Anthocyanin pigments in black soybean seed coat have been known as including biological activities, which are antitumor, antioxdant and antivirus. Also in soybean, isoflavone have been reported as health-promoting benefits, which are antiestrogen, antioxidant, antitumoral activities and preventing cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. The consumption of soybean increased in Korea because of the importance of its functional characteristics of the anthocyanin and isoflavone. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the variation of anthocyanin, and isoflavone contents in Korean domestic black soybean cultivars grown at different latitudinal locations, Suwon (37°16'N) and Milyang (35°30'N). D3G, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Geomjeongkong # 3, C3G, and total anthocyanins in Ilpumgeomjeongkong grown at higher latitudinal Suwon were higher compared to lower latitudinal Milyang. Daidzein, glycitein, genistein, and total isoflavone contents in Gemjeongkong # 4 were highest among the seven cultivars. Daidzein contents in Gemjeongkong # 3, Milyang # 112, and Milyang # 113 grown at higher latitudinal Suwon were higher compared to lower latitudinal Milyang. Glycitein contents in Gemjeongkong # 3, and # 4 grown at higher latitudinal Suwon were higher Milyang while that in Milyang # 113 grown at lower latitudinal Milyang was higher compared to higher latitudinal Suwon. Genistein contents in most black soybean cultivars except Milyang # 113, and total isoflavone contents in Gemjeongkong # 4 and Cheongjakong grown at lower latitudinal Milyang were higher compared to higher latitudinal Suwon. The variations of anthocyanin except Pt3G and isoflavone contents seemed to be affected by environmental conditions like different latitude than the genotype because they showed the significant interaction between cultivars and locations.

Allelic variations in glutenin and puroindolines of Korean wheat cultivars evaluated to determine the effects of allelic variations on physico-chemical properties of flour and qualities of white salted noodles. In grain hardness and flour yield, Pinb-D1b had higher hardness index and flour yield than Pinb-D1a alleles. Glu-B1b and Glu-D1f also had lower hardness index than other alleles at the same locus and Glu-A1c, Glu-A3e and Glu-B3i alleles showed lower flour yield than other alleles. In flour compositions, Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b showed higher particle size, ash and damaged starch content and lower lightness of wheat flour than Pina-D1a and Pinb-D1a. Glu-A1c, Glu-B1b, Glu-D1f, Glu-B3d and Glu-B3i showed lower particle size of flour than other alleles at Glu-1 and Glu-B3 locus. Korean wheats with Glu-B1f, Glu-D1a and Glu-B3b alleles had higher damaged starch content and lower lightness of flour than wheats other alleles at the same locus. Glu-B1b, Glu-D1f, Glu-B3d and Pina-D1a showed lower protein content and Glu-A1c, Glu-B1b, Glu-D1f Glu-B3d, Glu-B3i and Pinb-D1b showed lower SDS-sedimentation volume than other alleles. Hardness of cooked noodles ranked as Glu-A1a > Glu-A1c > Glu-A1c at Glu-A1 locus. Glu-B3h showed higher hardness of cooked noodles (5.10 N) than other alleles at Glu-B3 locus (< 4.66 N).

End-use properties of 26 Korean wheat cultivars(KWC) were evaluated to assess consumer satisfaction with 6 imported wheat and 5 commercial wheat flours. In end-use quality testing of cooked noodles, Absorption of noodle dough sheet of ASW(Australian standard white) was similar to Anbaek, Eunpa, Gobun, Hanbaek, Jeokjoong, Jonong, Namhae, and Sukang. In lightness of prepared noodle dough sheet, Lightness value(L*) of KWC was lower than those of commercial flour for making white salted noodle(Com1), commercial flour for making for yellow alkaline noodle(Com2), and commercial flour for multi-purpose(Com4). Lightness value(L*) showed significantly negative correlations with particle size of flour, ash, damaged starch, and protein content. Hardness of cooked noodles positively correlated with protein content. In end-use quality of bread, Bread volume of commercial flour for making bread(Com3) was similar to Alchan, Jokyung, Keumkang, and Namhae but firmness was low. Bread volume showed better relationships with higher SDS-sedimentation volume, longer mixing time of mixograph, higher height of dough during development. Diameter of cookie showed significantly negative correlations with particle size of flour, damaged starch, and protein content. Also, Top gain score became higher as the increase diameter of cookie. In end-use quality testing of cooked cookie, Cookie diameter of Com5 was similar to that of Dahong, Geuru, Olgeuru, Tapdong, and Uri but top grain was low.

Flour characteristics of 26 Korean wheat cultivars(KWC) were evaluated to assess consumer satisfaction with 6 imported wheat and 5 commercial wheat flours. In physical characteristics of flours, Particle size of SW(soft white) was similar to Dahong, Geuru, Milsung, Olgeuru, Seodun, Tapdong, and Uri. DNS(dark northern spring) was similar to Jeokjoong, Joeun, Sukang, and Younbaek. Particle size of flour positively correlated with ash, damaged starch, and lightness value(L*) of flour. In protein characteristics, Protein content of SW and commercial flour for baking cookie(Com5) was similar to Baekjoong, Jinpoom, Milsung, Olgeuru, Saeol, and Uri. SDS sedimentation volume based on a constant flour weight(SDSS) of KWC was lower than those of DNS and Com3. Mixing time and maximum dough height(Hm) of KWC were higher than those of imported wheat and Com. Protein content positively correlated with SDS sedimentation volume and water absorption of mixograph. SDS-sedimentation volume positively correlated with water absorption of mixograph, mixing time of mixograph, and height of dough development. In starch characteristics of flour, ASW(Australian standard white) flours showed lower amylose content, higher peak viscosity, breakdown, and setback in pasting properties than other flours. KWC flours showed higher amylose content and lower peak viscosity than those of AH(Australian hard), ASW, commercial flour for making white salted noodles(Com1), commercial flour for making yellow alkaline noodles(Com2) and Com3.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is the most important disease of wheat that may cause serious yield and quality losses and leads to harmful contamination of the grain with fungal toxins. Korean wheat cultivars showed much less resistant to FHB than Sumai3, which known as resistance to FHB, evaluated by spray inoculation in our companion report. Many DNA-marker studies, including sequence tagged site (STS) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and qualitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance have been identified and mapped on the specific chromosome, especially 3BS, by many previous studies. However, there was no application of DNA-markers to select FHB resistance lines in Korean wheat breeding programs. 3 SSR markers and 6 STS markers linked to major QTL on chromosome arms 3BS found in Sumai3 and its derivatives were used to screen FHB resistance in Korean wheat cultivars. All markers known to be most significant markers based on previous research (Liu and Anderson 2003). There was general lack of marker polymorphism for Korean wheat cultivars used in this study. However, STS3B-138 marker only showed the polymorphism in Korean wheat cultivars. Allele size of STS3B-138 is 355 bp in Sumai 3 and 12 of 24 cultivar showed this allele. The range in Type II resistance rating was 1-5 and average of these 12 cultivars have 355bp allele was grade 2.4. The most resistant cultivars under the 2 grade, Gobun, Jinpoom, Milseong and Namhae also showed 355bp allele. Therefore, These results provide potential for development of wheat cultivars with improved Fusarium head blight resistance through use of effective FHB screen methods and marker - assisted selection.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), also known as head scab of wheat causes serious yield losses and deteriorated grain and may also contaminate the grain with mycotoxins. Many researches have been conducted to minimize damage caused by FHB and to improve resistance to FHB in many countries. However, little information of FHB in Korean wheats is available. In this study, 23 Korean wheat cultivars and F8 population were evaluated FHB symptoms infected two types of inoculations, both spray and point inoculation. Grain properties of Korean wheat cultivars, including grain morphology, antioxidant activity and ion content, were also evaluated to elucidated the relationship to the degree of infection of FHB. Anbaek, Eunpa and Milsung showed lower degree of infection by spray inoculation than any other cultivars, in spite of higher infection degree than Sumai3, which have been known as resistant to FHB. The degree of infection by point inoculation of Milsung, Gobun and Olgeuru was comparable to that of Sumai3. Poly phenol oxidase activity and total polyphenol content negatively correlated with the degree of infection by spray inoculation (r = -0.388, r = -0.466* respectively). Roundness of grain positively correlated with the degree of infection by point inoculation (r = 0.419*). In F8 population of 234 lines derived from the cross between Sumai3 and Korean wheat cultivar, 33 lines (14.1%) showed lower degree of infection by spray inoculation than parental cultivars, although there was no line comparable resistance of FHB to Sumai3. Fourteen lines (6.0%) showed lower degree of infection by point inoculation than Sumai3 and 135 lines (57.6%) were comparable to Sumai3 and parental cultivars.

Various saponins are present in soybean seed, and they can be divided into three groups, group A, B and E saponin, in which the aglycone are soyasapogenol A, B and E, respectively. Group A saponins are supposed to be responsible for the undesirable bitter and astringent taste, and Group B saponins including 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- 4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP)-conjugated soyasaponins have the health-contributing activities. This study was conducted to investigate the saponin composition and content of 69 Korean cultivars. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to analyze the composition and content of soyasaponins. The composition of saponins in the seed hypocotyl of 69 Korean cultivars were divided into three groups, Aa, Ab and AaAb types. The numbers of Aa, Ab and AaAb types were 10, 36 and 23, respectively. The contents of group A saponin (Aa, Ab and Ac), group B saponin (non-DDMP, Ba and Bb) and DDMP saponin (αg and βg) ranged 21.7 ~ 57.0mg/g, 1.4 ~ 5.1mg/g and 9.8 ~ 27.4mg/g, respectively. A total of saponin content of seed hypocotyl in 69 Korean cultivars ranged from 43.8mg/g to 85.3mg/g with an average of 59.1mg/g.

A total of 40 Korean rice cultivars were exposed to high temperature during grain filling stage in the greenhouse condition and changes in head rice ratio of brown rice, whiteness of milled rice, amylose and protein contents were investigated in comparison with field-grown plants. Testing cultivars were categorized into four groups according to maturation period and accumulated temperature was 1216.4～1775.8oC in the field condition and 1275.8～ 1893.7oC in the greenhouse condition during grain filling stage. Reduction ratio of head rice and whiteness under high temperature in the four groups were 23.6, 17.7, 13.0, 8.7% and 12.7, 12.3, 9.5, 6.0%, respectively, in which early-maturing group showed more severe deterioration due to the early exposure to high temperature. Rice cultivar Dongan and Daeya were the most tolerant to high temperature among the tested cultivars showing 0.5 and 6.6% of the head rice reduction ratio and 0 and 1.2% of whiteness reduction ratio under high temperature, respectively. Amylose contents of the four groups were reduced by 11.7, 11.3, 8.8, 8.5% under high temperature in group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ, respectively, whereas protein contents were increased by 14.2, 6.3, 4.4, 4.4% in the four groups, respectively.

Temperature rise during grain filling stage by global warming causes deterioration in rice yield and quality. This study was conducted to investigate proper panicle traits for improving grain filling under high temperature. A total of 40 Korean rice cultivars were grouped according to maturation period and exposed to high temperature during grain filling stage in greenhouse with ventilating fans. Average temperature in greenhouse was 1.1～1.5oC higher than ambient condition. Main panicle traits such as number of spikelets per panicle, number of primary rachis branches(PRBs) and secondary rachis branches(SRBs) per panicle, number of spikelets setting on PRBs and SRBs were counted after harvest and their relationship with grain ripened ratio was investigated. Grain ripened ratio under high temperature showed significant negative correlations with number of spikelets per panicle, number of total rachis branches, number of SRBs, number of total and average spikelets setting on SRBs, and ratio of number of SRBs to number of PRBs. Especially, number of total and average spikelets setting on SRBs showed highly negative correlations with ripened grain ratio, which implies grain filling under high temperature might have been more severely decreased in the cultivars with bigger sink size due to higher number of spikelets setting on SRBs.

and distribution of seed storage proteins are responsible for the quality of soybean and seed development. Among storage proteins, lipoxygenase isoforms (Mw. ~97 kDa) play a major role in the distinct bean flavor during storage. In this study, we compared three soybean elite cultivars viz., JIMPUM, JINPUM2 and TANMI2 (lipoxygenase null mutants, originated from Japan) along with WILLIAMS 82 (control plant, USA) to determine the seed storage proteins by proteomic approach. Phenotype of the mature seeds showed the variation in seed coat, color and appearance. Total seed proteins of the above cultivars were subjected to two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The resulted protein profiling showed the intensity of the different quantitative spots varied among the four cultivars. We are now investigating by using other proteomic tool and the resulted difference in proteins may helpful in quality improvement or the functional roles in the seed development.

Mature dry seeds of Korean cultivars, Daepungkong, Muhankong, Myeongjunamulkong, Somyeongkong, Sowonkong, Jinpumkong, and Pungsannamulkong were used. The influence of antibiotics on elimination of Agrobacterium growth and shoot regeneration was estimated with cotyledonary node. Cefotaxime and timentin at the concentration of 250 and 500 mg/l suppressed Agrobacterium, especially cefotaxime was an efficient antibiotic to suppress Agrobacterium in all cultivars. While carbenicillin and timentin at the concentration of 50 and 100 mg/l were not sufficient to control the development of Agrobacterium, respectively. Cefotaxime and timentin represented high shoot formation rates compared with carbenicillin. Carbenicillin at low concentrations did not effectively suppress Agrobacterium and also had no effect on shoot development. Cefotaxime at the concentration of 250 mg/l showed maximum frequency of shoot regeneration in cvs. Somyeongkong and Sowonkong. Furthermore, on medium containing cefotaxime, shoot was more quickly formed than the other antibiotics. The use of cefotaxime was very useful for elimination of Agrobacterium growth with cotyledonary node of Korean soybean cultivars.

우리나라에서 1994년부터 2007년까지 보급된 콩 20개 보급품종과 6개의 유망품종을 포함한 26개의 엘리트품종들을 SSR마커를 이용하여 유전적 다양성과 유연관계를 분석하고, 품종을 판별한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. SSR마커 15개를 이용하여 분석한 결과 총 201개의 대립인자가 확인되었고, 각 유전좌별로 최소 8개(Satt141)에서 최대 19개(Satt197)의 대립인자가 확인되었으며, 마커당 대립인자수는 평균 13.4개이었다. 2. 15개 SSR마커에 의한 국내 콩 엘리트품종들의 유전적다양성 (PIC값)은 평균 0.874이었고 그 범위는 0.931-0.782이었으며, 마커별로는 Satt197이 0.931로 가장 높았고 Satt141이 0.782로 가장 낮았다. 3. SSR마커를 이용한 유전적거리에 의한 군집분석한 결과, 26개 품종이 3개 그룹으로 분류되었으며, I그룹에 2품종(7.7%), II그룹에 7품종(26.9%), 그리고 III그룹에 17품종(65.4%)이 속하였다. 4. SSR마커에 의하여 분류된 3그룹내의 유전적 다양성은 0.720-0.799으로 평균 0.769이었고, 그룹간의 유전적 다양성은 0.725-0.857으로 평균 0.813이었다. 그룹간이 그룹내보다 유전적 다양성이 더 높았으며, 유연관계는 I그룹은 II그룹 및 III그룹과 유전적거리가 가까웠으며, II그룹과 III그룹간은 서로 유전적거리가 다소 멀었다. 5. 다형성이 높은 5개의 SSR마커 중에서 2개 마커를 이용한 5개조합(Satt197+Sat088 , Satt197+Satt245, Sat088+Sat036 , Sat088+Satt245 , Satt185+Satt245)이 선정되었으며, 이중 어느 조합을 사용하여도 26개 엘리트품종 모두의 판별이 가능하였다.

국내에서 육성된 벼 품종 중에서 1998년부터 2005년까지 국립종자관리소를 통하여 보급된 67개 벼 품종을 가지고 벼 11개 염색체로부터 선발한 20개 SSR 마커들로 분석한 결과 총 대립인자수는 149개였으며 대립인자 수의 범위는 4~14개이었고 평균 대립인자 수는 7.5개였다. 대립인자들의 분자량의 변이는 RM335에서 51bp로 가장 컸고 RM253이 4 bp로서 가장 작았다. 분석에 사용한 20개 SSR 마커의 PIC값은 0.45(RM202)

This study was carried out to classify Korean soybean varieties base on maturity group (MG) and to find character relationships according to planting date for high quality soybean seed production adapted to early season cultivation environment of Miryang. Results of maturity grouping of Korean soybean varieties showed that Keunol (3 cultivars), belonged to Group 0; Seonnok and Danmi in Group II, Shinrok in Group III, Seonyu (17 cultivars), in Group IV, Taekwang (44 cultivars) in Group V, Daewon (25 cultivars) in Group VI, and Kwangdu and Keumdu in Group VII. Agronomic characteristics of 100 soybean varieties were compared based on MG, cultivation year and seeding date. Soybean varieties belonging to the MG VI~VII showed longer days to flowering and growth period, high lodging density and higher yield. Seed quality analysis revealed that as maturity was delayed, seed weight becomes heavier while seed cracks become abundant. In addition, occurrence of purple seed and phomopsis were higher in MG 0~III . Protein content was higher in MG 0~III , and isoflavone content was higher as maturity was delayed. On the other hand, lipid content was generally similar across MGs. Correlation analysis of major agronomic characters showed positive relationships between days to flowering and growth days, seed weight and lodging in MG IV~V , seed crack and growth days in MG 0~III , seed crack and days to flowering in MG IV~V and MG VI~VII , seed crack and lodging in MG IV~V and MG VI~VII , seed crack and seed weight in MG IV~V and MG VI~VII , purple seed and growth days in MG IV~V , purple seed and seed weight in MG VI~VII , phomopsis and growth days in MG IV~V and MG VI~VII , and phomopsis and purple seed in MG IV~V and MG VI~VII . In contrast, a negative relationship was observed between seed weight and lodging in MG 0~III . Correlating yield and major characters revealed negative relationships between days to flowering and growth days in MG 0~III and MG IV~V , whereas positive relationships were obtained on MG VI~VII seeded on April 30. Lodging, seed weight and seed crack were all negatively correlated with yield in the MG IV~V and MG VI~VII . Soybean cultivars identified as adaptable to early season planting for production of high quality soy curd and fermented soybean paste were Seonyu, Kwangdu, and Soho while those suited for the manufacture of soybean sprouts were Sobaeknanul, Kwangan, Sowon, and Bosuk. Geomjeong 2 chosen as best for mixing with rice.