버섯품질은 상대습도에 크게 좌우되므로, 지면에서 높아질수록 수분관리가 불리하게 되면 통풍으로서 상하 습도를 균 질화 시킬 필요가 있다. 중국식 톱밥재배를 수직으로 7-8단으로 배열하고, 갈변하면 각 배지의 비닐을 벗겨둔다. 이렇게 함으로써 육면체 배지의 모든 방향에서 표고가 발생할 수 있다. 그러나 노출된 배지로부터 수분유실을 통제하지 못하게 된다.

소나무잔나비버섯의 톱밥재배를 위한 가장 적정한 종균배양적 특성을 요약하면 적정온도는 30℃이며, 적정 pH가 소나무잔나비버섯균은 pH 5이다. 톱밥배지의 적정 수분함량은 60%이며, 주재료는 미송톱밥, 첨가재료는 맥주박이었다. 또한 적정 첨가재료인 맥주박의 첨가량은 20%, calcium carbonate의 첨가함량은 0.1%, sucrose의 첨가함량은 0.1%이었다. LVD의 첨가함량은 0.01%이었다.

톱밥발효돈분의 시용이 혼파초지의 식생구성비율, 건물수량, 양분생산성 및 토양의 화학성 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 톱밥발효돈분 처리구, 톱밥발효돈분+화학비료 혼용 시용구 및 화학비료표준 시용구 등 8 처리로 하여 4년간 수행된 결과, 평균 건물수량은 대조구 및 퇴비 시용구를 제외하고는 처리별 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 식생구성은 전처리 공히 시험년차가 경과될수록 두과와 잡초의 비율이 증가하였고, 4년차의 두과비율은 대체적으로 발효돈분 시용구()>겸

A trial was carried out to investigate the effect of fermented saw-dust pig manure (FSP) and N fertilizer application on physical, chemical properties and microbial population of soil on Cheju brown volcanic ash pasture during the period from September, 1

This experiment was carried out during the period from September, 1997 to October, 1998 to determine the effect of fermented saw-dust pig manure (FSP) application on the herbage production on a mixed pasture in the Cheju brown volcanic ash soil. Split plo

This study was carried out to examine the effects of animal manure on efficiency of the nitrogen utilization of silage corn (Zea mays L.) and soil fertility. The experiment was conducted on the field plot at Gongiam, Kwangju, Kyunggi-Do for 3 years, from

This study was carried out to determine a fertilization rate for productivity and nutritive value improvement of silage corn, using two kinds of composts, and to examine the potential possibility of utilization as an organic fertilizer. The experiment was

To investigate the effects of inorganic phosphate ( 200kg/ha), fermented cow manures( 200kg/ha, 400kg/ha) and poultry manures( 200kg/ha, 400kg/na) levels mixed with sawdust on the soil changes and productivity of alfalfa monoculture, a field experiment ar

Waste heavy oil sludge is considered oil waste that can be utilized as a renewable energy source. Although it has high calorific values, it should be treated as a designated waste. During the recycling process of construction and demolition wastes or the trimming process of woods, a lot of sawdust is produced. In this study, the feasibility of BOF (biomass and waste heavy oil sludge fuel) as a source of renewable energy was estimated. To investigate its combustion characteristics, a lab scale batch type combustion reactor was used, and temperature fluctuation and the flue gas composition were measured for various experimental conditions. The results could be summarized as follows: The solid fuel pellets manufactured from waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust had C 50.21 ~ 54.77%, H 10.25 ~ 12.66%, O 25.84 ~ 34.83%, N 1.01 ~ 1.04%, S 1.03 ~ 1.07%. Their lower heating values ranged from 4,780 kg/kcal to 5,530 kg/kcal. The density of the solid fuel pellets was increased from 0.63 g/cm3 to 0.85 g/cm3 with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge. The maximum CO2 concentration in the flue gas was increased with increasing waste heavy oil sludge content in BOF. SO2 concentration in the flue gas was showed a tendency such as the highest CO2 concentration in the flue gas. With increasing waste heavy oil sludge content in BOF, the combustion time became rather shorter although the increase of the CO2 concentration in the flue gas was delayed. Because the carbon conversion rate showed small difference with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge in BOF, BOF with the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge of 30% was effective for combustion. With increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge in BOF, activation energy and the amount of total CO emissions were increased, while activation energy was decreased with increasing the air/fuel ratio. Therefore, the optimal air/fuel ratio for the combustion of BOF was 1.5.

Waste heavy oil sludge is considered oil waste that can be utilized as a renewable energy source. In this study, an attempt has been made to convert the mixtures of waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust into solid biomass fuels. The solid fuel pellets from waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust could be manufactured only with a press type pelletizer. The mixing ratios of waste heavy oil sludge and sawdust capable of manufacturing a solid fuel pellet were 30 : 70, 40 : 60 and 50 : 50. Ultimate analysis result revealed that these mixtures had C 50.21 ~ 54.77%, H 10.25 ~ 12.66%, O 25.84 ~ 34.83%, N 1.01 ~ 1.04%, S 1.03 ~ 1.07%. With increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge, the carbon and hydrogen content in solid fuel pellets were increased, while the oxygen content was decreased. But the nitrogen and sulfur content in solid fuel pellets did not show much difference. Their lower heating values ranged from 4,780 kg/kcal to 5,530 kg/kcal. The density of the solid fuel pellets was increased from 0.63 g/cm3 to 0.85 g/cm3 with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge and the collapse of the solid fuel pellets occurred at a moisture content of 21%. As the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge in the solid fuel pellets was increased, the reaction of thermal cracking became faster. It was also observed that the solid fuel pellets were thermally decomposed in two steps and their DTG curves were simpler with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of the solid fuel pellets ranged from 18.90 kcal/mol to 21.36 kcal/mol and from 201 l/sec to 8,793 l/sec, respectively. They were increased with increasing the mixing ratio of waste heavy oil sludge.

Waste oil sludge was generated from waste oil purification process, oil bunker, or the ocean plant. Although it has high calorific values, it should be treated as a designated waste. During the recycling process of construction and demolition wastes or the trimming process of woods, a lot of sawdust is produced. In this study, the feasibility of BOF (biomass and waste oil sludge Fuel) as a source of renewable energy was estimated. To estimate combustion characteristics, a lab scale batch type combustion reactor was used and temperature fluctuation and the flue gas composition were measured for various experimental conditions. The results could be summarized as follows: the maximum CO2 concentration in the flue gas was increased with increasing waste oil sludge content in BOF. SO2 concentration in the flue gas was showed a tendency such as the highest CO2 concentration in the flue gas. With increasing waste oil sludge content in BOF, the combustion time was rather shorter although the increase of the CO2 concentration in the flue gas was delayed. Because the carbon conversion rate showed small difference with increasing the mixing ratio of waste oil sludge in BOF, BOF with the mixing ratio of waste oil sludge of 40% was effective for combustion. With decreasing the air/fuel ratio and the mixing ratio of waste oil sludge in BOF, activation energy and frequency factor were increased. The optimal air/fuel ratio for the combustion of BOF was 1.5.

The large amount of waste oil sludge was generated from waste oil purification process, oil bunker, or the ocean plant. Although it has high calorific values, it should be treated as a designated waste. During the recycling process of construction and demolition wastes or the trimming process of woods, a lot of sawdust is produced. In this study, the feasibility of BOF (biomass and waste oil sludge fuel) as a renewable energy source was estimated. For manufacturing a BOF, a press type pelletizing was better than an extruder type and also 40 ~ 60% of mixing ratio in waste oil sludge was appropriate to produce a pellet. The pellet was 13 mm in diameter and 20 mm in length. There was no fixed carbon in waste oil sludge, and its carbon content and higher heating value were 63.90% and 9,110 kcal/kg, respectively. With an increse of mixing ratio of sawdust, the carbon content and heating value of the BOF were dropped, but fixed carbon content was increased. The heating value of BOF was in the range of 6,400 ~ 7,970 kcal/kg at the mixing ratio of 40 ~ 60% in waste oil sludge. It means that the BOF can be classified as the 1stgrade solid fuel. In TGA experiment carried out at heating rate of 10oC/min and under nitrogen atmosphere, thermal decomposition of sawdust was occurred in two steps, but waste oil sludge was destructed in one step. The initiated cracking temperature of sawdust and waste oil sludge was 300 and 280oC in respective and after 450oC the thermal decomposition process of sawdust was slowly progressed by 800oC in contrast to waste oil sludge. Thermal decomposition of waste oil sludge was finished around 600oC. It can be considered that this difference is due to the fixed carbon content. Thermal decomposition pattern for the pellet of mixing ratio over 50% in waste oil sludge was similar to that for waste oil sludge and thermal cracking was occurred between 300 and 350oC. As the mixing ratio of waste oil sludge in the pellet increased, the reaction of thermal cracking became fast.

Gasification, one of the thermo-chemical conversion technologies, has been known and researched for the conversion of low graded solid feedstock to gaseous form of fuel. Gasification for obtaining high-valued combustible gas such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide has been focused again due to high oil price with needs of alternative energy. And the gaseous product, known as synthesis gas (syngas) can be effectively utilized in a variety of ways ranging from electricity production to chemical industry. Gasification and melting processes are also operated at high temperatures with the destruction of hazardous components and production of gases, mainly CO and H2, which can be utilized as fuel gas or raw chemicals after cleaning. In this study, sawdust was experimented on in a lab-scale gasification process in order to characterize the gaseous products. At isothermal conditions at a fixed temperatures (800, 1000, 1200oC), the concentrations of CO, H2 and CH4 increased but CO2 and N2 decreased with lower equivalent ratio (ER). C2H6 concentration was varying and not depending upon ER. Carbon conversion efficiency, gas and tar yields increased with increasing ERs. Tar yield was related to carbon conversion efficiency and gas yield.

Extracts from sawdust of Pinus densiflora were showed antifungal activity against Lentinula edodes. It was extracted by hot water and then successively extracted by n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The yields of the n-hexane-soluble, ethyl acetatesoluble, methanol-soluble and methanol-insoluble fractions of water extracts were 8.2%, 10.6%, 32.0%, and 49.2%, respectively. The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction showed the greatest antifungal activity against L. edodes: 41.5% inhibition at 1,000 ppm. However, there were not significant differences of antifungal activities between n-hexane-soluble fraction and methanol-soluble fraction at a concentration of 1,000 ppm. The hot water extracts showed 23.5% of antifungal activity against L. edodes at a concentration of 1000 ppm. The four antifungal compounds were separated from ethyl acetate fraction by thin layer chromatography.

The extracts of Pinus densiflora sawdust by n hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent were investigated to identify their mycelial growth inhibition against Lentinus edodes. The yields of n hexane soluble fraction, ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, and methanol soluble fraction from P. densiflora sawdust were obtained 1.36%, 2.21% and 4.03% using organic solvent, respectively. The mycelial growth inhibition of L. edodes was the greatest for n hexane extract, ranging from 36.5% to 47.6% at concentrations of 125 ppm to 1,000 ppm, with the values for all concentrations significantly different from one another. After direct extraction of P. densiflora sawdust using n hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol, each extract was separated into three fractions by silica gel column chromatography and then the fractions were isolated on the values of Rf by thin layer chromatography. The mycelial growth inhibition against L. edodes was recognized in the fractions II (33.5%) and III (37.6%) of n hexane extract, the fraction II (21.4%) of ethyl acetate extract and the fraction II (26.4%) of methanol extract. The fractions III of n-hexane extract showed the highest growth inhibition among the nine fractions of the organic solvent extract.

This study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) as substrates for several edible mushrooms. For the cultivation of several edible and/or medicinal fungi on black locust, optimum bulk densities, synthetic or semisynthetic additives, natural additives and pretreatment methods were investigated. Fruit body yields of the fungi on various sawdust media composed of different wood species were also analyzed for testing the capability of black locust as a substrate for mushroom production. Mycelial growths decreased proportional when the bulk density increased. The most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources as additives to promote the mycelial growth were sucrose (2%, w/w) and ammonium phosphate (0.2%, w/w) respectively. When corn-powder and beer-waste as natural additives were added to sawdust of black locust showed the significant growth of mycelia. And the optimum mixing ratio was 10:2:1 (sawdust: corn-powder: beer-waste, w/w). Black locust after cold water treatment showed the outstanding mycelial growths. Any significant changes of pH, moisture content (%) and dry-weight losses (%) could not be found among culture substrates (sawdust of black locust, oak and poplar wood) examined before and after harvesting of fruit bodies. Yield of fruit bodies on black locust culture media were comparable with those culture media composed with oak and poplar wood. The present work indicated strongly the potentiality of black locust as raw materials for edible and medicinal mushrooms.