The site coefficients in the common requirements for seismic design codes, which were promulgated in 2017, were reevaluated and the standard design spectrum for soil sites were newly proposed in order to ensure the consistency of the standard design spectra for rock and soil sites specified in the common requirements. Using the 55 ground motions from domestic and overseas intraplate earthquakes, which were used to derive the standard design spectrum for rock sites, as rock outcropping motions, site response analyses of Korean soil were performed and its ground-motion-amplification was characterized. Then, the site coefficients for soil sites were reevaluated. Compared with the existing site coefficients, the newly proposed short-period site coefficient Fa increased and the long-period site coefficient Fv decreased overall. A new standard design spectrum for soil sites was proposed using the reevaluated site coefficients. When compared with the existing design spectrum, it could be seen that the proposed site coefficients and the standard design spectrum for soil sites were reasonably derived. They reflected the short-period characteristics of earthquake and soil in Korea.

In this study, a numerical approach based on mid-point integrated finite elements and a viscous boundary is proposed for time-domain wave-propagation analyses in infinite poroelastic media. The proposed approach is accurate, efficient, and easy to implement in time-domain analyses. In the approach, an infinite domain is truncated at some distance. The truncated domain is represented by mid-point integrated finite elements with real element-lengths and a viscous boundary is attached to the end of the domain. Given that the dynamic behaviors of the proposed model can be expressed in terms of mass, damping, and stiffness matrices only, it can be implemented easily in the displacement-based finite-element formulation. No convolutional operations are required for time-domain calculations because the coefficient matrices are constant. The proposed numerical approach is applied to typical wave-propagation and soil-structure interaction problems. The model is verified to produce accurate and stable results. It is demonstrated that the numerical approach can be applied successfully to nonlinear soil-structure interaction problems.

In this paper, we study the existing results of the structure-soil-structure interaction (SSSI) effect on seismic responses of structures and summarize important parameters. The parameters considered in this study are a combination of buildings in the power block of a nuclear power plant, the characteristics of earthquake ground motions and its direction, and the characteristics embedded under the ground. Based on these parameters, the seismic analysis model of the structures in the power block of the nuclear power plant is developed and the structure-soil-structure interaction analyses are performed to analyze the influence of the parameters on the seismic response. For all analyses, the soil-structure interaction (SSI) analysis program CNU-KIESSI, which was developed to enable large-sized seismic analysis, is used. In addition, the SSI analyses is performed on individual structures and the results are compared with the SSSI analysis results. Finally, the influence of the parameters on the seismic response of the structure due to the SSSI effect is reviewed through comparison of the analysis results.

Underground cavities are frequently taking place in urban areas due to soil loss caused by structural defects of underground buried pipes. In this study, a field experimental program was conducted to detect ground condition using the electrical resistivity survey and the pneumatic cone penetration test. In addition, we proposed a method to estimate the weighted mean resistivity value by quantifying the electrical resistivity measurements through image analysis in order to compare the results of pneumatic cone penetration test. Consequently, it was found that as the weighted average resistivity value decreased, the smaller the N-value (penetration depth per blow number) from the pneumatic cone penetration test results. Based on the limited number of field experimental measurements, the correlation between weighted average resistivity value and the N-value of pneumatic cone penetration test is deemed promising in assessment of ground conditions associated with developing underground cavitation.

The Pohang earthquake with a magnitude of 5.4 occurred on November 15, 2018. The epicenter of this earthquake located in south-east region of the Korean peninsula. Since instrumental recording for earthquake ground motions started in Korea, this earthquake caused the largest economic and life losses among past earthquakes. Korea is located in low-to moderate seismic region, so that strong motion records are very limited. Therefore, ground motions recorded during the Pohang earthquake could have valuable geological and seismological information, which are important inputs for seismic design. In this study, ground motions associated by the 2018 Pohang earthquake are generated using the point source model considering domestic geological parameters (magnitude, hypocentral distance, distancefrequency dependent decay parameter, stress drop) and site amplification calculated from ground motion data at each stations. A contour map for peak ground acceleration is constructed for ground motions generated by the Pohang earthquake using the proposed model.

최근, 장기간의 집중호우 및 장마로 인하여, 상대적으로 구조가 불안정한 보도 하부에 공동이 발생하여, 상당수의 지반함몰이 발생되었다. 또한 내진·지질학 전문가들에 따르면 최근 잦아진 지진이 지반연화에 영향을 미쳐 지반함몰 현상이 더욱 늘어날 수 있다고 경고하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지반하부에 존재하는 공동을 EM방법을 활용하여 미연에 탐지함으로써, 인적·물적 피해를 최소화하고, 시민의 안전을 도모하고자 한다. 지반하부 공동 탐사에 이용되는 기존의 방법들은 탐사시간이 지나치게 길거나, 포장에 파손을 야기하고, 좁은 지역에서는 탐사가 불가능한 단점이 있다. 하지만 EM방법의 경우 탐사시간이 비교적 짧고, 비접지식이기 때문에 포장에 파손도 야기하지 않으며, 좁은 지역에서의 탐사도 가능하기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 보도, 공원도로, 이면도로 등 좁은 지역에 대해서 EM방법을 활용하여 지반함몰 위험지역 예측에 대한 기초연구를 진행하고자 한다. 기존에 사용되는 EM방법은 터널탐사 및 매립지 오염도 탐사에만 이용되고 있었기 때문에, 체코 GF Instrument사의 EM장비인 CMD Mini Explorer를 이용하여 기반하부 공동 탐사를 위한 실험을 진행하였다. 공동탐사 이외의 외부조건을 통일하기 위해서 나대지에서 실험을 진행하였으며, 기존 지반상태, 공동 모사상태, 공동 및 금속 모사상태에서 각각 탐사를 진행하였다. 탐사 결과, 금속의 존재유무와 관계없이 공동 위치에서 전기비저항 이상대가 나타났으며, 되메움 작업 시 다짐상태에 따라 일어난 지반의 교란이 층 형태의 전기비저항 분포로 나타났다. 따라서, EM방법은 공동 탐사에 있어 충분한 성능을 가지고 있으며, 금속에도 큰 영향을 받지 않는다는 것이 확인되었고, 연약지반에 대한 탐사에도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

This study reviews concepts, theories and formulas included in standards on soil-structure interaction and also shows practical example of application for engineers. Real structures are 3 dimensional and multi degree of freedom but they are often idealized to single degree of freedom for convenience. In this study, detailed procedures to calculate soil spring constants and damping coefficients and method to model soil-structure system are explained. Additionally, case studies to judge fixed base condition and evaluation of applicability of simple analysis method based on response spectra are performed.

본 연구에서는 콘크리트 석션식 지지구조물을 사용한 해상풍력발전시스템의 지진응답 해석을 수행하여 그 거동 특성을 파악한다. 전체 시스템을 RNA, 타워, 지지구조물로 구성된 구조계와 이에 접하고 있는 유체 및 지반의 부분구조로 분리하여 운동방정식을 유도한다. 구조계에 작용하는 유체의 동수압과 지반의 상호작용력을 산정하고, 이를 구조계의 운동방정식과 결합하여 전체 시스템의 지배방정식을 도출한 후, 이 방정식의 해를 구하여 해상풍력발전시스템의 지진응답을 계산한다. 해 석 결과로부터 지반-구조물 상호작용은 콘크리트 석션식 지지구조물에 의해 지지된 해상풍력발전시스템의 지진응답을 크게 증가시킬 수 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 특히, 지반의 유연성으로 인해 시스템의 고차 고유모드 응답이 증가할 수 있으므로, 해 상풍력발전시스템의 동적거동 산정 시에는 반드시 지반-구조물 상호작용의 효과를 고려하여야 할 것이다.

Current seismic design provisions such as ASCE 7-10 provide criteria for selecting ground motions for conducting response history analysis. This study is the sequel of a companion paper (I – Ground Motion Selection) for assessment of the ASCE 7-10 criteria. To assess of the ASCE 7-10 criteria, nonlinear response history analyses of twelve single degree of freedom (SDF) systems and one multi-degree of freedom (MDF) system are conducted in this study. The results show that the target seismic demands for SDF can be predicted using the mean seismic demands over seven and ten ground motions selected according to the proposed method within an error of 30% and 20%, respectively

For estimating the seismic demand of buildings, most seismic design provisions permit conducting linear and nonlinear response history analysis. In order to obtain reliable results from response history analyses, a proper selection of input ground motions is required. In this study, an accurate algorithm for selecting and scaling ground motions is proposed, which satisfies the ASCE 7-10 criteria. In the proposed algorithm, a desired number of ground motions are sequentially scaled and selected from a ground motion library without iterations.

In this study, we suggested the jacking method of small diameter sewer pipe for improving workability of the pipe at the weak ground. The jacking method minimizes the space and time in constructing small diameter sewer pipe. In addition, to use this method do not cause road restrictions during the construction period. In this study, the construction process of the small diameter sewer pipe is explained. In addition, to ensure the safety during construction, the design consideration such as earth pressure and the jacking force of the steel pipe, and safety against boiling of the ground were examined. For verify the safety of this jacking method, it is necessary to carry out an experiment to estimate the safety of main pipe under construction.

관측된 지반진동은 지진원, 지각감쇠 및 지반의 증폭특성 등 3가지 주요 인자로 구성되어 있고 특히 지반증폭 특성은 지진원 및 감쇠특성을 평가할 때 필요하다. 또한 지진재해도를 분석하기 위해 지반의 증폭 특성에 정보가 내진 공학 뿐만 아니라 암반공학적 특성 분석에서 필수적이다. 지반의 증폭특성 분석을 위해 분석대상 관측소와 기준 관측소 지반진동의 수평/수직 비를 이용하는 방법을 적용하였다. 기존의 기준관측소의 수직성분 방법에 더하여 새로이 기준관 측소의 수평성분 방법을 새로이 시도하였다. 본 연구는 예당저수지 인근에 설치한 4개의 관측소에서 관측된 6개의 가 속도 지반진동을 이용하여 각 지반진동의 S파, Coda파 및 배경잡음 각각을 분석한 지반증폭 특성을 상호 비교하였다. 4개 관측소 공통적으로 S파와 Coda파를 이용한 결과는 상호 유사한 지반증폭 특성을 보였다. 다만 배경잡음은 다른 2 개 지진 에너지와 비교할 때 전혀 다른 지반증폭 특성을 보였고 이는 배경잡음의 발생 원인이 관측소 마다 서로 다르 기 때문으로 입증되었다. 4개 각각의 지진 관측소마다 저주파수 및 고주파수 증폭특성과 관측소 고유의 우월주파수가 서로 상이하여 관측소 고유의 증폭특성을 보여주었다. 또한 본 연구의 결과와 다른 방법의 결과와 비교하면 지반의 동 적특성 및 지반분류 연구에 많은 정보를 제시할 수 있다.

SSG(self-healing smart grouting) method, has the characteristics such as an improvement of durability and waterproofing, prevention of leaching and pollution. In this study, several tests were performed such as gel-time measurement, uniaxial compression test, permeability test, chemical resistance test to compare the engineering properties of SSG with the other chemical grouting method(LW, SGR). As results of tests, the SSG method has low possibility of groundwater and ground pollution caused by leaching, furthermore, it has advantages like long/short term waterproofing, strength and durability. Therefore the SSG method can be applicable in the fields as an alternative method where is the problems of existing chemical grouting method.

Since the settlement of the underground ground occurred in Seok-Chon Underground Roadway in Seoul from August 2014, the social interest of ground stability has increased. Thus, in this paper, We introduce not only the legal counterplan about the ground settlement but also a result of study on how many new materials can be used in the repairing of ground settlement.

최근 도심지에서 지중매설관의 구조적 결함에 의한 토사 유실로 인해 지하 공동이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 지하 공동을 파악하는데 있어 현장 실험 수행 결과 전기비저항 탐사와 공압콘관입시험이 지반 조건의 이상 징후를 탐지하는데 효율적임을 확인하였다. 또한, 이미지 분석을 통한 전기비저항 실험 측정값을 정량화 하여 평균 비저항 값을 산정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 실대형 실험 결과, 평균 비저항 값이 감소할수록 위험도가 증가하였고, 공압콘관입시험 결과, N치가 작을수록 위험도가 높다는 것을 확인하였으며, 제한적인 측정 데이터 수를 토대로 평균 비저항 값과 공압콘관입시험의 결과를 토대로 상관관계를 나타내었을 때, 지반의 지하공동 발생과 관련된 위험 수준을 제한적으로 평가할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The simplified plate theory is presented for static and free vibration analysis of power-law(P) and sigmoid(S) Functionally Graded Materials(FGM) plates. This theory considers the parabolic distribution of the transverse shear stress, and satisfies the condition that requires the transverse shear stress to be zero on the upper and lower surfaces of the plate, without the shear correction factor. The simplified plate theory uses only four unknown variables and shares strong similarities with classical plate theory(CPT) in many aspects such as stress-resultant expressions, equation of motion and boundary conditions. The material properties of the plate are assumed to vary according to the power-law and sigmoid distributions of the volume fractions of the constituents. The Hamilton’s principle is used to derive the equations of motion and Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation model is employed. The results of static and dynamic responses for a simply supported FGM plate are calculated and a comparative analysis is carried out. The results of the comparative analysis with the solutions of references show relevant and accurate results for static and free vibration problems of FGM plates. Analytical solutions for the static and free vibration problems are presented so as to reveal the effects of the power law index, elastic foundation parameter, and side-to-thickness ratio.