Major accidents at nuclear power plants generate huge amounts of radioactive waste in a short period of time over a wide area outside the plant boundary. Therefore, extraordinary efforts are required for safe management of the waste. A well-established remediation plan including radioactive waste management that is prepared in advance will minimize the impact on the public and environment. In Korea, however, only limited plans exist to systematically manage this type of off-site radioactive waste generating event. In this study, we developed basic strategies for off-site radioactive waste management based on recommendations from the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements), experiences from the Fukushima Daiichi accident in Japan, and a review of the national radioactive waste management system in Korea. These strategies included the assignment of roles and responsibilities, development of management methodologies, securement of storage capacities, preparation for the use of existing infrastructure, assurance of information transparency, and establishment of cooperative measures with international organizations.

Urban space expansion is an important symbol of the urbanization process and has always been an important topic in urban studies. In addition, for sustainable city management, it is important to identify factors that can influence, such as the driving force and direction of urban space expansion, from the stage of establishing an urban development plan. To understand these factors, by observing the expansion process of a specific city, it is possible to sufficiently observe how the urban spatial dimension changes. Through a series of processes, the spatial growth characteristics of the city are analyzed, and the influence and results of important factors are analyzed. For this purpose, this paper examines the changes in the city's outer boundary and land use structure through monitoring data on urban areas of 14 cities in Hunan Province, China from 2000 to 2016. Temporal and spatial regularity according to the urban space expansion of these cities were analyzed, and a preliminary assessment was made on whether the urban space expansion is coordinated with the urban population growth. The assessment result showed: (1) The urban space of most cities has been extended rapidly in 2000-2015 however, the rate and the intensity of urban space expanding has been declining. (2) The construction of the industrial park is the core driving force of the urban space expanding, and the change of the urban space structure is manifested as enclave city expansion because that the industrial park is usually far away from the city center. (3) The population agglomeration is another driving force of the urban space expanding. At this time, the urban space expanding is like boundary extension. (4) Except Changsha city, all of the cities has a high urbanization-area-growth elastic coefficient. It means that most of the cities should enhance the land use degree.

본 논문은 또 하나의 새로운 게임 체인저로 부상하고 있는 레이저 무 기의 개념·강약점·요구능력, 주요국 레이저 무기개발의 현황과 주요이슈, 그리고 한국의 레이저 무기개발의 현황·의의·과제를 분석하기 위한 것이 다. 제4차 산업혁명기술들이 각종 무기체계에 반영되어 전쟁을 전혀 새 로운 모습으로 변화시키고 있다. 레이저 무기와 같은 에너지 무기는 획 기적인 장점이 있어 ‘육군비전 2050’의 8대 게임 체인저 중의 하나다. 국방·군사 신기술인 레이저 무기는 물론 강약점이 있고 미사일 요격·방어 무기가 되기 위해서는 더 많은 개발이 요구되지만 극초음속무기 방어체 계 및 요격수단으로서의 가능성과 관련해서도 주목을 받고 있는 무기이 기도 하다. 새로운 창과 방패의 전략·전력이 함께 요구되고 있다. 향후 한국은 ①레이저 무기의 핵심전력으로의 유지·강화, ②기술격차의 극복과 민관군산학연의 협력, ③미래전 대비 자조적·공조적 노력의 강화에 힘써 나가야 할 것이다.

본 논문의 주된 연구 목적은 우리나라 대도시의 지역-연령-특수적 인구이동 특성을 파악하는 것이다. 이를 위해 지역-연령- 특수적 인구이동 연구를 위한 방법론적 토대를 마련하고자 했는데, 지역-특수적 인구이동 연구를 위한 공간단위를 새롭게 규정하 고, 인구이동 플로의 연령 특화도 분석을 위해 플로 SSD를 활용하였다. 이러한 방법론적 토대 위에서 연구 절차를 정련화하여 우리나라 7대 특별･광역시의 2020년 인구이동 데이터에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 서울의 경우, 특화된 전출 플로는 모든 연령 그룹에서 골고루 나타나지만 연령 그룹 간에 공간적 분리가 현저하다. 특화된 전입 플로는 25~29세에 집중적으로 나타나며, 전출 플로에 비해 특화도도 높다. 둘째, 부산, 대구, 광주, 대전, 울산은 유사한 경향을 보여준다. 특화된 전출 플로는 25~29세에 지배적으로 나타나고, 35~39세에 가장 적다. 특화된 전입 플로 역시 25~29세에 지배적으로 나타난다. 25~29세에 특화된 전출 플로는 주로 수도권 지역에 집중되고, 65~69세는 주변의 시군 지역에 한정되는 경향이 있다. 연령 그룹별 특화 지역이 전입 플로와 전출 플로 사이에서 어느 정도의 공간적 일치성을 보이지만, 특화 플로의 수와 특화도는 전입 플로가 전출 플로에 비해 상대적으로 적고 낮다. 셋째, 인천은 다른 광역시와는 다른 특성을 보인다. 전출 플로와 전입 플로 모두에서 연령 그룹이 25~29세에 집중되지 않고 골고루 나타나는 경향이 있는데, 특히 35~39세의 비중이 상대적으로 높게 나타난다. 전입 플로와 전출 플로 사이에서 연령 그룹별 특화 지역의 공간적 일치성이 두드러지지 않는다. 향후에 방법론적 정련화와 보다 많은 지역 혹은 보다 많은 시점에 대한 실증적 분석이 이루어지길 기대한다. 주요어 : 지역-연령-특수적, 플로 표준화상이점수, 공간단위, 전출, 전입

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the use of artificial intelligence (AI) improves English listening and reading proficiency. It focuses on whether its impacts differ by gender and major. The study was conducted in 2020 with 340 freshmen students in Korea. There were 182 male and 208 female students. The participants majored in different areas: 139 students majoring in aeronautics, 130 students studying policing and safety, 121 students studying in the arts department. The TOEIC test was adopted as pre- and post-tests to explore the impacts of using AI on English learning. To analyze the data, two-way ANOVAs were administered. The study found no interaction effects of gender or major on either listening and reading proficiency. However, gender and major, respectively, had significant impacts on listening. Regarding reading proficiency, major alone affected the students’ performance. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications are considered.

In this study, 46 reservoirs in South Korea were characterized based on heavy metal concentration in sediments. We analyzed the relationship between heavy metal concentrations, physicochemical water quality and hydromorphological factors in each reservoir. Study reservoirs were classified into five groups of reservoirs, by hierarchical cluster analysis based on the similarities of heavy metal concentration. Group 1 had the most severe sediment heavy metal contamination among the groups, whereas Groups 2 and 3 showed low levels of heavy metal contamination. Group 4 displayed high value of Ni, and Group 5 showed high contamination of Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Hg. Groups 1 and 5, which had high concentration of heavy metals in sediments, showed a high density of mines in the catchment of reservoirs. Heavy metal concentration was high in reservoirs with large capacity or the ones located at higher elevation, and also highly related with number of mines in the catchment of reservoir. This study can contribute to the systematic management of sediment heavy metals in reservoirs.

Understanding the characteristics of reservoir water quality is fundamental in reservoir ecosystem management. The water quality of reservoirs is affected by various factors including hydro-morphology of reservoirs, land use/cover, and human activities in their catchments. In this study, we classified 83 major reservoirs in South Korea based on nine physicochemical factors (pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solid, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, electric conductivity, and chlorophyll-a) measured for five years (2015~2019). Study reservoirs were classified into five main clusters through hierarchical cluster analysis. Each cluster reflected differences in the water quality of reservoirs as well as hydromorphological variables such as elevation, catchment area, full water level, and full storage. In particular, water quality condition was low at a low elevation with large reservoirs representing cluster I. In the comparison of eutrophication status in major reservoirs in South Korea using the Korean trophic state index, in some reservoirs including cluster IV composed of lagoons, the eutrophication was improved compared to 2004~2008. However, eutrophication status has been more impaired in most agricultural reservoirs in clusters I, III, and V than past. Therefore, more attention is needed to improve the water quality of these reservoirs.

As modern society has emerged and developed, the subway has established itself as a representative means of transportation in the city due to its speed, accuracy, and accessibility. According to the Indoor Air Quality Management Act, underground stations have established and managed the maintenance and recommendation standards for PM10, PM2.5, CO2, CO, HCHO, NO2, Rn, VOCs However, th the standards for airborne mold has not been applied for subway stations even though management for the health effect of exposure to mold is necessay. In this study, the correlation with major contributing factors was analyzed by measuring the concentration of airborne molds in the indoor air of underground stations and through literature research. It was confirmed that there was a correlation between the concentration of airborne molds in subway stations and the major contributing factors. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the concentration of airborne molds became higher as the location of the platform became deeper underground, during periods of congestion, and especially in summer. There was no significant correlation with the year of construction. Our findings indicate that appropriate management measures should be devised in response to such contributing factors.

Background: Shoulder impingement syndrome, a major cause of shoulder pain, involves weakness of the scapular retractor muscles. The major scapular retractor muscles are the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles; however, the latter is excluded in most studies. Objects: We aimed to measure the thickness of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles using an ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system while performing four different shoulder retraction exercises and comparing the thicknesses and ratio of the thicknesses of these muscles. Methods: The thickness of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles was measured in 24 healthy adults using ultrasound. Muscle thickness was measured three times in the Reference posture and four times while performing four different exercises that involved scapular retraction. The averages and standard deviations of the measured muscle thicknesses were obtained and compared. The ratio of muscle thickness and rate of changes in muscle thickness between the reference posture and the four exercises were compared. Results: For both, male (n = 10) and female (n = 14), there was a significant difference in the thickness of the middle trapezius muscle between the reference posture and the four exercises (p < 0.05) and in the thickness of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles between male and female (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference in the ratio of the thicknesses of these muscles. Although a significant difference in the rate of change in muscle thickness during the four exercises was noted, there was no significant difference in the ratio of change in muscle thickness. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the ratio of the thicknesses of the middle trapezius and rhomboid major muscles and the rate of change in their thickness during exercises involving scapular retraction in healthy people in their 20s–30s.

본 논문은 뮤지컬 전공생의 효과적인 음악교육에 필요한 필수 교과목 연구를 통해 전문 뮤지컬 배우를 양성할 수 있는 체계적인 음악교육 커리큘럼을 정립하는 데 그 목적을 가지고 연구하였다. 이에 뮤지컬 전공생의 양성에 있어 가장 기본이 되는 음악, 연기, 무용 중, 음악 관련 커리큘럼을 중심으로 연구를 진행하였다. 연구를 위해 국내 대학 뮤지컬 전공학과 전체를 조사하였고, 이 중 에서 뮤지컬 음악교육을 위한 최소한의 교과과정인 4가지 필수음악교과(음악이론, 보컬, 레퍼토 리 분석, 오디션)를 포함하고 있는 국내 6개 대학을 선정하여 학과별 커리큘럼을 비교 분석하였 다. 더욱 바람직한 국내 뮤지컬 전공 음악 커리큘럼의 발전 방향을 찾아보기 위해 미국의 AMDA 공연예술대학 뮤지컬 전공 커리큘럼을 조사하여 현재 한국 대학의 교과목들이 올바르게 진행되고 있는지, 앞으로 개선되어야 하는 교과목들은 무엇인지 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 국내 대학의 뮤지컬 전공학과 커리큘럼과는 다른 5가지의 차이점을 발견할 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 국내 뮤지컬 전 공생을 위한 15개의 음악 커리큘럼을 제안하였다. 마지막으로 이 연구를 토대로 각 대학의 뮤지컬 전공학과 음악 커리큘럼이 체계적이면서도 다양한 커리큘럼으로 구성된다면, 대학의 전공 교육으 로 전문 뮤지컬 배우를 양성할 수 있는 소기의 교육 목적을 달성하는 데 큰 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 예측하였다.

Investigating major trading partners and items with North Korea is informative in terms that it can predict the path through which North Korea’s strategic items will transfer to non-nuclear-weapon states when North Korea denuclearizes. By analyzing North Korea’s trading partners and the items, it is possible to identify the relevant countries through which items arrive from the first importing country to the end-user in the process of exporting items and to predict the way how North Korea disguise or conceal their strategic items among general items during normal export procedures. As of 2020, North Korea’s major trading partners are China, Russia, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, and Switzerland. Compared to 2019, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ghana, and Thailand entered the top 10, while Brazil, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and South Africa pushed out of the top 10. North Korea’s trade dependence on China accounts for 88.2%, making it the largest trading partner for years, and it shows that North Korea is mainly conducting trade with Asian and African countries. North Korea’s most important export items are mineral products (HS 25-27) and steel & metal products (HS 72-83) and the most significant import items are mineral products (HS 25-27) and oils & fats & prepared foods (HS 15-24). In 2017, due to UN Security Council sanctions for North Korea’s international ballistic missile (ICBM) test-fire, North Korea’s exports from 3 billion dollars fell by 90% to less than 300 million dollars. This is the result of most of North Korea’s major export items included in the export ban, and changes have occurred in its export items. In 2020, export fell to less than 100 million dollars due to border lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, which also affected the change of North Korea’s major export items. Although North Korea does not officially publish its foreign trade statistics, in order to review North Korea’s trade information, KOTRA statistics are utilized. KOTRA statistics provide only two digits of HS code number, so it is challenging to identify detailed item classification. Moreover, these statistics are based on the export amount, so it is difficult to determine the exact quantity of export items. It is expected that information on North Korean trading partners and items will be used to predict potential transferable export methods of North Korea’s strategic items when North Korea denuclearizes.

본 연구의 목적은 뷰티 전공 대학생을 대상으로 개방형 질문지와 포커스 그룹 인터뷰의 두 가지 통합 연구방법을 통하여 교육 서비스 품질 구성개념을 규명하고자 한다. 연구 참여자는 전국 2년 제, 4년제 대학의 뷰티 전공 재학생을 모집단으로 설정하고 임의 표집방식으로 250명을 채택하여 조사 에 사용하였다. 일련의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 개방형질문지의 귀납적 내용분석 결과 뷰티 전공 대 학의 교육 서비스품질은 전공지식, 교육적 자질, 교수-학생 친밀감, 학생욕구반영, 활용성, 교육과정 구 성, 환경효율성, 교육기자재, 명성의 9개 세부 영역과 일반영역으로 교수 전문성, 교수-학생 공감, 교육 과정, 교육 환경, 명성의 5개 영역으로 도출 하였다. 둘째, 포커스 그룹 인터뷰 결과 귀납적 내용분석을 보다 타당성 있게 지적하고 심도 있게 도출 되었다. 본 연구의 결과 뷰티 전공 대학의 교육서비스 품질 의 측정도구 개발에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, due to the change to SASB(Sustainability Accounting Standards Board) and GRI(Global Reporting Initiative) Standards 2021, the paradigm for non-financial information disclosure is changing significantly, with the number of ESG topics and indicators that must be disclosed by industry from an autonomous material topic selection method. This study revealed that the number of compulsory topics in the oil and gas industry by GRI standards 2021 is up to 2.4 times higher than the average number of material topics disclosed when domestic companies publish sustainability reports using GRI Standards 2020. In the oil and gas industry, I analyzed the similarities and differences between the GRI standards 2021 and the ESG topics covered by SASB by environmental, social, economic, and governance areas. In addition, the materiality test process, which is different in GRI standards 2021, is introduced, and the issues included in the following 10 representative ESG-related initiatives are summarized into 62 and suggested improvement plans for materiality test used in the topic pool.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료과 대학생들의 전공선택동기와 전공만족도, 대학생활적응 간에 어떠한 관계가 있는지 알아보고, 전공만족도가 전공선택동기와 대학생활적응의 관계에서 매개효과를 갖는지를 검증하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 수도권 소재 전문대학의 작업치료과 재학생 262명을 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하였다. 자료분 석은 변수들 간의 상관성을 알아보기 위하여 피어슨 상관분석을 실시하였으며, 다음으로는 전공선택동기 가 대학생활적응에 미치는 영향에서 전공만족도의 매개효과를 알아보기 위해 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하 였다. 결과 : 작업치료과 대학생들의 전공선택동기, 전공만족도, 대학생활적응도의 평균은 각각 3.20점, 3.56점, 3.28점이었으며 전공선택동기와 전공만족도, 대학생활적응도 간의 상관관계는 유의미한 정적 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 전공선택동기가 대학생활적응에 미치는 영향에서 전공만족도의 부분매개 효과가 나타났다(β = .334, β = .371). 결론 : 따라서 작업치료과 대학생들에게 전공선택동기는 대학생활적응에 직접적인 영향을 주고 있을 뿐 아 니라 전공만족도를 통해서도 대학생활적응에 간접적인 영향을 주고 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구결과는 전 공만족도는 대학생활적응을 높이는 요인임을 확인하였으며, 대학생활적응을 높이기 위해서는 전공만족도 의 역할이 중요하다.

This study analyzed the relationship between the community structure of benthic macroinvertebrates and habitat changes in open estuaries among the sites included in the national estuary monitoring program. The estuary survey was conducted under the “Guidelines for Investigation and Evaluation of Biometric Networks” and classified by sea area, 80 places in the East Sea, 102 places in the South Sea, and 19 places in the West Sea were investigated. In a total of 201 open estuaries, benthic macroinvertebrates were identified with 4 phyla, 9 classes, 41 orders, 139 families, 269 species and 196 species in the East Sea, 182 species in the South Sea, and 90 species in the West Sea. The highest population densities were Insecta in the East Sea, the Malacostraca in the South Sea, and the Annelida in the West Sea. Through SIMPER analysis, species contributing to the similarity of benthic macroinvertebrates communities in each sea area were identified. Some species greatly influenced the similarity of clusters. The benthic community in the East Sea was affected by the salinity, so the contribution rate of freshwater species was high. On the other hand, the benthic communities of the South and West Seas showed species compositions are influenced by the substrate composition. As results, the benthic macroinvertebrate community in Korean estuaries was impacted by salinity and substrate simultaneously, and the close relationship with geographical distance was not observed. The result of this study is expected to be used to respond to environmental changes by identifying and predicting changes in the diversity and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in Korea estuaries.