농경지는 농업부문에서 발생하는 온실가스인 N2O의 배출원이다. 따라서 농경지에서 N2O를 줄일 수 연구가 필요하며, 본 연구에서는 농경지에 작물재배 시 무경운기술을 적용하고, 녹비작물로서 호밀과 헤어리배치를 각각 투입하여 N2O 배출량 비교 평가하였다. 재배 기간 중 토양에 질소원이 공급된 초기에 배출량이 높았으며, 토양온도는 20~25°C, 수분함량은 20~30% 범위에서 N2O 배출량이 높았다. 작물재배기간 동안 경운 유무와 투입된 질소원에 따른 처리구간 통계적 유의한 차이가 발생했다. 농경지 토양에서 배출되는 N2O는 무경운을 통해 CF, HV 그리고 RY 처리구에서 각각 51.8%, 31.7% 그리고 59.6% 감축되었다. 또한 무경운 헤어리배치 (HV-NT) 처리구에서 관행 (CFCT) 처리구 대비 59.0% N2O 배출을 저감할 수 있었다. 헤어리배치를 투입함으로써 화학비료 사용량을 줄일 수 있고, 무경운을 통해 토양 교란을 방지하여 농경지 토양에서 배출되는 N2O를 저감할 수 있었다. 이러한 감축기술에 대한 온실가스 저감효과를 평가하는 연구와 향후 온실가스 감축사업과 연계할 수 있도록 검인증 방법을 포함한 방법론 구축 등이 필요하다. 이후 농업분야 온실가스 감축사업인 배출권거래제 외부사업, 농업농촌 자발적 온실가스 감축사업, 저탄소농축산물 인증제 등과 연계하여 농업현장에서 활용할 수 있도록 해야 한다.

Adopting voluntary simplistic lifestyles with practices that are socially and environmentally responsible remain key issues in the quest toward saving the planet. This research explores the prevalence of voluntary simplistic clothing consumption practices among female consumers in South Africa, where dramatic increases in consumption must be curbed.

1. 볼리비아 국토 면적의 34.21%는 농경지로 이 중 89.06% 는 목초지다. 볼리비아 전체인구 중 농촌지역 거주민이 30.7% 인데 반해 차코지역은 과반수(약 58%)가 목축업, 작물재배 등에 종사 중으로 농업이 지역경제의 주요 축을 구성한다. 2. 차코는 생태학적으로 식생이 다양하고 생물다양성이 보전된 곳으로 농업 잠재성은 높은 반면 저개발 되어 있고, 원주민의 한정된 공간에서의 무분별한 재래식 방목과 불충분한 식수와 초지 부족, 기후변화로 토양침식, 생태계 파괴가 진행 되고 있다. 3. 산지축산체계는 나무·관목 및 목초의 선별적 간벌을 통해 임간초지를 조성하고 목초를 생산하며 계획적 방목을 통한 지속가능한 축산관리 모델임이 입증됐다. 4. 체계 도입조건으로 자연·물리적 환경(최소 100ha 이상·수자원 접근 가능), 예산운영(4년간 114,000 Bs 고정지출 능력), 기술적용(가축관리 및 식수 수집·저장), 관리능력(축산관리 기본지식·학습의지)이 주요했다. 5. 농업개발협력 시 발생 문제(예산처리지연, 이해당사자 간 소통 미흡, 참여저조)를 해결하기 위해 지속가능한 사업관리체계 및 거버넌스가 구축돼야 한다.

Seafaring is an important occupation that requires stringent hand hygiene practices as a basic method for preventing food-borne illness and infectious diseases when the diseases occur on board. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental data for the prevention of food-borne illness and infectious disease on the ship by investigating the level of hand hygiene practices and influencing factors. A total of 222 seafarers were surveyed at a seafarers’ educational institution between July and August 2017. Their hand hygiene practice were examined by a modified method using the guidelines which are recommended by the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Hand Hygiene Australia. The mean of hand hygiene practice was 47.97 out of 75 points. By category, the most frequent hand hygiene practice was measured as 4.04 on a 5-point scale as ‘after working’. Factors affecting hand hygiene practices were ship tonnage relating to in job characteristics, exercise in healthrelated characteristics, and soap in relation to the characteristics of the hand hygiene environment on board. To improve hand hygiene among seafarers, it is necessary to raise awareness of hand hygiene among seafarers who work on small ships in particular, and to improve the systems of hand hygiene on ships with continuous education, hygiene practice evaluation and feedback.

Ginseng has a unique production system that is different from those used for other crops. It is subject to the Ginseng Industry Act., requires a long-term cultivation period of 4-6 years, involves complicated cultivation characteristics whereby ginseng is not produced in a single location, and many ginseng farmers engage in mixedfarming. Therefore, to bring the production of Ginseng in line with GAP standards, it is necessary to better understand the on-site practices of Ginseng farmers according to established control points, and to provide a proper action plan for improving efficiency. Among ginseng farmers in Korea who applied for GAP certification, 77.6% obtained it, which is lower than the 94.1% of farmers who obtained certification for other products. 13.7% of the applicants were judged to be unsuitable during document review due to their use of unregistered pesticides and soil heavy metals. Another 8.7% of applicants failed to obtain certification due to inadequate management results. This is a considerably higher rate of failure than the 5.3% incompatibility of document inspection and 0.6% incompatibility of on-site inspection, which suggests that it is relatively more difficult to obtain GAP certification for ginseng farming than for other crops. Ginseng farmers were given an average of 2.65 points out of 10 essential control points and a total 72 control points, which was slightly lower than the 2.81 points obtained for other crops. In particular, ginseng farmers were given an average of 1.96 points in the evaluation of compliance with the safe use standards for pesticides, which was much lower than the average of 2.95 points for other crops. Therefore, it is necessary to train ginseng farmers to comply with the safe use of pesticides. In the other essential control points, the ginseng farmers were rated at an average of 2.33 points, lower than the 2.58 points given for other crops. Several other areas of compliance in which the ginseng farmers also rated low in comparison to other crops were found. These inclued record keeping over 1 year, record of pesticide use, pesticide storages, posts harvest storage management, hand washing before and after work, hygiene related to work clothing, training of workers safety and hygiene, and written plan of hazard management. Also, among the total 72 control points, there are 12 control points (10 required, 2 recommended) that do not apply to ginseng. Therefore, it is considered inappropriate to conduct an effective evaluation of the ginseng production process based on the existing certification standards. In conclusion, differentiated certification standards are needed to expand GAP certification for ginseng farmers, and it is also necessary to develop programs that can be implemented in a more systematic and field-oriented manner to provide the farmers with proper GAP management education.

The US initiated a Section 301 investigation against China in 2017. Such a unilateral investigation has run counter to the explicit commitments in the Statement of Administrative Action. Even the basically reasonable ‘four corners’ defense can neither apply nor justify this investigation. Consequently, especially based on the Panel’s additional emphasis, the conditional international legality confirmed by the Panel of DS152 case in the WTO should be untenable in this latest specific context. By reutilizing this globally aversive tool, the United States could possibly prove itself to be an unreliable partner and this would unavoidably incur severe reputational costs and other potential harms to itself. Furthermore, this might, to some degree, undermine or even undo the advances achieved in more than twenty years of international rule of law in world trade after the establishment of the WTO. All in all, only mutually beneficial solutions are most desirable, effective and sustainable for both China and the US.

The purpose of this study was to explore the nine components of computational thinking (CT) practices and their operational definitions from the view of science education and to develop a CT practice framework that is going to be used as a planning and assessing tool for CT practice, as it is required for students to equip with in order to become creative problem solvers in 21st century. We employed this framework into the earlier developed STEAM programs to see how it was valid and reliable. We first reviewed theoretical articles about CT from computer science and technology education field. We then proposed 9 components of CT as defined in technology education but modified operational definitions in each component from the perspective of science education. This preliminary CTPF (computational thinking practice framework) from the viewpoint of science education consisting of 9 components including data collection, data analysis, data representation, decomposing, abstraction, algorithm and procedures, automation, simulation, and parallelization. We discussed each component with operational definition to check if those components were useful in and applicable for science programs. We employed this CTPF into two different topics of STEAM programs to see if those components were observable with operational definitions. The profile of CT components within the selected STEAM programs for this study showed one sequential spectrum covering from data collection to simulation as the grade level went higher. The first three data related CT components were dominating at elementary level, all components of CT except parallelization were found at middle school level, and finally more frequencies in every component of CT except parallelization were also found at high school level than middle school level. On the basis of the result of CT usage in STEAM programs, we included ‘generalization’ in CTPF of science education instead of ‘parallelization’ which was not found. The implication about teacher education was made based on the CTPF in terms of science education.

This study explores the dynamics of wellbeing co-creation in sports communities of non-professional athletes through their everyday consumption of extended service encounters. With the use of ethnographic methods and using extreme sports communities (Surf, and Triathlon) of non-professional athletes in Colombia as a case study, the researchers explored how wellbeing evolves as forms of active integration of competences, materials, communities, and images reproducing actual and recreating new consumption practices. The findings show evidence that extreme sports consumption can be acknowledged as a social practice in the Colombian extreme sports consumption community of non-professional athletes, reaching three main outcomes. Firstly, the study suggests that wellbeing co-creation in the Colombian extreme sports communities emerge through the active integration of a constellation of elements in the extreme sports consumption practice. Secondly it has been found that the practice of extreme sports emerges as a heterogeneous consumption community where groups of practitioners can be classified into broader groups, according to the hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing meanings they are pursuing, and which may interact in function of more than one subculture or social community at a time. Finally, participants co-create wellbeing through their consumption practices within the sports community being both an operand and operant resources within the community; in short, participants transform sacred, profane, material, intangible, individual, social, relational, contextual, hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of the practice within the performance of it. This study contributes TSR researchers to the understanding of both hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing in leisure activities. The study may validate the idea that stronger ties in communities provoke a more diverse constellation of practices beyond the sport practice, expanding the knowledge of social supportive third places, commercial friendships and betrayals acknowledging their dynamics in social contexts; and the role of restorative servicescapes, expanding them to virtual and “through materials place” roles. From a managerial perspective this study shows how wellbeing is constructed within social constellations of resources that interact interdependently and go beyond commercial intent.

Failure in servicing has detrimental effects upon customers, which can be translated into loss of resources. As such, this study employed the conservation of resources (COR) theory and developed a novel conceptualization that captures customers’ resource losses (after a failure), as well as their complaint process, by capturing dynamic loss, activation, and recovery of customers’ resources, in the case of a service failure. The use of online features and platforms for customers to voice their complaints was conceptualised as resource integration between the customer and the firm. The outcomes revealed online complaining as self-protective and selfenhancement behaviour. It is also unravelled in this study that various personal- and firm-related resource integrations in an online complaining context could result in varying emotional states and behavioural intentions among the affected customers towards the defaulting firm. These results open up an avenue for firms to devise effective intervention strategies.

This study explores how internal and external factors influence the design and use of marketing performance measurement (MPM) practices in Chinese firms. The results show that a firm’s MPM practice is subject to its characteristics (e.g., marketing dashboard, market orientation, marketing complexity) and its external condition (i.e., market turbulence).

Building on insights from motivation-opportunity-ability (MOA) theory, we explore the antecedents and conditions through which entrepreneurs within small and medium enterprises (SMEs) adopt corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Seeing how current research is almost exclusively dominated by investigating the activities of multinational or large organizations, we shift the attention to the social responsibility initiatives of the individual entrepreneur, seen as a moral, social and environmental champion. This study contributes to marketing and international business literature by advancing knowledge of the determinants of responsible entrepreneurship across different research settings. We highlight the importance of personal entrepreneurial values and moral ideologies and their impact on CSR engagement. From this perspective, we first applied an exploratory/qualitative research method to focus on the CSR initiatives of entrepreneurs in the UK by conducting series of interviews to identify various individual, firm and external level determinants that influence the implementation of responsible entrepreneurship practices. Second, we completed a large scale survey among 224 UK entrepreneurs. Preliminary results demonstrate that others-centered values, entrepreneurial alertness, competence, availability of resources and stakeholders influence, are important antecedents of both intentional and actual engagement in CSR practices, which in turn leads to improved performance.

본 연구는 과학공학 융합 수업을 통해 학생들의 공학과 공학자에 대한 인식이 어떻게 변화되었는지 알아보기 위 한 연구이다. 본 연구에서 사용한 과학공학 융합 수업은 제한된 예산과 시간동안 공학적 문제를 해결하는 24차시 수업으로 설계되었으며 20명의 초등 과학 영재 학생들에게 적용하였다. 본 연구의 주요데이터는 공학자 그림 그리기와 설명문 항, 그리고 이에 대한 개별 인터뷰와 초점 집단 면접을 통해 수집되었으며, 공학자 그리기에 대한 설명과 인터뷰는 전사 내용을 토대로 양적(빈도분석과 대응표본 t-검증), 질적 분석 방법을 모두 사용하여 분석하였다. 과학공학 융합 수업은 과학 영재 학생들의 공학 설계에 대한 이해에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 공학과 공학자, 그리고 공학 과 사회의 관계에 대한 인식도 바람직한 방향으로 변화하였다. 공학은 여러명이 협력하는 사회적인 활동이라는 인식, 그리고 공학자의 윤리의식, 공학의 사회적 가치 등 공학과 사회의 관계에 대한 인식도 바람직하게 변화하였다.

논 생태계는 일부 생물의 개체군 유지를 위한 중요한 서식지로서 역할을 하고 있다. 이러한 논 생태계를 대상으로 농법에 따른 수생태계에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 미비하다. 따라서 친환경농법 및 관행농법과 같은 재배 방식의 차이는 생물서식지에 다양한 영향을 미치기 때문에 두 농법에 따른 미꾸리 개체군의 서식특성 및 성장도의 차이를 확인하였다. 조사기간은 2015년 5월부터 9월까지였고, 대호 간척농지를 대상지로 하였다. 영농방법에 따라 개체수, 미꾸리 개체군 분포, 전장-체중 상관도 및 비만도 지수 비교, 미꾸리 개체군의 전장크기 등을 비교하였다. 미꾸리 개체군의 크기는 친환경 논에서 월등히 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 연령대 분포는 친환경 논이 다양한 연령층의 미꾸리가 서식하는 것으로 나타났으나 관행 논은 Age 0+ (28~51 mm)의 개체들이 대부분 성장하지 못하고 사멸하며, 일부 내성을 지니는 개체만이 성장하는 것으로 판단된다. 특히 5월에 관행 논과 친환경 논에서 거의 비슷한 미꾸리 개체수를 보이는 것은 로터리 및 경운에 의해서 토양의 얕은 깊이에 서식하는 미꾸리가 폐사된 것으로 판단되어 무경운이 미꾸리 개체군 유지에 큰 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다. 친환경 논의 미꾸리는 먹이섭식 및 영양상태가 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 6월에 관행 논 및 친환경 논에서 성장도 및 비만도가 낮은 것에 대하여는 추가적인 조사연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 관행 논에서 미꾸리 개체군의 개체수 회복 및 연령대 회복을 위해서는 농약과 같은 화학물질 사용을 제한해야할 것으로 사료되며, 또한 관행농법보다 친환경농법으로 재배할 경우 미꾸리 개체의 유지 및 회복에 큰 기여를 할 것으로 기대된다.

미국 정부는 2011년 식품안전현대화법(FSMA, Food Safety Modernization Act)을 제정하였으며 단계적으로 실시 및 실시예정에 있다. 이중 농산물안전(Produce Safety) 최종규칙은 농산물 재배, 수확, 포장 및 보관과 관련된 생물학적 위해요소에 초점을 맞추고 있는데, 영농규모 등에 따라 2017년 1월부터 단계적으로 시행되고 있다. FSMA 의 농산물안전 규칙 중 현장에서 준수해야 하는 조항을 55개 선별하여 한국 GAP기준과 비교한 결과, 비교 대상 인 두 개의 기준이 조항별 관리사항에 대해 1:1로 단순비교하기에는 어려운 점이 있으나 상당수의 한국 GAP기준이 대응이 가능하다. 다만 한국 GAP기준은 포괄적 기준으로 평가자에 따라 다른 판단을 할 여지가 많으므로 기준의 세부 사항의 보강이 필요하다. 조항별로 보면, 작업자 안전위생(FSMA Subpart D)에 대하여 한국 GAP기준은 가장 높게 대응이 되며, 그 다음으로는 가축 및 야생 동물(FSMA Subpart I), 건물·장비·도구(FSMA Subpart L), 재배·수확 등의 활동(FSMA Subpart K) 순으로 대응이 되고 있다. 그러나, 농업용수 관리(FSMA Subpart E)와 관리자의 자격 및 교육(FSMA Subpart C)에 대해서는 다소 미 흡한 실정이며, 가축분뇨기반 퇴비 관리(FSMA Subpart F) 에 대해서는 대응이 취약한 편이다. FSMA 규칙은 인증 기준은 아니나, 세계적으로 식품안전의 표준을 선도하는 미국이 제시한 규칙인 만큼 파급력이 상당할 것으로 예상 된다. 따라서 국내 농산물 기준 중 FSMA 규칙에서 강조 하는 미생물적 안전성에 대응하는 기준이 GAP기준이므로 한국 GAP기준의 재검토를 통해 우리 농산물의 품질 향상 및 수출확대에 도움이 되기를 바란다.

우리나라에서 GAP인증제도가 시행된 지 10년이 지났고, 정부는 2022년까지 전체 재배면적의 25%까지 GAP인증을 취득토록 하겠다는 목표를 가지고 있다. 2017년말 기준으로 전체 재배면적의 6.3%, 전체 농가의 8.1%가 인증 을 취득했는데 인증확대의 정도는 기대보다 느린 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 GAP인증 농가에 대한 설문조사 와 현장점검을 통해 GAP인증의 확대가 더딘 원인을 규명 하고 GAP인증의 확대를 위하여 현 제도의 문제점 분석에 따라 발전방안을 제시하고자 수행하였다. 인증농가는 농산물 안전과 위생에 대한 필요성은 인식하나 실제 현장실 천방법에 대해서는 부적합 사항이 다수 존재하였다. 이는 인증기준의 모호성과 생산자에 대한 교육방법의 오류에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. GAP인증이 농가에 확대되는 속도가 느리고 소비자의 인지도가 낮은 이유는 GAP인증제도 운영의 구조적 문제로 생각되며, 이에 따른 개선방안이 필요하다. 국가주도형의 GAP인증제도를 국가주도형 민 간인증제도로 전환을 할 필요가 있다. 국가는 정책, 연구 및 사후관리에 중점을 두고, 그 외 인증 및 교육, 홍보 등에 관한 실무는 출연기관 형태의 별도조직을 신설하여 담당케 할 필요가 있다. 국가는 GAP인증 확대를 위한 중장 기적인 계획을 수립하여 체계적으로 수행할 필요가 있다. 우리나라의 영농 규모에 비해 지나치게 많은 인증기관은 지정기준을 강화하여 통폐합할 필요가 있으며, 인증기관 의 재정 자립도와 올바른 인증업무 수행을 위하여 신청수수료를 현실화해야 한다. 또한 인증심사원의 자격기준을 강화하고 교육체계를 정비하여 양질의 심사원을 육성해야 한다. 법령 중심의 단순화된 인증기준은 실제 실천방안 중심으로 세분화할 필요가 있다. GAP인증제도의 발전적 개선을 위하여 산학관의 전문가로 구성된 위원회를 통해 밀도있는 토의가 필요하며 구체적인 발전방안을 도출하여 시행함으로써 안전안심농산물 생산을 통한 국민의 먹거리 안전성에 기여를 할 수 있을 것이다.

Sustainable meal management at home will be affected by the lifestyle of the housewife. This study examined the lifestyle of middle aged women and identified their practice levels of sustainable meal management at home. A total of 438 women, aged 35 to 59, managing the family’s dietary life at home and living in Seoul, Gyeonggi Province, Daejeon, and Chonnan area participated in the survey. The middle aged women showed a higher performance level of hygiene-oriented (4.15) and health-oriented dietary life (3.59), but a less convenience-oriented dietary life (2.57). Based on their lifestyle, 3 clusters were extracted: Low-interest dietary life meal manager, health and quality pursuit meal manager, and convenience and eatingout pursuit active meal manager. Among them, the cluster of health and quality pursuit meal manager showed the highest sustainable practices in 7 dimensions of sustainable practices in the home except for the saving practices (p<0.001). The criteria suggested from the study can be applicable to the guidelines of sustainable meal management at home. The study can also be helpful for educators to identify the education themes for improving housewife’s sustainable meal practices, having different lifestyle and sustainable meal practices.

The paper presents selected aspects of critical language pedagogy that are relevant to recent developments in Korean English Education. The paper articulates the personal viewpoint of a scholar outside Korea. Particular emphasis is placed on historical background, the nature of critique, and the role of the intellectual in society. The English Divide in Korea is presented as an issue that calls for a critical perspective on English education. This is briefly analyzed from an economics of education point of view, itself an example of critical pedagogy that does not only focus on classrooms and curriculum theory. Key aspects of critical language pedagogy are sketched, with reference to precursors from Korean history and cultural forms. These precursors are also brought to bear on the role that intellectuals could play in advancing a critical perspective on English education, in Korean society, which is suggested to be a moral imperative, distinct from instrumental understandings of education.

The purpose of this study is to identify the guideline’s contents for dietitians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) for the sustainability management at school foodservice. The contents for the guideline were determined by the Delphi technique of two rounds. The Delphi panels of experts were consisted of sixteen school dietitians and fourteen professors of food and nutrition with more than 10 years of experiences by convenience sampling method. Based on the literature, knowledge, attitudes, and practices required for dieticians were classified into menu management, procurement, food production, facility and energy management, waste management, personnel management, and nutrition education. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 24 and EXCEL to calculate descriptive statistics, content validity ratio, degree of agreement, and degree of convergence. As a result of the second round, the validity scores of ‘knows eco-friendly certification standards and labeling systems (4.53 point)’ in the knowledge category, and ‘tries to purchase local agricultural products (4.87 point)’ in the attitude category were the highest. From that round in the practice category, the validity scores of ‘plan menus for students' health’, ‘purchases eco-friendly food’, and ‘conserves energy in pre-processing and cooking process’ were the highest with 4.73 point. Applying the criteria for securing the validity of the contents, the contents of 25 knowledge items, 20 attitude items and 30 practice items were confirmed. The findings of the study can be used to develop the guideline for dietitians required for the sustainability management.