목적 : 본 연구에서는 다양한 우세안 검사 방법 중 3가지인 +2.00 D 검사, 원형구멍카드 검사, 접안렌즈 접근 검사에 따른 우세안을 알아보며, 우세안과 다른 요인인 우세손, 양안의 교정굴절력에 따른 일치성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 전신질환, 안질환, 굴절교정 수술 경험이 없는 평균연령 23.79±5.03세 성인 58명(남 36명, 여 22명) 을 대상으로 하였다. 완전 교정 상태를 만든 후 +2.00 D 렌즈 검사, 원형 구멍 카드법(hole in the card test), 접안렌즈 접근 검사를 시행하여 측정하였다. 결과 : 감각 우세안 우안 38명 좌안 20명, 시야 우세안 우안 45명 좌안 13명, 접안렌즈 우세안 우안 46명 좌 안 12명으로 우안의 비율이 높았다. 우세손은 오른손 56명 왼손 2명, 우세손과 우세안의 일치는 감각 우세안 38명, 시야 우세안 45명, 접안렌즈 우세안 44명으로 우세안과 우세손의 일치는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다 (p>0.050). 교정굴절력에 따른 우세안에서는 등가구면 굴절력에서 낮은 눈이 우세안인 경우 감각 우세안 18명 시 야 우세안 14명 접안렌즈 우세안 16명, 구면 굴절력에서 낮은 눈이 우세안인 경우 감각 우세안 24명 시야 우세안 19명 접안렌즈 우세안 19명, 원주 굴절력에서 낮은 눈이 우세안인 경우 감각 우세안 17명, 시야 우세안 21명 접 안렌즈 우세안 20명으로 교정굴절력이 낮은 눈과 우세안의 일치는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.050). 결론 : 감각 우세안의 방향과 시야 우세안 방향의 일치는 유의한 차이를 보였다. 우세안은 측정법에 따라 다르게 판정될 수 있으므로 우세안 검사는 감각 우세안 검사와 시야 우세안 검사 두 가지 모두 해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

PURPOSES : In this study, a driving simulation testing equipment was developed to derive the optimal longitudinal tinting that can reduce the lateral vibration of the vehicle. Various types of longitudinal textures and tires were evaluated through simulation testing with the equipment. Based on the results, 3×3×16mm tinning as the optimal longitudinal texture was selected among 8 textures. METHODS : Based on the literature review, the causes of lateral vibration were analyzed, and parts and types for testing equipment development were reviewed. Driving simulation with testing equipment was conducted considering various textures and tires. To verify the test results, finite element analysis was performed under the similar conditions. And field test for two textures was conducted to find the optimal longitudinal texture. RESULTS : Based on the literature review, driving simulation test, finite element analysis and field test, longitudinal texture of 3×3×16mm is show the better performance compared to 7 textures. CONCLUSIONS : 3×3×16mm as longitudinal tinning for fresh concrete is show less lateral vibration than 3×3×12mm.

This study utilized Automated Speech Recognition technology to determine the potential utility and acceptance of such technology in the English as a Foreign Language classroom. Learners were made aware of the Automatic Speech Recognition potential of their mobile devices and provided with some direction in, and incentive for, its use. Participants were then scored on their assessment of the technology according to the Technology Acceptance Model. Participants showed a marked appreciation for the ease and utility of the technology with over 72% agreeing that the technology was both accessible and useful. Support for the use of Automatic Speech Recognition as a testing method was somewhat mixed, with 75% of participants agreeing that the testing was fair, but only 60% reporting that they felt they did well on the test. As a secondary point of interest, this study examined the potential use of Automatic Speech Recognition technology for teaching and testing pronunciation.

COVID-19 has been spreading all around the world, and threatening global health. In this situation, identifying and isolating infected individuals rapidly has been one of the most important measures to contain the epidemic. However, the standard diagnosis procedure with RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) is costly and time-consuming. For this reason, pooled testing for COVID-19 has been proposed from the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce the cost and time of identifying the COVID-19 infection. For pooled testing, how many samples are tested in group is the most significant factor to the performance of the test system. When the arrivals of test requirements and the test time are stochastic, batch-service queueing models have been utilized for the analysis of pooled-testing systems. However, most of them do not consider the false-negative test results of pooled testing in their performance analysis. For the COVID-19 RT-PCR test, there is a small but certain possibility of false-negative test results, and the group-test size affects not only the time and cost of pooled testing, but also the false-negative rate of pooled testing, which is a significant concern to public health authorities. In this study, we analyze the performance of COVID-19 pooled-testing systems with false-negative test results. To do this, we first formulate the COVID-19 pooled-testing systems with false negatives as a batch-service queuing model, and then obtain the performance measures such as the expected number of test requirements in the system, the expected number of RP-PCR tests for a test sample, the false-negative group-test rate, and the total cost per unit time, using the queueing analysis. We also present a numerical example to demonstrate the applicability of our analysis, and draw a couple of implications for COVID-19 pooled testing.

Despite the popularity of the TOEIC in the Korean society for over 30 years, few studies have investigated the understanding and usage of TOEIC scores in the Korean context. This research gap needs to be filled to provide test users with useful information in the Korean context. Using an argument-based approach to validation, this study investigates the meanings and uses of the TOEIC scores in the Korean context, based on analyses of records publicly available at the YBM website (i.e., TOEIC administrator in Korea). One hundred ninety-four documents published between 2012 and 2017 were collected from the website and the data were analyzed by combining the content and the context analyses. Findings reveal that contextual factors affect the understanding and usage of scores by different TOEIC stakeholders. The document data reveal unintended meanings and uses of the scores.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to analyze the uniform diffusion mechanism of precursor gas species, and the effect of NOx reduction technology in a full-scale particulate matter testing facility, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). METHODS : A full-scale environment chamber was constructed to evaluate the effects of particulate matter reduction technologies on the road. CFD analysis was conducted to simulate the road environment conditions in the chamber, and investigate the effect of the NOx removal panel. The time required to reach the NOx concentration to target value in the fluid field was determined at a given inflow velocity, inlet direction, and initial inflow concentration. The effect of the NOx removal panel, and solar energy on the reduction characteristics of the NOx concentration in the environment chamber was analyzed. RESULTS : The inflow velocity was determined to be the major factor affecting the time required to reach a uniform target NOx concentration in the environment chamber. The inlet location in the transverse direction requires additional time to approach the uniform target concentration, than the longitudinal direction at the same inflow velocity. Based on the CFD analysis in the 1ppm concentration condition of the chamber, a two-fold increase in the NOx removal panel efficiency can reduce the time to target concentration by approximately 50%. It is also observed that a 20% increase in solar energy can decrease the time to target concentration by 4%–12% depending on the panel efficiency. CONCLUSIONS : This study proved that a full-scale environment chamber can be effectively utilized to evaluate the particulate matter reduction technologies applied in road facilities

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019), the infection has spread worldwide due to the highly contagious nature of severe acute syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). To manage SARS-CoV-2, the development of diagnostic assays that can quickly and accurately identify the disease in patients is necessary. Currently, nucleic acid-based testing and serology-based testing are two widely used approaches. Of these, nucleic acid-based testing with quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) using nasopharyngeal (NP) and/or oropharyngeal (OP) swabs is considered to be the gold standard. Recently, the use of saliva samples has been considered as an alternative method of sample collection. Compared to the NP and OP swab methods, saliva specimens have several advantages. Saliva specimens are easier to collect. Self-collection of saliva specimens can reduce the risk of infection to healthcare providers and reduce sample collection time and cost. Until recently, the sensitivity and accuracy of the data obtained using saliva specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection was controversial. However, recent clinical research has found that sensitive and reliable data can be obtained from saliva specimens using RT-qPCR, with approximately 81% to 95% correspondence with the data obtained from NP and OP swabs. These data suggest that self-collected saliva is an alternative option for the diagnosis of COVID-19.

토양검정에 의한 유기자원 시비처방 효과를 구명하기 위하여 유기자원의 질소, 인산, 칼륨 성분 함량에 무기화율을 적용하여 시비량을 설정하고 골든퀸 벼를 대상으로 포장시험을 실시하였다. 1. 초장, 분얼수, 엽색도와 이삭수, 볏짚수량 및 벼 수량은 유기자원과 화학비료처리간 차이가 없었다. 등숙율은 화학비료구에서 가장 낮았으며, 천립중은 무처리구에서 가장 높았다. 2. 현미쌀의 미량원소 중 철은 시비구에서 높았고, 아연은 유기자원구에서 가장 높았으며, 무처리구에서 가장 낮았다. 3. 수확 후 토양화학성 중 산도는 화학비료구에서 높았다. 칼슘과 마그네슘은 시비구에서 높았고, 유효규산함량은 유기자원>화학비료>무처리 순으로 높았다. 4. 벼 수량과 양(+)의 상관이 인정된 토양 화학성은 칼슘, 마그네슘과 유효규산 함량이며, 수량 구성요소로는 이삭수였다. 등숙율과 천립중은 음(-)의 상관이 인정되었다. 벼 수량과 가장 높은 상관을 보인 이삭수(r=0.98)는 토양 칼슘, 마그네슘 및 토양 유효규산과 양(+)의 상관이었다. 5. 화학비료를 대체하기 위하여 토양검정 후 유기자원에 무기화율을 적용하여 시비처방을 한 결과 벼 생육, 볏짚 및 벼 수량에서 유기자원구와 화학비료구의 차이가 없었으며, 현미 쌀의 아연성분과 토양 유효규산함량은 유기자원구에서 더 높아 유기자원으로 화학비료를 대체할 수 있다.

뱀 탐지 이론은 영장류가 천적인 뱀과 경쟁하면서 뱀을 효과적으로 탐지할 수 있는 시각 체계를 갖추게 되었다고 설명한다. 구체적인 가설 중 하나는 먼지세포 중심의 피질하 시각 경로가 사람으로 하여금 심적 자원을 사용하지 않고 서도 자동적으로 뱀의 위협을 탐지할 수 있게 한다는 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 뱀 영상에 대한 인간 참가자의 반응을 공포 표정의 얼굴 및 꽃에 대한 반응과 비교함으로써 뱀 탐지 이론의 가정들을 검토하였다. 참가자들은 원본 영상을 관찰하거나, 원본 영상에서 색상, 밝기와 대비, 공간주파수 에너지 차이를 제거한 변환 영상을 관찰하였다. 실험 1의 참가자들은 각 영상에 대한 정서가와 각성 유발 정도를 평정하였고, 실험 2의 참가자들은 연속점멸억제 절차에서 표적 자극을 탐지하였다. 그 결과, 뱀에 대한 반응은 시각 요인의 영향을 가장 크게 받았다. 영상들의 시각적 차이를 제거했 을 때, 뱀 영상은 덜 부정적이고 각성을 덜 유발하며 연속점멸억제에서 느리게 탈출하였다. 그에 비해, 다른 범주에 대한 반응은 영상 변환의 영향을 덜 받았다. 특히, 공포 표정의 얼굴은 일관적으로 영상 조건에 상관없이 위협적인 대상으로 평정되었으며 빠르게 탐지되었다. 또한, 실험 1에서 측정한 각성 평정의 변화량과 실험 2에서 측정한 연속점 멸억제 탈출 시간의 변화량이 부적 상관을 보였다. 영상 변환 후 각성 평정 점수가 많이 감소한 뱀 영상일수록 탐지 반응시간이 증가하였다. 이러한 결과는 뱀이 인간 관찰자의 위협 탐지 반응에 미치는 영향이 공포 표정의 얼굴에 비해 제한적이며, 연속점멸억제 탈출 반응과 의식적 평정 반응이 처리 기제를 공유할 가능성을 시사한다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 인간의 뱀 탐지가 무의식적 피질하 시각 경로의 산물이라는 가정에 의문을 제기한다.

Usage-based approaches to language acquisition explain language development as a gradual process of generalizing constructions through language experience. This study investigated second language learners’ development of constructional knowledge from the perspective of usage-based language development. A total of 169 Korean EFL students at five grade levels completed a sentence-sorting and a translation task. Results of the sorting task showed stronger constructional sorting as the learners’ grade level increased. Additionally, the sorting of intermediate-level learners was influenced by verb semantics such that the sentences including light verbs were more strongly clustered according to constructions than the sentences with heavy verbs, suggesting learners’ reliance on light verbs in the early stages of constructional development. Results of the translation task demonstrated a higher translation accuracy with increasing proficiency, but with a significant amount of variation across individual constructions contingent on the constructions’ syntactic and semantic complexity. Overall, our findings confirm the usage-based development of L2 learning.