진주만 해역에서의 식물플랑크톤 시공간적 군집 분포와 이를 조절하는 환경요인을 파악하기 위해 물리, 화학적인 환경조사와 더불어 UPLC-CHEMTAX program을 이용한 식물플랑크톤 군집특성분석을 수행하였다. 본 연구해역에서의 Chlorophyll a 농도는 평균 1.84 μg L-1 (0.13~9.03 μg L-1)로 얕은 수심과 조석의 혼합이 활발한 본 연구해역에서 겨울철 식물플랑크톤 현존량이 높게 나타났다. 또한 본 연구해역에서 나타난 주요 식물플랑크톤 군집 중 규조류가 연구기간 동안 평균 77.1%로 대부분 우점하였으나, 하계 (6월, 7월, 8월) 은편모류 (7.7~18.8%), 담녹조류 (7.8~17.3%), 와편모류 (4.9~13.9%)의 분포비율을 나타내었다. 특히 은편모류와 담녹조류는 현미경으로 검경하기 어려운 군집이며, 동기간 보고된 현미경 관찰결과에도 나타나지 않아 향후 이들 군집에 대한 면밀한 조사가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구를 통해 UPLC 활용하여 진주만 어장 생태계의 기초 생산자이자 먹이원으로 작용하는 식물플랑크톤의 생물량 및 시공간적 변동특성을 확인할 수 있었다. 아울러 현미경 검경으로 확인하기 어려운 은편모류와 담녹조류 군집이 하계에 상대적으로 높은 비율을 나타내는 것을 UPLC로 확인할 수 있었고, 이러한 결과는 향후 1차 생산에 관여하는 식물플랑크톤의 계절 변화의 기초정보로 유용하게 이용될 것이다.

A study for species composition and abundance of the fish assemblages in the eastern Jinhae Bay, Korea was conducted using monthly larval collection by a RN80 net from October, 2010 to September, 2011. Of all the 45 species collected, the dominant species were Clupea pallasii, Hexagrammos otakii, Pholis fangi and Engraulis japonicus. Clupea pallasii, Hexagrammos otakii, Pholis fangi in winter and examined Engraulis japonicus, Acanthogobius sp., Parablennius yatabei, and Tridentiger trigonocephalus in summer appeared seasonally. Popoulation characteristic by stations was not clear seasonally and spatially, and appearance aspects of dominant species were similar by stations. Compared our results with other studies in the South Sea, dominant species and their appearance period were similar to their spawning period. Finally, the appearance period of the larvae in the South Sea was closely resulted to spawning period rather than the regional characteristic.

자란만 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 농도분포와 오염현황을 파악하기 위하여 2014년 11월 15개 정점에서 표층 퇴적물을 채취하여 입도, 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN) 및 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)을 분석하였다. 평균입도(Mz)는 8.6-9.8Ø(9.3±0.3Ø) 사이였으며, 니(Mud)와 점토(Clay)의 세립한 퇴적물로 구성되어 있었다. TOC와 TN은 각각 1.51-2.39%(1.74±0.22%), 0.20-0.33%(0.23±0.03%)의 범위로 전반적으로 공간적인 농도차이를 보이지 않았다. 모든 퇴적물에서 C/N 비 값은 5-10 사이를 보여 자란만 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물은 주로 해역 내에서 발생한 해양기원성 유기물인 것으로 파악되었다. 중금속 중 Cr, Fe, Mn은 만의 입구 쪽에서 높고 그 외 중금속(As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn)은 자란만의 안쪽에서 높은 농도를 보였다. 한편, 퇴적물 기준(SQGs), 농축계수(EF), 농집지수(Igeo), 오염부하량지수(PLI), 생태계위해도지수(ERI) 등 다양한 평가기법을 이용하여 자란만 표층 퇴적물의 중금속에 대한 오염정도를 살펴본 결과, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn은 오염되지 않은 상태이거나 일부해역에서 오염된 상태를 보였지만 As는 전 해역에서 높은 오염도를 보였다. 또한, 분석된 모든 중금속 농도를 고려한 전체적인 오염도를 살펴본 결과, 모든 해역에서 중금속에 대하여 오염되었고 특히, 일부 해역에서는 저서생물에 위해성을 줄 수 있는 상태인 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서, 자란만 내 양식 수산물의 안전성 확보와 지속적인 어장 생산성 유지를 위해서 자란만 퇴적물 내 유기물과 중금속의 오염원에 대한 체계적인 관리가 필요하다.

The relationship between the environmental factors (water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a concentration, Noctiluca scintillans density, Diatoms and Dinoflagellates densities) and the zooplankton community was investigated. Zooplankton were seasonally collected at 11 stations of Gwangyang Bay from November 2015 to July 2016. A mean abundance ranged from 544 to 19,753 indiv. m-3. The maximum abundance was observed to be 40,000 indiv. m-3 in July and the minimum occurred in November with 412 indiv. m-3. The zooplankton consisted of 35 taxa, which is dominated by Paracalanus parvus s. l., Corycaeus spp., Oithona spp., Acartia omorii, A. ohtsukai, Centropages abdominalis, unidentified harpacticoids. The result of the Redundancy Analysis (RDA) conducted between the zooplankton and the environmental factors showed that the spring-autumn, summer and winter are separated. The summer was closely related to temperature and diatom density, while the winter was linked to salinity and N. scintillans density (p<0.05).

This study examined the relationship between dinoflagellate cysts and vegetative cells, to a certain extent, by conducting a germination experiment on dinoflagellate cysts collected from a sediment trap and surface sediment. The germination experiment showed that 56.8%, 25 of the 44 species of dinoflagellate cysts seen in the sediment trap, germinated, which confirmed the relationship between cysts and vegetative cells. The germination experiment also found that Votadinium carvum showed different forms of vegetative cells in all three forms of cysts, which required an accurate identification of the species through a genetic analysis. Furthermore, the species known to be the cyst of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was determined to be Cochlodinium sp., and the cysts of C. polykrikoides did not appear.

The biogeochemical information of riverine organic matter gives a detailed and integrated recording of natural and anthropogenic activity within a watershed. To investigate the changes in quality and quantity of organic carbon transporting from mountain to ocean via river channels, we estimated the concentrations of dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC), and then traced the source origin of POC using stable carbon isotopes ratio before and after summer rainfalls in the Tamjin River and Ganjin Bay, Korea. Along the small watershed, a total of 13 sites including headwaters, dam reservoir, river and estuary were established for the study. We found some interesting findings in the aspect of distribution of DOC/POC concentration changing their origin sources dynamically flowing downstream. In particular, the river channel transport downstream mainly DOC to river mouth, although upper dam reservoir increased POC concentration by phytoplankton production in summer. Whereas, in the river mouth and estuary, POC was dominated not only by local supply from nearby reed saltmarsh, but also by marine phytoplankton production, respectively. The findings can contribute to increasing the understanding of riverine organic carbon transport in upper large dam and lower open estuary system.

대형저서동물은 갯벌에서 우점을 차지하고 있으며, 저서환경을 유지하고 환경을 정화하는데 중 요한 역할을 담당하고 있다. 퇴적환경에서 유기물 함량은 저서동물의 서식, 먹이행동, 생존 등 에 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구에서는 무안만 초입의 목포연안 인근갯벌(목포지역과 압해지 역)에서 유기물 함량과 저서동물 분포 특성에 대해서 조사하였다. 목포지역은 압해지역에 비해 높은 유기물 함량을 보였으며, 오염지표종인 Musculista senhousia가 우점을 차지하였다. 무안만 초입 인근 갯벌에서 대형저서동물의 분포는 퇴적층 유기물 함량과 유의적 상관관계를 나타내며 두 지역으로 나누어졌다.

우리나라 남해안의 대표적인 패류양식해역 중에 하나인 고성만 주변 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 분포 및 오염현황을 이해하기 위해 입도와 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN), 중금속 9종(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)에 대해 조사하였다. 고성만 주변 퇴적 물은 세립질의 점토(clay)와 니(mud)로 이루어져 있었다. 유기물과 중금속은 만의 입구쪽에서 안쪽으로 갈수록 상대적으로 높은 농도를 보 였다. 특히, 퇴적물중 유기물 및 중금속의 분포와 C/N 비(5-10)를 고려하였을 때, 고성만 퇴적물 중 유기물은 해역 자체 내 생물체에 의해 생성된 해양기원성 유기물의 영향을 크게 받고, 중금속은 만 주변 혹은 만내 산재해 있는 인위적인 오염원의 영향을 크게 받고 있는 것으 로 파악되었다. 4 가지 퇴적물 오염평가 방법을 이용하여 고성만의 중금속 오염현황을 살펴본 결과, 고성만 퇴적물은 전 해역에 걸쳐 중 금속에 대하여 약간 오염된 상태였으며, 만의 북쪽과 북동쪽의 일부 해역은 퇴적물의 중금속 오염도가 높아 퇴적물에 서식하는 저서생물 에 큰 위해를 줄 수 있는 상태인 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 고성만 주변 퇴적환경 개선을 위한 체계적인 관리계획의 수립과 함께 지속적 인 양식활동 및 양식생물의 안전성 확보를 위한 오염물질에 대한 집중적인 모니터링 연구가 병행되어져야 한다.

To find unrecorded diatom species in the Nakdong River Estuary and Yeongil Bay, bottom sediments in the estuary, and seagrasses in the bay were collected from 12 sampling sites. Eighteen species and four genera are added to the national flora of diatom as newly recorded one. In the Nakdong River Estuary, twelve species are new records to Korea, Martyana atomus (Hustedt) Snoeijs, Pseudostaurosira perminuta (Grunow) Sabbe & Vyverman, Trachysphenia acuminata M. Peragallo, Trachysphenia australis Petit, Fallacia clipeiformis (König) D.G. Mann, Amphora graeffeana Hendey, Amphora jostesorum Witkowski, Metzeltin & Lange-Bertalot, Amphora ostrearia var. vitrea (Cleve) Cleve, Amphora wisei (Salah) Simonsen, Halamphora eunotia (Cleve) Levkov, Halamphora lineata (Gregory) Levkov, Nitzschia littorea Grunow. In Yeongil Bay, four species are added as new, Licmophora gracilis var. anglica (Kützing) H. Peragallo & M. Peragallo, Tabularia investiens (W. Smith) Williams & Round, Nitzschia composita Giffen, Nagumoea neritica Witkowski & Kociolek. Two species occurred simultaneously in both regions, Fragilaria cassubica Witkowski & Lange-Bertalot and Hyalinella lateripunctata Witkowski et al.

From June 2007 to May 2008, seasonal variations of bacterial abundance and heterotrophic nanoflagellate (HNF), together with environmental factors, were investigated at weekly and monthly intervals in Kyeonggi Bay. During the study period, the water temperature and salinity varied from 1.9℃~29.0℃ and 31~35.1 psu, respectively. The concentration of ammonia, nitrate+nitrite, phosphate, and silicate ranged from 0.01 to 3.22 μM, 2.03 to 15.34 μM, 0.06 to 1.82 μM, and 0.03 to 18.3 μM, respectively. The annual average concentration of Chl. a varied from 0.86 μg L-1 to 37.70 μg L-1; the concentration was twice as much at the surface than at the deeper layers. The abundance of bacteria and HNF ranged from 0.29×106 to 7.62×106 cells mL-1 and 1.00×102 to 1.26×103 cells mL-1, respectively. In particular, there were significant correlations between bacteria and HNF abundance (p<0.05), and then the high abundance of HNF was frequently observed with an increase of bacterial abundance in summer (p<0.001). Our results therefore indicate that bacterial abundance in the bay was mainly controlled by resources supplied as organic and inorganic substances from Lake Shihwa due to the daily water exchange after dike construction. Also, the bacterial abundance was significantly controlled by HNF grazing pressure (top-down) in the warm seasons, i.e. excluding winter, in the Kyeonggi Bay.

It is difficult to build a hipped and gable roof in slender rectangular type due to restraint in variation of lateral length caused by gongpo arranged on the side, purlin space and the form of gable part and aesthetical effect of chunyeo maru. Against this backdrop and with the assumption that this phenomenon is more apparent in roofs of three-bay-kan Buddhist temples with the hipped and gable roof among national treasure Buddhist temples, this study has aimed to prove that a roof can be built in a less slender rectangular type than that of flat form and to present the building methodology and found the following findings. First, The ratio of lateral to longitudinal length of the roof has been adjusted by protruding the chunyeo and the method of adjusting the ratio of lateral to longitudinal length of the roof is considered to be determined depending on the availability of woods to be used in chunyeo. Second, in order to symmetrically arrange the edge of the roof, which is critical from the perspective of construction morphology, the chunyeo angle has been intentionally adjusted to reduce the gap of length between the front roof and the lateral roof. To sum up, the characteristic of the hipped and gable roof, which is difficult to be built in slender rectangular type, is more clearly shown in the roof and it is identified that the length of the front roof and the lateral roof has been intentionally adjusted to achieve the symmetrical arrangement of roofline of the roof edge.