Viruses employ host translational machinery to synthesize their own proteins while negatively controling host protein translation. Endoparasitoid wasp (Cotesia plutellae) parasitizes young larvae of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) larvae and possesses at least 27 genome segments. Two viral genes (CpBV15α and CpBV15 β) were obtained from cDNA library of the parasitized larvae showing no homology with any known polydnaviral genes. The parasitized larvae did not produce storage protein 1 (SP1) among at least three polypeptides (SP1, SP2, and SP3) at the stage of polydnaviral CpBV15β synthesis. When CpBV15β protein, which was expressed in Sf9 cells, was incubated with fat body isolated from nonparasitized larvae, SP1 synthesis was markedly inhibited. In vitro translation of mRNAs from nonparasitized larvae using rabbit reticulocyte lysate with CpBV15β significantly resulted in inhibition of SP1 synthesis, suggesting a negative role of CpBV15β in host protein synthesis.

2005. 12. 인터디지털사가 삼성과의 이동통신 관련 특허소송에서 승소하여 삼성으로부터 670만달러의 로열티 지급에 합의하는 등 Patent Troll들이 국내 기업을 상대로 금지 청구 소송을 제기하고 있고 인텔렉츄얼 벤처스와 같은 회사들이 소위 돈이 될만한 특허기술들을 매입하고 있는 상황 등을 고려할 때, 우리나라도 Patent Troll들의 위협에서 결코 자유로울 수 없다 할 것이며 Patent Troll들의 특허권 남용에 대한 법적 대응 방안을 적극적으로 모색할 필요가 있다. 미국 대법원은 최근 eBay 사건에서 특허권자의 금지청구를 그대로 인용해온 기존의 태도를 지양하고 특허법 제283조에서 규정하는 형평의 원리에 따라 금지 청구의 인용 여부를 판단하여야 한다는 취지로 판결하였다. 그러나 우리나라 특허법 제126조에서는 미국의 형평법적 고려와 같은 제한적 규정을 두고 있지 않기 때문에 피청구인의 보호 필요성, 공익적 측면 등을 고려하여 금지청구를 허용함은 그 문리적 해석 범위를 벗어나는 것이라 할 것이다. 한편, 특허권자의 금지청구를 불허하는 것은 특허권의 고유한 권리를 박탈하는 것으로서 이는 사실상 법원에 의한 수용이라 할 것인바, 수용절차에 따라 금지청구를 불허해야 한다는 견해가 있다. 그러나 미국과 달리 우리나라는 헌법에서 재산권 수용을 오직 법률에 의해서만 가능하도록 하고 있고 특허권 수용 규정인 특허법 제106조에서는 수용이 필요 최소한에 그치도록 요건을 엄격히 정하고 있어 위 수용 이론을 쉽게 적용할 수는 없을 것이다. 즉, 사인간의 특허 분쟁에 있어 특허권 수용을 통한 해결이 사실상 어려울 것으로 보이며 설사, 공익을 넓게 해석하여 사인간의 분쟁에 있어서도 경우에 따라 특허권 수용이 가능하다 하더라도 사익을 추구하는 특허권 침해자의 기술이 대중에 의한 지지를 얻었다는 이유로 특허권 침해자로 하여금 금지명령으로부터 자유롭게 하는 것은 결과만 좋다면 특허권을 침해해도 좋다는 위험한 결론에 이르게 할 것이다. 또한, 수용의 특성상, Patent Troll의 특허권 남용 사안에서만 그 특허권의 효력이 부정되는 것이 아니라 Patent Troll로부터 특허권 자체를 박탈하게 되어 한번 특허권을 남용하여 금지청구권을 행사한 특허권자는 향후 특허 남용이 문제되지 않는 경우에 있어서도 구제받지 못할 우려가 있는바, 이는 특허제도의 취지에 반한다고 할 것이다. 따라서, Patent Troll의 특허권 남용에 대한 법적 대응 방안으로 특허권의 수용을 섣불리 고려할 것은 아니며 최후의 항변으로서 해당 사안에서만 권리 행사의 효력을 부정하는 권리남용금지의 원칙을 통해 Patent Troll의 악의적인 금지청구를 불허함이 바람직하다 할 것이다.

Bicuculline is one of the most commonly used GABAд eceptor antagonists in electrophysiological research. Because of its poor water solubility, bicuculline quaternary ammonium salts such as bicuculline methiodide (BMI) and bicuculline methbromide are preferred. However, a number of studies have shown that BMI has non-GABAд eceptor-mediated effects. The substantia gelatinosa (SG) of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) is implicated in the processing of nociceptive signaling. In this study, we investigated whether BMI has non-GABA receptor-mediated activity in Vc SG neurons using a whole cell patch clamp technique. SG neurons were depolarized by application of BMI (20M) using a high Cℓ⁻ipette solution. GABA ( 30-100μM) also induced membrane depolarization of SG neuron. Although BMI is known to be a GABAд receptor antagonist, GABA-induced membrane depolarization was enhanced by co-application with BMI. However, free base bicuculline (fBIC) and picrotoxin (PTX), a GABAд and GABAс receptor antagonist, blocked the GABA-induced response. Furthermore, BMI-induced membrane depolarization persisted in the presence of PTX or an antagonist cocktail consisting of tetrodotoxin (Nα+ nnel blocker),AP-5 (NMDA receptor antagonist), CNQX (non-NMDA receptor antagonist), and strychnine (glycine receptor antagonist). Thus BMI induces membrane depolarization by directly acting on postsynaptic Vc SG neurons in a manner which is independent of GABAд receptors. These results suggest that other unknown mechanisms may be involved in BMI-induced membrane depolarization.

This study explores the effect of ethics-focused teacher training through exploratory action research methodology. Issues of ethical assessment has been taught at an university-based research program. The program implementation was planned and carried through continuous reflections-in-action. The following activities were collected or recorded among the participants: participants' journal writing, e-mail exchanges, official documents, and other relevant assessment records. Problems were identified and ethical issues of English language assessment were re-valued in Korean contexts. This research reported how Korean teachers has understood the meaningfulness of ethical dimensions in the field of English language assessment. It was not easy that they could formulate ethical assessment in their professional lives. The issues for further research were discussed.

The importance of perceived quality and brand loyalty is increasing recently both domestic and foreign. So many papers perform research on service quality and brand loyalty. Today, there is the rapid growth in the Korean mobile telecommunications service market. But mobile telecommunications service companies don't pay full attention to customers' attitude and brand loyalty. This paper shows why Korean mobile telecommunications service companies have to focus on Brand Loyalty. This paper investigates the relationship among perceived quality, attitude and brand loyalty in the area of mobile telecommunications service.

Earlier we have described new water-soluble Ag- and Zn-derivatives of tetrachloride meso-tetra (4-N-oxiethylpyridyl) porphyrin (TOEtPyP) as potential anticancer drugs. In this work the effect of one of these metal porphyrins, TOEtPyP Ag, on the cell popul

A mathematical model for the synergistic interaction of physical and chemical environmental agents was suggested for quantitative prediction of irreversibly damaged cells after combined exposures. The model took into account the synergistic interaction of

In the present study, we have demonstrated that a novel synthetic chemical JSH-21 of N¹-Benzyl-4-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine could inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages RAW 264.7. The JSH-21 showed an IC50 value of 9.2 uM on the LPS-induced NO production. Furthermore, JSH-21 attenuated LPS-induced mRNA and protein levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in the cells, as well as inhibited LPS-induced iNOS promoter activity. These results indicates hat the compound could down-regulate iNOS expression at the transcription level. Since NF-kB activation is a key mechanism in the expression of LPS-inducible iNOS gene, we further examined whether JSH-21 could affect LPS-induced NF-kB activation. JSH-21 inhibited LPS-induced nuclear import of NF-kB p65 in macrophages RAW 264.7 and sequentially prevented NF-kB transcriptional activity. However, JSH-21 was not effective in a LPS-induced degradation of cytoplasmic IkB-alpha in the cells. These results suggest that JSH-21 could inhibit LPS-induced NF-kB activation targeting nuclear import of NF-kB, an event downstream IkB degradation. Taken together, this study may provide a pharmacological potential of JSH-21 in the NO- or NF-kB-associated inflammatory disorders.

Past 20 years have witnessed the shift of focus in language teaching from teacher-oriented to learner-centered approach. Although there have been several research studies on cooperative learning, they were limited to the defining of its constructs and pedagogical values, and the surveying of teachers’ beliefs and their practices at school. This paper looks into the experiences that a teacher had in the attempt to change her teaching practice with cooperative learning techniques applied in an EFL reading class. It was also an effort to improve from her previous teaching method which had been grammar-translation mixed with a task-based approach. The process of a teacher’s implementation of a newly adopted class approach including decision-making, operating, interpreting/reflecting is shared through the first-person action research. Various data sources were presented to assess the legitimacy of accepting cooperative learning via group work as a valuable, viable instructional method in the real language classroom. A detailed description of a teacher’s experiences in the self-transforming process is provided along with guidelines to make classrooms successful cooperative language learning places.

This study is a report of the collaborative action research which has been conducted between a Korean earth science teacher and science education researcher. A two-year long action research effort was made in order to improve the teacher’s earth science classrooms in pursuit of constructivist principles of learning. The process of the action research was described with the aim of increasing the awareness of science teachers and science education researchers regarding action research. Quantitative evidence was presented to indicate the effectiveness of the collaborative action research in creating constructivist learning environments in the classrooms. The process and quantitative evidence from the action research permitted a consideration of implications for future efforts to improve science classrooms.

배추좀나방의 발육단계별 indoxacarb의 살충활성, 침투이행성 및 잔효성을 조사하였고, esterase, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase 등의 효소활성에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 배추좀나방 유충에 대해서 높은 살충효과를 나타내었으나, 알과 번데기에 대해서는 살충율이 이하이었다. 엽면침투이행성과 근부침투이행성의 효과는 없었으며, 잔효성은 10일째까지 의 살충효과를 유지하였다. Indoxacarb는 esterase와 glutathione S-transferase의 활성은 저해하지 않았지만 acetylcholinesterase의 활성을 저해하였다.

침하식 가두리 시설의 안정성 평가를 위한 기초 단계로서 일방향 규칙파 중 2점 계류된 원통형 부체를 대상으로 부설 수심의 변화에 따른 부체의 동적 거동 및 계류삭에 작용하는 장력 산정에 관한 수치 계산을 수행하였다. 수치 계산 결과, 수면 상에 설치된 부체를 수면 아래의 약 1/2되는 수층까지 침하 시킨 경우 그것은 동적 거동과 파력은 초기 상태에 비해 각각 최대 50%와 77%까지 감소되어 시설물을 수중으로 침하 시키면 그것의 안정성 유지에 매우 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 부체의 전 후단 변위 및 계류삭에 작용하는 장력의 최대치는 부체의 고유 주기의 영향으로 인해 그것은 길이 d 에 대한 파장 λ의 비 즉, d/λ가 약 0.66에서 나타났으며, 이와 같은 현상은 기존 수리 모형실험 결과와 비교적 잘 일치하였다. 그러나 본 수치 계산의 신뢰성 확인을 위해서는 수리 모형실험을 통해 부체의 고유 주기와 작용 파고에 대한 전 후단 변위 등에 대한 충분한 검토가 요구된다.