 막오염지수(MFI)는 SUL-H10, PA-OcTES1.0, PA-OcTES1.0-EGDE0.5이 68.7, 60.4, 5.4 (10E-8 hr/mL2)로 나타나 다층 표면 개질막의 내오염성이 매우 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

이 논문의 목적은 추수신학에 대한 분석과 새로운 평가에 근거하여무슬림의 선교적 저항에 관한 새로운 신학적 함의를 이끌어내려는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 추수신학의 분석과 평가를 통해 이 원리가 선교현장의 실용성에 강조점을 두느라고 그 근거가 되는 성경 본문의배경과 정황에 초점을 맞추지 못했음 확인할 수 있었다. 좋지 못한 땅에 뿌린 씨가 거듭된 실패에도 불구하고 좋은 토양에 뿌리 씨로 놀란 만한 성공을 거둔다는 씨 뿌리는 자의 비유는 주님의 추수장에서저항적인 사람들로 인한 선교의 실패에도 불구하고 미래에는 필연적이면서도 점진적인 성공이 있을 것임을 지적하고 있다. 여기서 핵심은 양이 아니라 씨 뿌리는 자이고 씨이다. 이를 무슬림 선교에 적용한다면, 추수신학의 근거가 되는 씨 뿌리는 비유는 저항이 높은 것으로평가되는 무슬림 지역에서 계속적인 실패에도 불구하고 쉼 없이 씨를뿌리라는 대사명의 비유이다. 이런 평가에 근거하여 본 연구는 이슬람권의 선교적 저항의 의미에관한 새로운 관점을 소개하고 있다. 저항자들이란 복음을 들을 적절한 기회를 가지고 있거나 현재 소개받고 있는 사람들로 상당기간에 걸쳐적극적으로 반응하지 않는 사람들을 지칭한다. 그런 면에서 이슬람움마 안에 살고 있는 대다수의 무슬림들은 저항자들이 아니라 미전도된사람들이다. 마지막으로 이 논문은 이슬람권에서 복음이 적절히 전달되지 못함으로 저항을 야기하는 여러 요소들의 분석과 무슬림을 향한선교를 위한 신학적 전제들을 제안한 후에 저항을 극복하기 위한 선교적함의를 도출하고 있다. 결국 무슬림을 저항하는 그룹이 아니라 상황화된 복음을 듣지 못한 그룹으로 평가하는 관점은 초월적인 성령의 개입과더불어 좋은 상황화가 무슬림 상황 속에 적절하게 적용된다면 그들가운데 보다 더 큰 수용성이 있을 것이라는 것을 확신케 해준다.

Nowadays in restaurant industry, the chef is the major worker in the kitchen; they are exposed to highly dangerous working environment for a long time, and their physiological safe and health should be stressed. Apron is one of the protecting cloths when chef is working, it is supposed to function as protect chef’s psychological and physiological safe. The aim of this study is to develop fire retardant apron to protect chef from thermal conductivity burns when exposed to hot objectives and avoid the heat damage from thermal radiation to chef. To improve the above situations, first of all, this study explores the situation and need expectation of chef’s use of fire retardant apron to confirm the necessity of developing apron. Then this study collects Taiwanese fire retardant function cloth, and we use the result of chef’s need expectation to develop fire retardant function apron for chefs. Finally, this study use sensibility evaluation model to explore chef’s evaluation after wearing apron developed by this study. Based on the research finding, the conclusions are as follows: 1. According to the result of questionnaire survey, at present the apron material that chef wear does not have fire retardant function, chef expect apron material can add this function, they think apron material adding this function can protect physiological health, proving the necessity for developing fire retardant apron. 2. This study use the result of chef’s need expectation, and combine ergonomics data to adjust existing apron structure design, then this study use fire retardant cloth to develop fire retardant apron to meet chef’s need expectation. 3. Through the sensibility evaluation test of fire retardant apron developed by this study, those who exposed to higher temperature fry stove fire, charcoal fire or caldron cook in specific kitchen infield for a long period of time have higher preference and feeling.

In this study, experiments were performed using a model of a very large crude oil carrier (VLCC), which is a typical blunt ship, in a wave-making towing tank. The aim of the experiments was to determine the effect of added resistance in waves on the various operating conditions of a VLCC. An analysis of the results was conducted to determine the characteristics of resistance performance in waves. In addition, the characteristics of added resistance on a tanker were analyzed under irregular waves based upon the above result. The experimental results showed that added resistance was the highest around λ/L = 1.0, and the added resistance increased with the increase of the ship speed. Furthermore, under even keel conditions, the added resistance was higher than that under the trim changes, and the smallest added resistance was measured at the trim by the stern. Based on the experimental results, this study proposes effective operating conditions by analyzing the characteristics of the mean added resistance and the expected extreme response in irregular waves.

In this study, nitrogen ions were implanted into STS 316L austenitic stainless steel by plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to improve the corrosion resistance. The implantation of nitrogen ions was performed with bias voltages of −5, −10, −15, and −20 kV. The implantation time was 240 min and the implantation temperature was kept at room temperature. With nitrogen implantation, the corrosion resistance of 316 L improved in comparison with that of the bare steel. The effects of nitrogen ion implantation on the electrochemical corrosion behavior of the specimen were investigated by the potentiodynamic polarization test, which was conducted in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 70 oC. The phase evolution and texture caused by the nitrogen ion implantation were analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer. It was demonstrated that the samples implanted at lower bias voltages, i.e., 5 kV and 10 kV, showed an expanded austenite phase, γN, and strong (111) texture morphology. Those samples exhibited a better corrosion resistance.

태양전지는 태양복사에너지를 반도체의 광전효과를 통해 전기에너지로 변환시키는 친환경 에너지변환장치를 의미한다. 수분을 포함하는 다양한 화학물질들에 대한 높은 차단성을 갖는 다층형 필름인 백시트는 태양전지의 중요한 요소이다. 대표적인 백시트는 polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)와 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)의 다층필름으로 구성된다. PVF는 높은 내후성을 가지는 반면, 가격이 상대적으로 비싼 단점을 보인다. 따라서, 백시트의 제조가격을 낮출 수 있으면서, 동시에 실제 태양전지모듈에 적용할만한 수명특성을 만족시킬 수 있는 대체소재의 개발이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 일정수준의 결정성을 갖는 PET 필름을 PVF 필름 대신 사용하였다. 그러나, PET 소재는 다양한 pH 조건에서 trans-esterification 및 가수분해에 의해 분해될 수 있기 때문에, 태양전지의 구동조건에서 PET의 분해거동을 이해할 필요가 있다. 단시간 내 화학적 분해거동을 평가하기 위해서, 가속화된 PET 분해실험 프로토콜이 개발되었다. 마지막으로, 제안 개념의 효용성은 태양전지모듈의 장기운전성능 평가를 통해 확인하였다.

This study investigated the microstructure and wear resistance property of HPHT (high pressure high temperature) sintered PDC (polycrystalline diamond compact) in accordance with initial molding pressure. After quantifying an identical amount of diamond powder, the powder was inserted in top of WC-Co sintered material, and molded under four different pressure conditions (50, 100, 150, 200 kgf/cm2). The obtained diamond compact underwent sintering in high pressure, high temperature conditions. In the case of the 50 kgf/cm2 initial molding pressure condition, cracks were formed on the surface of PDC. On the other hand, PDCs obtained from 100~200 kgf/cm2 initial molding pressure conditions showed a meticulous structure. As molding pressure increased, low Co composition within PDC was detected. A wear resistance test was performed on the PDC, and the 200 kgf/cm2 condition PDC showed the highest wear resistance property.

It has been well known that concrete structures exposed to chloride and sulfate attack environments lead to significant deterioration in their durability due to chloride ion and sulfate ion attack. The purpose of this experimental research is to evaluate the resistance against chloride ion and sulfate attack of the cementless concrete replacing the cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag. For this purpose, the cementless concrete specimens were made for water-binder ratios of 40%, 45%, and 50%, respectively and then this specimens were cured in the water of 20±3℃ and immersed in fresh water, 10% sodium sulfate solution for 28 and 91 days, respectively. To evaluate the resistance to chloride ion and sulfate attack for the cementless concrete specimens, the diffusion coefficient for chloride ion and compressive strength ratio, mass change ratio, and length change ratio were measured according to the NT BUILD 492 and JSTM C 7401, respectively. It was observed from the test results that the resistance against chloride ion and sulfate attack of the cemetntless concrete were comparatively largely increased than those of OPC concrete with decreasing water-binder ratio.

So far, square concrete filled tubular(CFT) columns have been used in a limited width thickness ratio. The reason is that local buckling occurs in steel tube easily. Once the local buckling occurs, the confinement effect of steel tube on concrete disappears. In this study, we developed welded built-up square steel tube with reinforcement which are placed at the center of the tube width acts as an anchor. 3 specimens of slender welded built-up square CFT columns and 3 specimens of slender welded built-up square steel tube columns were manufactured with parameters of width(B) of steel tube, width thickness ratio(B/t). we conducted a experimental test on the 6 specimens under eccentric load, and evaluated the structural resistance and behavior of 6 specimens.