The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of squat exercises with an upper limb resistance movement on the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus. This study recruited 16 healthy men. All subjects performed squat exercises with and without upper Limb resistance movements by using elastic tubing band. Electromyography (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus was recorded using a surface EMG system during these isometric squat exercises in both experimental conditions. The different muscle activation of the vastus medialis oblique, vastus lateralis, and gluteus maximus between the squat exercises with and without the upper limb resistance movement was analyzed using a paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test. Our findings showed that the vastus medialis oblique, vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis ratio and gluteus maximus muscle activity was significantly increased during the squat exercise with upper limb resistance movements, as compared to the squat exercise without this component (p < .05). Based on our findings, the additional upper limb resistance movement may be a useful strategy to facilitate the vastus medialis oblique and gluteus maximus muscle activation during a squat exercise.

본 연구는 고기능 미래 식량자원으로서 이용 가치가 높은 밀웜과 검은콩을 첨가한 쿠키를 제조하고, 밀웜 및 검은콩 첨가량에 따른 품질특성, 항산화 활성, 기호성을 비교해 보고자 수행되었다. 밀웜의 첨가량을 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%로 증가한 쿠키와 밀웜과 함께 검은콩 분말 10%, 20% 를 첨가한 쿠키를 제조하여, 품질특성, 항산화 활성, 관능 특성을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 팽창율, 손실율은 밀웜만 첨가한 쿠키와 밀웜과 검은콩 분말을 함께 첨가한 쿠키 모두에서 밀웜 분말 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, FRAP, ABTS 측정 결과 밀웜 분말과 검은콩 분말을 첨가한 쿠키 모두에서 아무것도 첨가하지 않은 쿠키보다 활성이 높게 측정되었다. 밀웜 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 항산화 활성은 증가하여 밀웜 분말 30% 첨가군에서 가장 높은 항산화 활성을 나타내었다. 또한 동일한 양의 밀웜에 검은콩 분말을 함께 첨가한 쿠키는 밀웜 분말만 첨가한 쿠키 보다 총페놀함량, DPPH 라디칼 소거능, ABTS 라디칼 소거능이 높게 측정되었다. 밀웜만 첨가한 쿠키의 색도는 첨가량이 증가할수록 쿠키의 밝기(L 값)와 황색도(b 값)는 유의적으로 감소하고, 적색도는(a 값) 증가 하였고, 밀웜과 검은콩을 함께 첨가한 쿠키는 적색도(a 값), 밝기 (L 값), 황색도 (b 값)가 모두 감소하는 것으로 측정 되었다. 쿠키의 조직감 측정결과 밀웜 첨가량이 증가할수록 쿠키의 강도가 유의적으로 감소하였으나(p < 0.05), 검은콩을 함께 첨가한 쿠키는 강도가 강하게 나타나 밀웜 증가에 의한 쿠키 강도의 감소를 검은콩을 첨가함으로써 개선할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과에서 밀웜 쿠키의 품질특성, 항산화 활성, 기호성을 모두 향상하기 위해서는 밀웜 분말을 10% 첨가하여 제조하는 것이 가장 우수하다는 것 을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 자기공명영상 기법을 이용하여 알코올 중독자의 정서 인식과 관련된 뇌 활성화 특성을 관찰하였다. 입원치료 중인 알코올 중독자 18명과 이들과 나이, 성별, 교육 수준 등이 유사한 비중독자 16명이 실험에 참여하였다. 참여자들은 뇌 영상 촬영 동안에 얼굴 사진을 보고 얼굴 표정 정서의 강도를 평정하였다. 연구 결과, 행동 반응에서는 알코올 중독자와 비중독자 간에 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 뇌 반응 결과, 알코올 집단에서는 비중독자 집단과 비교하여 얼굴 표정 정서 인식 동안에 정서 처리와 관련된 편도체/해마는 더 적게 활성화되었으며, 얼굴 정보 처리와 관련된 방추이랑, 시·공간 탐색과 관련된 이마엽 및 마루엽 영역은 더 크게 활성화되었다. 반면, 알코올 집단에서 혀이랑/방추이랑(BA 19), 시각적 탐색에 관여하는 가운데이마이랑(BA 8/9/46), 그리고 시공간적 정보 처리에 관여하는 위마루소엽(BA 7)이 더 크게 활성화 되었다. 본 연구를 통해 알코올 중독자의 정서 인식과 관련된 뇌 활성화 특성을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 논문은 개인의 비합리적인 이타주의 행동을 설명하는 규범활성화모델을 활용하여 공정무역제품 구매행동을 촉진하는 개인적, 규범적, 문화적 요인을 통합적으로 다루고 있다. 모델 관련, 예기된 감정(예기된 자부심과 예기된 죄책감)과 두 가지 상충하는 개인가치(박애주의 가치와 권력 가치)를 공정무역 관련 개인규범 활성화 선행요인으 로 개념화 하였다. 그리고 활성화된 개인규범이 공정무역제품 구매행동에 영향을 주는 것으로 보았고 특히 이들 간의 관계를 문화 클러스터(유교, 라틴 유럽)가 조절하는 것으로 개념화 하였다. 구조방정식을 통해 얻은 실증결 과는 예기된 자부심이 개인규범에 미치는 영향력이 예기된 죄책감 보다 크고, 상충되는 두 가지 개인가치 중 이 타적 가치인 박애주의 가치만이 개인규범에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 활성화된 개인규범은 공정무역제품구매 행동에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 문화 클러스터의 조절효과는 다집단비교 구조 방정식을 통해 분석하였다. 검증결과, 해당 경로에 대한 영향력이 라틴 유럽 클러스터 보다 유교 클러스터에서 더 강한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 유교 클러스터가 라틴 유럽 클러스터에 비해 직접적인 비용지불에 따른 자기희생 정도가 더 크고, 사회 구성원 기대에 상응하는 도의적 의무감을 강하게 느끼기 때문에 공정무역제품 구 매 행위가 더 강하게 나타난 것으로 해석 가능하다. 본 논문은 규범활성화모델을 활용하여 공정무역제품 구매행 동을 비교 문화적 관점에서 접근하여 윤리적 소비자의 의사결정과정을 실증적으로 구명했다는데 의의가 있다.

Background: Methods for exercising serratus anterior (SA) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles are important for the recovery of patients with various shoulder disorders, yet the efficacy of closed or open kinetic chain exercises have not yet been evaluated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of the SA and UT muscles during scapular protraction considering both closed and open kinetic chain exercises. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into experimental groups (closed kinetic chain exercise) and control groups (open kinetic chain exercise) in which scapular protraction was performed at 90° or 125° shoulder flexion. Electromyographic activity data were collected from the SA and UT muscles per position and exercise method. Results: Separate mixed 2-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in the activation of the SA (F1,28=6.447, p=.017) and the UT (F1,28=35.450, p=.001) muscles between the groups at 90° and 125° shoulder flexion. Also, the SA/UT ratio measures at 90° and 125° shoulder flexion significantly differed between the groups (F1,28=15.457, p=.001). That is, the closed chain exercise was more effective than open chain exercise for strengthening the SA muscle and controlling the UT muscle, 125° of shoulder joint was more effective than 90°. Conclusion: The findings suggest that scapular protraction with shoulder 125° flexion at the closed kinetic chain exercise may be more effective in increasing SA muscle activation and decreasing UT muscle activation as well as increasing the SA/UT ratio than open kinetic chain exercise.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the dielectric properties of impregnated and activated palm kernel shells (PKSs) samples using two activating agents, potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), at three impregnation ratios. The materials were characterized by moisture content, carbon content, ash content, thermal profile and functional groups. The dielectric properties were examined using an open-ended coaxial probe method at various microwave frequencies (1–6 GHz) and temperatures (25, 35, and 45°C). The results show that the dielectric properties varied with frequency, temperature, moisture content, carbon content and mass ratio of the ionic solids. PKSK1.75 (PKS impregnated with K2CO3 at a mass ratio of 1.75) and PKSN1.5 (PKS impregnated with NaOH at a mass ratio of 1.5) exhibited a high loss tangent (tan δ) indicating the effectiveness of these materials to be heated by microwaves. K2CO3 and NaOH can act as a microwave absorber to enhance the efficiency of microwave heating for low loss PKSs. Materials with a high moisture content exhibit a high loss tangent but low penetration depth. The interplay of multiple operating frequencies is suggested to promote better microwave heating by considering the changes in the materials characteristics.

Polyacrylonitrile/pitch nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning as a precursor for a gas sensor material. Pitch nanofibers were properly fabricated by incorporating polyacrylonitrile as an electrospinning supplement component. Polyacrylonitrile/pitch nanofibers were activated with steam at various temperatures followed by subsequent carbonization to make carbon nanofibers with a highly conductive graphitic structure. Steam activation was effective in facilitating gas adsorption onto the carbon nanofibers due to the increased surface area. The carbon nanofibers activated at 800°C had a larger surface area and a lower micro pore fraction resulting in a higher variation in electrical resistance for improved CO gas sensing properties.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major catechin found in green tea. It is reported that EGCG possesses various health benefits including anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-diabetes, and anti-obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of EGCG on adipogenesis via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In order to determine the effects of EGCG on adipogenesis, preadipocyte differentiation was induced in the presence or absence of EGCG (0~100 μM) for a period of 6 days. EGCG significantly inhibited fat accumulation and suppressed the expression of adipogenic specific proteins including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ. Also, EGCG markedly increased the activation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, any pretreatment with a specific AMPK inhibitor, compound C, abolished the inhibitory effects of the EGCG on PPARγ expression. This study suggests that EGCG has anti-adipogenic effects through modulation of the AMPK signaling pathway and therefore, may be a promising antiobesity agent.

최근 국내 일부 항해사들은 해운산업의 어려운 취업환경을 극복하고, 직업선택의 저변을 확대하기 위하여 승선경력을 기반으로 국내외 교육기관에서 DP운항사 교육을 이수하여 직종을 전환하고자 노력하고 있다. 그러나 아직까지 국내에서는 해양플랜트 서비스 산업 이 활성화 되어있지 않기 때문에 동 분야로 진출하고자 하는 항해사들은 어렵게 자격취득을 위한 실습을 마치고 대부분 해외선사로 진출 하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 DP운항사로 취업을 희망하는 항해사들은 경력을 중시하는 해외 해양플랜트 기업의 보수적인 채용 절차, 비 영어권 출신자의 언어사용의 한계, 다문화 승선생활의 어려움, 필수 직무요건에 대한 체계적인 정보 부족 등의 이유로 구직 단계에서 부터 어려움을 겪고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 DP운항사가 갖추어야 할 직무능력 및 자격 요건을 분석하여 국가에서 요구하는 최소한의 능력 수 준을 제시하고 있는 NCS 표준 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고, DP운항사 전문인력양성을 활성화하기 위한 방안을 제시하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 본 연구의 결과로서, DP운항사의 직무 분류, 직무능력표준 및 경력개발경로를 제시하였고, DP운항사 양성 활성화 방안으로서 DP 실습선박의 공동 활용, DP 전문 교원 양성 및 정부주도 NCS 수출모델을 제안하였다.

The dynastid beetle Allomyrina dichotoma has been used as a herbal medicine. Recently, we performed de novo RNAsequencing of Allomyrina dichotoma and identified several antimicrobial peptide candidates based on in silico analysis.Among them, cationic antimicrobial peptide, Allomyrinasin, was selected and we assessed the anti-inflammatory activitiesof Allomyrinasin against mouse macrophage Raw264.7 cells. The results showed that Allomyrinasin decreased the nitricoxide production of the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells. In addition, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and Westernblot analysis revealed that Allomyrinasin reduced cytokine expression levels in the Raw264.7 cells. Taken together, thesedata indicated that Allomyrinasin had anti-inflammatory activity in the lipopolysaccharide-induced Raw264.7 cells.

This study was conducted to establish the optimal chemical post-activation conditions in porcine embryonic development after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) using 4 different chemical compositions (cytochalasin B (CB), cyclohexamide (CHX), demecolcine (DC), 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP). Porcine embryos were produced by PA and SCNT and then, cultured for post-activation with CB (7.5 μg/mL), CB (7.5 μg/mL) + CHX (10 μg/mL), CB (7.5 μg/mL) +DC (0.4 μg/mL), and CB (7.5 μg/mL) + DMAP (2 mM). In PA embryonic development, cleavage rates have been significantly higher in CB group (94.7%) and CB+DMAP group (94.1%) than that of CB+CHX and CB+DC group (88.1 and 84.3%, respectively). There have been no significant differences in blastocyst formation rates among the four groups. In cell number of blastocyst was shown in CB group (42.3%) significantly higher than CB+CHX and CB+DC group (40.6 and 40.6%, respectively). In SCNT embryonic development, CB+DMAP group (89.7%) significant differences were found on embryo cleavage rates when compared with other three groups. Blastocyst formation rates in CB+DMAP group (26.9%) were significantly higher when compared with CB, CB+CHX, and CB+DC groups (25.5, 20.2, and 22.1%, respectively). In blastocyst cell number, CB+DMAP group (41.4%) was found higher significant difference compared with other three groups. Additionally, we have investigated survivin expression in early development stages of porcine SCNT embryos for more confirmation. Our results establish that CB group and CB+DMAP group for 4 h during post-activation improves pre-implantation improvement of PA and SCNT embryos.

King oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), an improved species of oyster mushroom, is a popular ingredient in Asian cuisine. Spleen cells were treated with various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL) of king oyster water extracts (KOWE); then, the proliferation of the cells was measured 24, 48, and 72 h after each treatment. Also, type 1 T helper cytokine productions (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) were measured in activated macrophage by KOWE in seven concentrations. Under the condition of its 50, 100, 250, and 1,000 μg/mL for 48 h, the proliferation of cells was increased. However, there was no significant fluctuation in the spleen cells proliferation for 24 and 72 h-long KOWE exposure. To determine cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2) productions of type 1 T helper cells, macrophage was stimulated by KOWE for 48 h. Treatment of KOWE gave a rise to the levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, but not in that of IL-2 productions. These results suggest that king oyster mushroom water extracts may be beneficial for enhancing immune functions in its high concentration.

Plantago asiatica L., observed frequently in East Asia, is a known herb used in traditional medical remedies several studies report that P. asiatica L has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. To determine the production of cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and non-LPS-stimulated macrophages, an ELISA assay was conducted using cytokine kits. Mice splenocytes were cultured for 48 h with various concentrations of P. asiatica L. (5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL) or with mitogens (ConA or LPS). P. asiatica L. increased the proliferation of mice splenocytes, especially under the condition of its concentration ranging from 250 to 1,000 μg/mL. In addition, Plantago asiatica L. notably induced cytokine production of (IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) at its concentration of 250~500 μg/mL. These results suggest that supplementation with P. asiatica L. water extracts may play a potential role in enhancing immune function by mediating splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production through its anti-inflammatory activit.

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is one of the most important agricultural commodities, being widely consumed in the world. Various beneficial health effects of coffee have been extensively investigated, but data on habitual coffee consumption and its bio-physiological effect have not been clearly explained as well as it is not proved the cause and effect between drinking coffee and its bio-physiological reactions. We made the dialyzed coffee extract (DCE), which is absorbable through gastrointestinal tract, in order to elucidate the cellular effect of whole small coffee molecules. RAW 264.7 cells, a murine macrophage lineage, were directly treated with DCE, i.e., DCE-2.5 (equivalent to 2.5 cups of coffee a day), DCE-5, and DCE-10, for 12 hours, and their protein extracts were examined by immunoprecipitation high performance liquid chromatography (IP-HPLC). RAW 264.7 cells differently expressed the inflammation-related proteins depending on the doses of DCE. RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed marked increase of cathepsin C, cathepsin G, CD20, CD28, CD31, CD68, indicating the activation of innate immunity. Particularly, the macrophage biomarkers, cathepsin G, cathepsin C, CD31, and CD68 were markedly increased after DCE-5 and DCE-10 treatments, and the lymphocyte biomarkers, CD20 and CD28 were consistently increased and became marked after DCE-10 treatment. On the other hand, RAW 264.7 cells treated with DCE showed consistent increase of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory factor, but gradual decreases of different pro-inflammatory proteins including TNFα, COX-2, lysozyme, MMP-2, and MMP-3. In particular, the cellular signaling of inflammation was gradually mitigated by the reduction of TNFα, COX-2, IL-12, and M-CSF, and also the matrix inflammatory reaction was reduced by marked deceases of MMP-2, MMP-3, and lysozyme. These anti-inflammatory expressions were consistently found until DCE-10 treatment. Therefore, it is presumed that DCE may have dynamic effects of innate immunity activation and pro-inflammation suppression on RAW264.7 cells simultaneously. These effects were consistently found in the highest dose of coffee, DCE-10 (equivalent to 10 cups of coffee a day in man), that might imply the small coffee molecules were accumulated in RAW 264.7 cells after DCE-10 treatment and produce synergistic cytokine effects for innate immunity activation and anti-inflammatory reaction concurrently.

The objective of this study was to establish the effect of post-activation treatment with cytoskeletal regulators of CB, CB+CHX, CB+DC, CB+6’DMAP on embryonic development of pig oocytes after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). PA and SCNT embryos were produced by using in vitro matured pig oocytes and treated for 4 h after electric activation with cytochalasins B (7.5 μg/ml), CB+cycloheximide (10 μg/ml), CB+demecolcine (0.4 μg/ml), and CB+2mM 6-Dimethylaminopurine. Post-activation treatment of PA oocytes with CB, CB+CHX, CB+DC and CB+6’DMAP no significant differences were found in embryo cleavage (83.2～91.5%), mean cell number of blastocysts (40.6～ 42.3% cells/blastocyst) but significantly (P<0.05) differences blastocyst formation (28.6～36.4%). When PA oocytes were treated with CB, CB+CHX, CB+DC, CB+6’DMAP, blastocyst formation was significantly (P<0.05) improved by CB (36.6%) compared to CB+CHX (30.9%), CB+DC (28.6%) and CB+6’DMAP (35.2%). In SCNT, was not significantly (P<0.05) increased by post-activation treatment with CB+CHX (81.3%), CB+DC (83.9%) and CB+6’DMAP (90.0%) compared to CB (84.5%) on embryo cleavage, blastocyst formation (19.1%~23.6%) and blastocyst cell number (39.6～41.4% cells/blastocyst) also were not influenced. But increased tendency in CB+6’DMAP. In addition, we investigated survivin expression in porcine SCNT embryos during the early developmental stages. The levels of survivin mRNA in 2-4 cell stage SCNT embryos were significantly higher 6’DMAP treated group than other treatment groups of SCNT embryos. These observations suggested that 2-4 cell cleaving embryos at have high developmental competence, and which may be influenced by survivin expression in porcine SCNT embryos. Our results demonstrate that post-activation treatment with CB, CB+CHX, CB+DC, CB+6’DMAP improves pre-implantation development of SCNT embryos and the stimulating effect of cytoskeletal modifiers on embryonic development is differentially shown depending on the origin (PA or SCNT) of embryos in pigs.