Homogot Lighthouse is located in Pohang of the easternmost of Korean Peninsula. Homogot has become first known as Cape Clonard in the West through the navigation log by La Perouse, a Frenchman who embarked on a global exploration in 1785. Homogot Lighthouse represents an outstanding accomplishment of modernization that numerous civilized countries scrambled to attain in the early 20th century. Located where the geographical risk of earthquakes is high, the structure was nonetheless built to be 26.4m high with brick masonry. Structurally safe and aesthetically graceful, it demonstrates neoclassical ideas superbly in terms of style as well. Although the history of Asian lighthouses is shorter than that of European ones. Homogot Lighthouse, which demonstrates the history of a modern lighthouse along with those in Japan and China, is differentiated by the following characteristics. ① The ‘living lighthouse heritage’ is linked to one of the largest lighthouse museum in the world. ② Where you can see the earliest sunrise at the easternmost of the Eurasian Continent. ③ The completion of a modern-style lighthouse constructed at the easternmost of the Far East after being initiated in Europe. ④ Differentiated historical, architectural, and aesthetic value. ⑤ The heart of the national marine park.

Jogyeongmyo Shrine is the Sijomyo Shrine of the Joseon royal family. It is a representative building that symbolizes Jeonju, the hometown of the Joseon royal family. This study comprehensively analyzes a variety of literature, old maps, and figures, and it investigates the meaning of Jogyeongmyo Shrine as an architectural example as well as its architectural characteristics. The Jogyeongmyo Shrine was built to symbolically demonstrate the superior virtue of the royal ancestors compared to the ancestors of the gentry. King Yeongjo built Jogyeongmyo Shrine, which he considered his greatest achievement, to raise the status of the royal family and exact loyalty from the vassals. Jogyeongmyo Shrine is a unique example of an ceremonial architecture that cannot be observed in China or the previous Korean dynasties. In addition, its architecture looks different from that of ordinary shrines because both Confucian ceremonies and the function of each building were taken into consideration during construction. Although Jogyeongmyo Shrine was preserved without significant changes until the late Joseon dynasty, major modifications were made in all areas except the main shrine area during the Japanese colonial era.

재건축은 주거생활의 안정을 이루기 위한 수단으로 양질의 주택을 공급하고 도시 기반시설을 정비함으로써 도시의 경쟁력을 높일 수 있는 도시정비 사업 이다. 재건축과정에서 개발이익의 환수를 목적으로 한 것이 재건축부담금이다. 재건축부담금의 성격과 관련하여 조세 또는 특별부담금의 성격 등이 논의되고 있다. 재건축부담금을 조세로 보는 경우에는 이중과세나 중복과세의 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 헌법재판소는 재건축부담금의 법적 성격을 특별부담금으로 이해하고 있다. 재건축부담금은 주거나 도시환경의 개선이라는 특별한 목적을 달성하기 위한 특별부담금으로서의 성격이 강하다. 헌법재판소는 재건축부담 금을 특별부담금으로 보고 비례원칙과 평등원칙에 위배되지 않아 재산권을 침 해하지 않는다고 결정하였다. 재건축부담금의 법적 성격을 조세로 보든 특별 부담금으로 보든 그것은 재건축의 자유나 재산권, 평등원칙 등에 위배될 소지 가 있다는 점에서 여전히 논란이 되고 있다. 재건축부담금의 위헌성의 문제는 비례원칙에 따른 심사나 평등원칙의 관점에서 검토가 필요하며, 여기에는 재 건축과 재건축부담금이 가지는 다양한 헌법적 가치가 평가되어야 한다. 재건축부담금의 헌법적 가치의 평가에 있어서 중요하게 고려되어야하는 요소가 재 건축과 재건축부담금이 가지는 공공성과 공익성이다. 공공성과 공익성에 근거 한 공법적 통제의 성격이 강한 제도로서 재건축부담금을 그 자체로서 위헌으 로 보기보다는 그것이 가지고 있는 주거환경의 개선이나 사회적 통합의 달성 이라는 목표에 근접할 수 있는 제도를 어떻게 운영하는가가 보다 중요하다. 따 라서 재건축부담금의 위헌성에 관한 논쟁보다 재건축부담금의 부과를 위한 산 정기준을 마련하는 것이 중요하다. 재건축부담금의 위헌적 요소를 축소하면서 그것이 실현하고자 하는 사회적 형평성이라는 목표의 달성에 기여할 수 있도 록 제도를 설계하는 것이 관건이다. 주거와 도시의 정비에 효율적이면서도 사 회적 제 세력의 형평성에 부합하는 재건축부담금이 부과되도록 해야 하고, 선 의의 피해자가 발생하지 않도록 하는 피해자구제를 위한 방안을 제도화해야 한다. 재건축부담금의 운영과 관련해서도 부담금의 납부의무자 상호간에 공평 한 부담이 될 수 있는 방향으로의 입법적 배려와 노력이 필요하다. 여기에는 헌법재판소가 제시하는 특별부담금의 정당화요건과 헌법재판소 스스로가 밝 히고 있는 1가구 1주택에 관한 부담금 유예 또는 완화정책, 장기 거주 또는 실 거주를 조건으로 부담금을 면제하는 정책 등의 기준을 설정하기 위한 입법적 정책의 개발이 요구된다.

The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called ‘Yiren’ or 夷人in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as ‘Tanka People’ (named ‘Danmin’ or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the ‘drifters’ in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some ‘coolies’ entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

Existing reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings have seismic vulnerabilities because of seismically deficient details. In particular, since cumulative damage caused by successive earthquakes causes serious damage, repair/retrofit rehabilitation studies for successive earthquakes are needed. This study investigates the repair effect of fiber-reinforced polymer jacketing system for the seismically-vulnerable building structures under successive earthquakes. The repair modeling method developed and validated from the previous study was implemented to the building models. Additionally, the main parameters of the FRP jacketing system were selected as the number of FRP layers associated with the confinement effects and the installation location. To define the repair effects of the FRP jacketing system with the main parameters, this study conducted nonlinear time-history analyses for the building structural models with the various repairing scenarios. Based on this investigation, the repair effects of the damaged building structures were significantly affected by the damage levels induced from the mainshocks regardless of the retrofit scenarios.