In this study, various physical cleaning methods such as physical washing and osmotic backwash, were performed to understand membrane fouling characteristics by employing real secondary wastewater effluent (SWWE). In addition, microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatments were compared to maximize removal of organic matter and to control membrane fouling efficiently. Organic foulants deposited on the active layer of FO membrane were observed by fouling behavior test. The relationship between concentrations of natural organic matter and membrane fouling was also investigated from the bench-scale FO tests. Finally, by quantitative analysis of correlations between foulants and fouling reversibility with the modified fouling index (MFI), we identified the applicability of MFI in predicting FO intake water fouling potential.

Using a theoretical framework of cultural capital, the present study analyzed a collecting system in AbyssRium, a mobile healing game. AbyssRium provides users with emotional satisfaction by allowing them to decorate a virtual aquarium using fishes and other sea creatures. We conducted a content analysis using contents generated in online communities and focus group interview with heavy users of AbyssRium. Results suggest that game players feel superiority by possessing rare fishes over others. These rare items were also utilized to distinguish users who collected the items from others not possessing such fishes. Also, the game operator of AbyssRium maintains the game balance by imposing greater costs for experienced users than for novice users in collecting fishes and decorate the aquarium. Such a strategy contributes to sustaining the social ecosystem of Abyssrium by encouraging new users to start to play the game. The current study suggests that a simple mobile game can afford a social interaction and a social system allowing users to constructs social meaning of artifacts presented in the virtual environments. Future research may broaden the generalizability of the cultural capital framework by replicating these findings in different video games.

In order for the probe to perform ocean exploration and survey research, it is necessary to adjust the position of the ship as desired by dynamic positioning system. The dynamic positioning system of T/S NARA is applied to K-POS dynamic positioning system of Kongsberg, which makes maintaining the ship's position, changing position and heading control possible. T/S NARA is not capable of dynamic positioning if one or more propulsive forces are lost with DP Level One. However, it is predicted that dynamic positioning can be achieved even at the time of missing one thrust in a good sea condition. Therefore, we want to analyze the effect of each propulsion on the performance of dynamic position system. When one of the bow thruster and azimuth thrusters lost their propulsion, maintaining the ship's position, changing position and heading control performance were compared and analyzed. If the situation occurred disable from using the bow thruster, they can not maintain ship's position. Azimuth thruster was influential for the ship's position control and bow thruster was influential in heading control. The excellent dynamic positioning performance can be achieved, considering the propulsion power that will have a impact on each situation in the future.

This study aimed to analyze the profitability and economic feasibility of hairtail trolling line gear that was developed for the last 3 years (2015-2017). The new fishing gear technology development was accomplished to solve the current problem of fishermen shortage in hairtail targeting fisheries in Jeju region. Results indicated that the profitability of developed hairtail trolling line fishery was estimated to be 36.1 % which would be higher than that of other hairtail targeting fisheries in Jeju region. In addition, as an economic feasibility, the net present value and the internal rate of return of a 20-year cash inflow and outflow were evaluated to be 400.2 million won and 66.9 %, respectively. However, sensitivity analyses of main variables showed that the profitability and economic feasibility would be vulnerable to catch amount and market condition changes.

Background: There are insufficient objective or quantitative evidence for the better intervention to improve proprioception particularly for the application of external load. There are conflicting opinions whether the external load is effective for proprioception improvement or not. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of external load on proprioception of shoulder joint quantitatively using 3D motion capture system. Methods: Nine healthy adults joined for this study. They were asked to perform scapular plane abduction motion with attaching reflective markers on the trunk and upper limb. The 3D positions of finger marker, while they performed the same task with and without external load, were recorded and analyzed. Results: All participants showed decreased variable errors in the vertical direction when the external load was applied (p<.02). Even though other directions (y, z) and absolute errors increased, they did not have statistical significances. Conclusion: Based on this study results, the external load application would be effective for shoulder joint position sense improvement.

Core/shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are synthesized by a microfluidic reactor-assisted continuous reactor system. Photoluminescence and absorbance of synthesized CdSe/ZnS core/shell QDs are investigated by fluorescence spectrophotometry and online UV-Vis spectrometry. Three reaction conditions, namely; the shell coating reaction temperature, the shell coating reaction time, and the ZnS/CdSe precursor volume ratio, are combined in the synthesis process. The quantum yield of the synthesized CdSe QDs is determined for each condition. CdSe/ZnS QDs with a higher quantum yield are obtained compared to the discontinuous microfluidic reactor synthesis system. The maximum quantum efficiency is 98.3% when the reaction temperature, reaction time, and ZnS/CdSe ratio are 270℃, 10 s, and 0.05, respectively. Obtained results indicate that a continuous synthesis of the Core/shell CdSe/ZnS QDs with a high quantum efficiency could be achieved by isolating the reaction from the external environment.

Construction techniques and materials are developing and structures are designed to be irregular shaped, and therefore more detailed structural analysis is required. The purpose of this study is to analyze the cause of accidents related to falsework systems during construction and discuss prevention methods in order to prevent accidents relate to prefabricated shoring system during construction. In this paper structural analysis was conducted to study the influence of slab irregularity on system supports and analysis to investigate the participation of the bracing in the system support.

This paper investigated relationship among internal as well as external motive to receive the ISO 13485 certification, countermeasure to the certification examination, active reception/execution level of the certification, and operational as well as financial performance of the medical device related enterprises in South Korea which received and are maintaining the ISO 13485 certification. SEM (structural equation model) and related analyses using AMOS 21.0 and SPSS 21.0 have been applied to verify the hypotheses of the research. Result of the research showed that internal as well as external motive for certification positively(+) affects active reception/execution level of the certification as well as countermeasure to the certification examination. The reception/execution level of the certification also positively(+) affects on the operational as well as financial performance of the certified enterprises. However, countermeasure to the certification examination was found out to negatively(-) affects the active reception/execution level of the certification and we can interpret that relatively more countermeasure to the certification examination burdens the employees of the enterprise, causing them to be less active on the reception/execution level of the certification. This research found that an enterprise’s operational/financial performance improves when an enterprise introduces the ISO 13485 certification standard spontaneously on the purpose of improving its system and the certification system is applied to the enterprise actively, not passively. This research emphasizes the need to recognize the difference of the level of active reception implication among members of an enterprise according to the motive of introduction of the certification system.

쓰레기 소각장이나 산업체의 폐열을 농업에 활용한 사례는 몇몇 있었다. 그러나 온배수를 농업에 활용한 사례는 전무하였으며, 치어, 종패 등을 양식하는 수산업이 대부분이었다. 본 연구에서는 화력발전소의 온배수(폐열)를 열원으로 이용하는 120 RT 규모의 냉난방시스템을 제주특별자치도 서귀포시 안덕면 소재의 5,280m2 아열대 작물(망고) 재배 온실에 설치, 10월에서 다음해 2월까지 약 5개월 동안 난방을 실시하여 난방에너지 비용 절감 효과 등 분석하였다. 난방에너지 비용 절감효과는 면세경유에 대하여 87%이였으며, 또한 발전소의 온배수를 에너지원으로 재활용함으로 서 62%의 이산화탄소 배출 저감 효과를 얻었다. 본 연구를 계기로 2015년에 해수가 수열에너지 분야로 재생에너지에 포함되었다. 해수의 표층의 열을 히트펌프를 사용하여 변환시켜 얻은 에너지라는 수열에너지 분야의 기준과 범위를 볼 때, 이는 온배수가 재생에너지에 포함되었다고 말해도 과언이 아닐 것으로 사료된다. 그 이유는 온배수도 해수임에도 불구하고 온도가 일반 해수 보다 7~8oC 높아, 일반 해수를 히트펌프의 열원으로 이용하는 것보다 온배수를 열원으로 이용했을 때 히트펌프의 성능이 높기 때문이다. 또한 같은 해 농식품부의 폐열 재이용 시설 지원 사업이 발표되어, 발전소 온배수뿐만 아니라 산업체와 소각장의 폐열을 농업에 활용하면 지원을 받을 수 있게 되었다. 이 사업에 의하여 2015년 당진시, 하동군, 제주시, 곡성군이 선정되었으며, 2016년 태안군, 서귀포시 등이 선정되어, 2016년 말 곡성군과 제주시가 공사를 완료, 농업에 폐열을 활용하고 있으며(제주시는 발전소, 곡성군은 산업체 폐열을 이용하고 있음), 기타 지역은 추진 중이다.

본 연구는 4연동 벤로형 유리온실의 냉·난방 부하를 고려한 PV 시스템의 적정 패널 설치 면적을 도출하기 위하여 BES 기법을 이용하여 온실 및 PV 시스템의 에너지 모델을 설계하였으며 동적 에너지 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 대상 작물은 파프리카로 선정하였으며 작물의 적정생육온도를 고려하여 냉·난방장치 및 환기장치의 가동조건을 설정하였다. 2012년부터 2016년까지 총 5년 동안의 기간별 냉·난방부하 및 최대 냉·난방 부하를 환 기팬의 환기량 조건 별로 분석을 실시하였다. 온실의 냉 ·난방 부하 산정과 함께 PV 시스템의 설치 각도에 따른 전력 생산량을 분석하였으며 신재생에너지 공급의무비율을 적용하여 최적 PV 시스템 설계 방안을 도출하였다. 환기팬의 환기량 60AE·hr-1 조건에서 대상 온실의 기간 평균 냉방 부하로 인한 전력 소모량은 174,310kWh, 기간 평균 난방 부하로 인한 전력 소모량은 458,903kWh 로 총 633,213kWh의 전력 소모량이 산정되었다. PV 시스템은 설치 각도를 30o로 설정하는 조건에서 가장 높은 전력 생산량이 나타났으며 월별 최적 각도를 적용하는 조건에서는 고정형 PV 시스템보다 약 5.7% 많은 전력 을 생산하는 것으론 산정 되었다. 최종적으로 대상 온실에 적합한 PV 시스템 패널 면적을 도출한 결과, 고정형 PV 시스템은 521m2의 패널이 필요한 것으로 산정되었고, 가변형 PV 시스템의 경우 494m2의 패널이 필요한 것으로 산정되었다. 본 연구를 통하여 4연동 벤로형 유리온실의 냉·난방 부하를 고려한 PV 시스템의 필요 패널 설치 면적을 도출할 수 있었으며 PV 시스템의 온실 적용 가능성 및 경 제성 평가의 기초 자료로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 한편, 본 연구에서는 작물 특성 데이터를 확보하지 못하여 작물의 에너지 교환을 고려하지 않았다. 보다 정확한 결과를 도출하기 위해서는 현장 실험 데이터에 기반을 둔 추가 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Base isolation system is generally used for low-rise buildings. For high-rise buildings subjected to earthquake loads, a mid-story isolation system was proposed and applied to practical engineering. In this study, seismic responses of high-rise buildings considering the installation story of the mid-story isolation system were evaluated. To do this, the 20-story and 30-story building were used as example structures. Historical earthquakes such as Kobe (1995), Northridge (1994) and Loma Prieta (1989) earthquakes were employed applied as earthquake excitations. The installation location of the mid-story isolation system was changed from the bottom of the 1st floor to the bottom of the top floor. The seismic responses of the example building were investigated by changing the location of the isolation layer. Based on the analytical results, when the seismic isolation system is applied, story drift ratio and acceleration response are reduced compared to the case without the isolation system. When the isolation layer is located on the lower part of the building, it is most effective. However, in that case, the possibility that the structure is unstable increases. Therefore, an engineer should consider both structural efficiency and safety when a mid-story isolation system for a high-rise building is designed.

최근, 근거리 무선통신(DSRC), GPS 등 위치기반 및 전송기술에 힘입어 하이패스, 교통카드, 차량 내비게이션 등 다양한 데이터의 확보가 가능한 환경이 되었다. 이로 인하여 통행자의 이동과정과 교통운영 과정에서 다양한 데이터가 끊임없이 생성되고 축적되고 있으며, 향후 자율주행차량의 등장으로 그 양은 폭발적으로 증가될 것으로 판단된다. 고속도로의 경우 본선에 설치되어 있는 DSRC(Dedicated Short Range Communication) 시스템을 통하여 도로변 기지국(RSE)과 주행 차량 내 OBU와 무선통신으로 교통정보를 수집하고 있다. DSRC 시스템에서는 개별차량의 통행 궤적, 링크 통행속도 등이 수집되며, 고속도로에 설치된 총 978개소의 도로변 기지국(RSE)에서 전체 고속도로 이용차량의 약 30% 차량에 대해서 정보를 수집하고 있다 본 연구에서는 고속도로에서 수집되는 개별차량의 경로정보를 수집 및 가공하여 분석을 수행하였다. 분석의 시간적 범위는 대표 평일과 명절을 대상으로 하였으며, 세부적인 분석항목은 차종별, 시간대별로 선택하는 통행경로 및 국도우회 행태, 특정도로 구간을 통과하는 차량의 기종점, 통행거리 및 통행발생 특성 등이다.분석을 통해 고속도로 이용차량의 교통상황에 따른 통행경로 및 통행거리, 통행시간에 대한 특성이 평일과 명절에 어떻게 달라지는지, 경로별 통행시간에 따른 통행경로 이용률의 변화 등을 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 이러한 분석을 통해 산출된 결과를 고속도로 교통관리 정책에 활용할 수 있는 세부 방안을 도출하였다.

As the functions and structure of the system are complicated and elaborated, various types of structures are emerging to increase reliability in order to cope with a system requiring higher reliability. Among these, standby systems with standby components for each major component are mainly used in aircraft or power plants requiring high reliability. In this study, we consider a standby system with a multi-functional standby component in which one standby component simultaneously performs the functions of several major components. The structure of a parallel system with multifunctional standby components can also be seen in real aircraft hydraulic pump systems and is very efficient in terms of weight, space, and cost as compared to a basic standby system. All components of the system have complete operation, complete failure, only two states, and the system has multiple states depending on the state of the component. At this time, the multi-functional standby component is assumed to be in a non-operating standby state (Cold Standby) when the main component fails. In addition, the failure rate of each part follows the Weibull distribution which can be expressed as increasing type, constant type, and decreasing type according to the shape parameter. If the Weibull distribution is used, it can be applied to various environments in a realistic manner compared to the exponential distribution that can be reflected only when the failure rate is constant. In this paper, Markov chain analysis method is applied to evaluate the reliability of multi-functional multi-state standby system. In order to verify the validity of the reliability, a graph was generated by applying arbitrary shape parameters and scale parameter values through Excel. In order to analyze the effect of multi-functional multi-state standby system using Weibull distribution, we compared the reliability based on the most basic parallel system and the standby system.