북극에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 쇄빙연구선의 필요성이 점점 커지고 있다. 특히 우리나라의 경우 2009년 진수된 7,500톤급의 아라온호가 유일한 쇄빙연구선인데, 현재 아라온호만으로는 북극과 남극의 관련 연구를 수행하는데 어려움이 있다. 이에 해양수산부에서는 제2쇄빙연구선의 건조를 추진 중에 있는데 제2쇄빙연구선 건조의 필요성과 규모의 적정성에 대한 논란이 있으므로 이러한 논란을 줄이고 보다 합리적인 의사결정을 위해서는 제2쇄빙연구선의 경제적 가치를 추정하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구는 비시장재화의 가치측정방 법론인 조건부 가치측정법을 활용하여 제2쇄빙연구선의 경제적 편익을 산정하였다. 특히 본 연구의 추정방법과 관련하여 통상적인 CVM 은 가정되는 분포의 형태와 추정모형에 따라서 WTP 분석결과에 편차가 발생하게 된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 베이지안 추정법(Bayesian approach)을 활용한다. 분석결과에 따르면 가구당 연간 평균 WTP는 1,999원으로 추정되었으며 이를 전국 가구 수로 확대한 제2쇄빙연구선 건조 사업에 대한 총편익은 연간 약 373.9억 원인 것으로 산정되었다.

Hongdae, the region of Hongik University, has been the ‘must visit’ region in Seoul for decades, due to its aggregate of young Korean culture. Food, fashion, and music distinguishes the area from other regions of Seoul, creating the ‘The Feel of Hongdae’, the unique community brand. This research investigates urban condition of this region, trying to find how architecture affected its market. Architectural analysis of its urban interface resulted that former multi-family houses converted into shops benefited from its multi-level façade exposed to street, maximizing the accessibility to potential customers. The economic analysis of semi-basement floor and raised first(ground) floor shows buildings along Wausan-ro double up the ‘ground level’ shop values. Small no-brand shops in converted and split shops had been building the Hongdae community brand, transformed the building condition adapted to the market; adding external stairs, offering optimized store size to each level and optimized location of each shopping type. The analysis of economic value of split store properties reveals inter-relationships between shop sizes, stair locations, uses and the commercial value of the building, which presents how to maximize the commercial value of the street, while retaining the community brand, slowing down gentrification of the region.

Based on survey data from 160 importing firms from 33 countries/regions, this study examines the effects of firm-owned versus sales rep-owned commitment on firm performance across varying degrees of economic distance between import and export countries. Results reveal both firm- and rep-owned commitment have positive effects on the export firm’s financial outcomes including the current and predicted future purchase share. Moreover, findings show that the larger the economic distance, the stronger the effect of rep-owned commitment but the weaker the effect of firm-owned commitment on sales performance. We also find two important antecedents to rep-owned commitment: economic-based instruments and relationship-based instruments, whereas only economic-based instruments have positive effect on firm-owned commitment.

South Korea is the only country that has switched its statue from a recipient of aid to a donor country that offers aid. After joined OECD/DAC in 2009, other countries are growing interest about ODA of Korea. In particular, food & agriculture cooperation initiative which is multilateral ODA of RDA in Korea is differentiated bilateral ODA. Therefore, other countries was growing interset about performance of ‘food & agriculture cooperation initiative’ Accordingly, purpose of this study is to find out the recipient countries economic effects of ‘Water management of rce project’ and ‘Cacao project’ among 3 project that are bring worked on by ‘Korea-Latin America Food & Agriculture Cooperation Initiative(KoLFACI)’ established in 2014. The best result obtained from KoLFACI projects was that project performance was significantly great despite small scale of budget invested. Economic ripple effect of water management of rice project was estimated as approximately USD 20,014,377 for upcoming 9 years in Peru and USD 6,081,463 for upcoming 9 years in Colombia. In Guatemala, economic ripple effect of training activities via cacao project was estimated USD 27,258 for project period(4 years). Also, the effect of fermentation and dry technology about Cacao in Colombia presume result. Estimation result, fermentation and dry technology effect was estimated USD 2,177,152 in Colombia upcoming 9 years. It means that KoLFACI project was technology development and distribution-centered, small scaled project with annual USD 20,000 ~ 30,000 budget, of which economic ripple effect was great in terms of low cost and high efficiency ODA project. We will search for ongoing methods that contribute to the role expansion of Korea and the agricultural development of the recipient country will be needed through the expansion and complementation of a low-cost and high efficiency ODA project such as the KoLFACI project.

Sustainability management has evolved into a concept for enhancing corporate sustainability by incorporating corporate social responsibility into the concept of sustainable development. Universities are expected to play a key role in creating a new paradigm for sustainability management by educating and nurturing future human resources. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the role of universities in introducing sustainability management indicators and practice in order to examine what role universities can play in promoting sustainability management and to fulfill their functions and roles. This study examined the current status of and the necessity for universities’ sustainability management and the international norms in order to promote sustainability management of universities. Then, the case study of domestic universities suggested practical implications for each factor of GRI guidelines. In order to develop the academic discussion, I hope that the elements for sustainability management presented in this study can be used as basic data.

This study aimed to analyze the profitability and economic feasibility of hairtail trolling line gear that was developed for the last 3 years (2015-2017). The new fishing gear technology development was accomplished to solve the current problem of fishermen shortage in hairtail targeting fisheries in Jeju region. Results indicated that the profitability of developed hairtail trolling line fishery was estimated to be 36.1 % which would be higher than that of other hairtail targeting fisheries in Jeju region. In addition, as an economic feasibility, the net present value and the internal rate of return of a 20-year cash inflow and outflow were evaluated to be 400.2 million won and 66.9 %, respectively. However, sensitivity analyses of main variables showed that the profitability and economic feasibility would be vulnerable to catch amount and market condition changes.

Recently in Construction field, It has been the big issues to produce an Eco-friendly Construction material and to solve problems about the First grade–Aggregates’ supply&demand. While the Eco-friendly Construction materials which are refurbished and reproduced from construction wastes and industrial by-products have a great deal of effectiveness such as cost or CO2 emission reduction, there is an additional logistical cost due to go through with some processes for recycle such as Intermediary treatments or management and collection of materials. Furthermore, Demand of the First grade-Aggregates is rising and spreading all over the nation for the improvement of Road driving performance, But there is also an additional logistical cost for supply&demand due to the cost of transport growth by sites of construction. In this study, the process and methodology of the new material supply and demand route routings using the Arc Gis Program and the calculation of the available distance through economic analysis are presented. After examining the cost status of construction materials and logistics costs by examining the literature review and related industry, economic feasibility was obtained by comparing the price of general construction materials with the total cost of comparable materials and logistics costs. After an economic analysis, ArcGis3.0 was used to visualize the materials’ supply&demand route and As a result, We can observe the economically secured route from the construction materials’ production plant to where the domestic transportable route and nodes mapped. Throughout the study, the pre-groundwork for an efficient use of the construction materials is able to be prepared and It will be helpful to invigorate supply&demand. In addition to the economic analysis in the future, If the real-time traffic information (traffic volume, speed, environment, etc.) and the performance (structure, functionality, etc.) of each construction materials are reflected, It will be possible to build a decision system for selecting construction materials which meet consumers’ various needs.

참억새군락은 우리나라 산림 내 미립목지, 경작지 주변, 묘지주변등 주로 목본식물이 생육하지 않는 광량이 풍부한 각 지역에 광범위하게 분포하여 생육하고 있다. 현재 참억 새군락은 우리나라 산림 특성상 자연 천이에 의해 지속적 축소가 예상되며 그에 따른 빠른 쇠퇴가 진행되고 있는 중 이다. 참억새군락은 지역관광자원으로 대표적 가을 경관 중 하나로 참억새군락의 생육상태가 점차 쇠퇴해지고 있는 반면 방문객들의 관리요구는 도리어 높아지고 있다. 유명한 참억 새군락이 있는 지자체들은 참억새군락 보전관리유지에 많 은 고민을 가지고 있는 실정이다. 참억새군락을 자연에 맡겨 경관의 변화에 적응해야 하는 지, 아니면 참억새군락 경관 유지를 위해 참억새군락을 집 중적으로 관리하여 방해극상의 개념으로 참억새군락 경관을 유지해야 할 것인지가 해결해야 할 딜레마라고 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 참억새군락의 보전유지관리 여부의 문제해결을 위하여 참억새군락 생육환경과 생육상태를 조사 분석하였으며, 참억새군락 경관보전가치를 추정하였다. 먼저 참억새군락의 효율적 유지관리 방안을 위한 기초자 료 활용 모색으로, 부산 도심지에 위치한 대규모 참억새군 락으로 유명한 승학산을 대상지로, 참억새군락의 생육환경과 생육상태를 조사 분석하였다. 더불어 화왕산과 재약산의 참억새군락의 생육환경도 조사하여 비교하였다. 첫째, 산림지역의 참억새군락은 참억새군락의 생육을 방 해하는 수목들의 생장이 좋지 않은 유효토심이 낮은 지역에 분포하는 것이 일반적이었다. 둘째, 현존식생 현황은 화재 등 교란이후 숲의 천이가 진행되는 과정에 있는 지역으로 복잡하고 다양하게 나타나고 있었다. 셋째, 식물군집구조현황은 참억새군락의 피도에 따라 관목의 유입정도, 초본식물별 피도 등을 고려하여 조사하였는데, 산불발생이후 유기물의 축척에 따라 토양환경이 변화되고 있으며, 천이의 과정상 자연스럽게 목본식물이 이입되고 있어 참억새군락의 쇠퇴가 가속화 되고 있는 실정이었다. 현재의 승학산은 부영양화 된 토양으로 다른 습윤지성 목본식물군락으로의 천이가 예상되고 있어 참억새군락의 생육을 오랜 시간 지속유지하기에는 많은 어려움이 있다. 비용효율적인 참억새군락 관리를 위해 전체적인 참억새군 락의 유지보다는 탐방로에서의 가시권과 조망점에서의 가 시권과 같은 시각경관을 분석하여 관찰이 용이한 지역의 집중적 관리가 효과적인 참억새군락 경관관리의 방법이 될 수 있을 것이다. 다음 연구로 문화서비스(cultural services) 측면에서 참 억새군락의 지속가능한 자연자산자원으로서의 경관보전가치 평가를 위해, 대규모 참억새군락으로 유명한 승학산, 화 왕산, 재약산을 대상지로 선정하였다. 3개 대상지의 탐방객 들을 대상으로 지불의사액(Willingness To Pay)으로부터 조건부가치측정법(CVM)을 이용해 참억새군락 경관의 공익적 가치를 추정하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에 있어서는 공통적으로 남성이 여성에 비해 대상지를 많이 방문하였고, 그 중 화왕산은 남성 방문객의 비율이 가장 높았다. 둘째, 환경보전에 대한 노력은 승학산과 화왕산의 경우는 적극적이다가 약 60% 내외로 탐방객들은 생활에서 환경을 위한 작은 실천들을 하고 있다고 답변을 하였으나, 재약산의 경우 응답자들이 보통 이하의 답변이 높게 나왔다. 셋째, 이중경계 로짓모델에서의 t-값의 유의확률을 보면 승학산의 경우, 수입과 환경보전 노력에 관한 변수들이 ‘예’ 라고 응답할 확률이 5% 유의수준에서 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나서, 수입이 높을수록 환경보전노력을 많이 하는 탐방객일수록 제시액에 ‘예’라고 응답할 확률이 높아 짐을 알 수 있었다. 각각의 투입된 변수로 추출된 계수를 이용하여 추정한 이중경계에서의 로짓모델의 1인당 참억새군락 경관가치에 대한 평가는 승학산(38,277원), 화왕산(38,648원), 재약산 (48,891원)으로 전체 평균은 38,679원으로 추정되었다. 이러한 참억새군락 경관가치는 영화 1회 관람비나 놀이 공원 입장료등의 현 시세 물가와 비교하였을 때 탐방객들의 지불의사가 높다고 볼 수 있는데, 이는 탐방객들이 참억새군 락 경관을 생태계서비스 측면에서 자연자산가치로서 인식을 하고 있다고 볼 수 있다.

For economic effect on an import prohibition for the buff-tailed bumblebee, income of the bumblebee products, function, economic effect of pollinating insects and bumblebee were analyzed. The largest incremental gain was observed when using domestic bumblebees. Incremental revenue showed a larger incremental revenue in pollination than artificial pollination, the cost of artificial pollination was lowest for incremental cost, followed by domestic bumblebees, honeybees and imported bumblebees. Consequently, higher economic value can be achieved when domestic bumblebees and honeybees are used. According to this study, as it is used to make policy decisions on the prohibition of import of buff-tailed bumblebee, other alternative plan can be utilized due to its import prohibition.

본 논문은 한국의 연구개발투자가 제조업구분에 따른 파급효과들을 산업연관분석을 이용하여 분석하고 있다. 연구 방법은 2010∼2014년 국내 산업연관표 상에서 연구개발투자 부문을 외생화하고, 경제협력개발기구(OECD)의 기술수준 분류표에 입각하여 기술수준별로 제조업을 분류하여 연구개발투자가 미치는 생산유발효과와 부가가치유발효과를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 연구개발투자의 기술수준별 제조업 구분에 따른 생산유발효과는 중고기술과 중저기술에 속한 제조업에서 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 부가가치유발효과 역시 중고기술 제조업에서 높은 것으로 나타났다. 반면 연구개발투자가 가장 많은 고기술제조업에서 생산유발효과와 부가가치유발효과가 상기 2부문보다 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과들은 한국 제조업이 연구개발투자를 통해 기술수준의 제고를 달성하고 이를 산업구조의 고도화로 이어간다는 품질사다리론과 연계되지 않았음을 의미한다. 이러한 분석결과로부터 한국의 연구개발투자가 고기술제조업의 생산유발과 부가가치효과의 증대를 위해 구조조정이 필요하다는 시사점을 얻었다. 본 논문은 산업연관표의 구조적 특성으로 인해 연구개발투자의 시차를 고려하지 못한 한계를 안고 있다.

This study is to evaluate economic value of the ecosystem service benefits of the marine forests provided to our society on the basis of the global standard valuation manual. The main results of this study are summarized as follows: First, the ecosystem service benefits of marine forests are worth 771,121,551 won per hectare for a year in Korea. Second, when evaluating value based on the services benefits of the marine forests, as resource provisioning service, the annual value of the fishery potential production amounts to 58,512,271 won per hectare. The annual value of the environmental and regulatory services is estimated to total 29,574,000 won per hectare including 546,488 won per hectare for climate regulation, 85,342 won per hectare for pollution purification, and 28,942,170 won per hectare for erosion protection. The annual value of the culture and tourinsm services is estimated to total 15,317,647 won per hectare including 5,011,765 won per hectare for skin scuba service and 10,305,882 won per hectare for sea fishing. Also, the aunnual non-use value is estimate to 637,800,000 won per hectare. Third, assuming that the value of the sea forests increases proportionally to the unit area, the marine forests can be valued at 12.7 trillion won per year based on 12,208.2 hectares of marine forests creation area and 4,272.6 hectares of natural seaweed beds. Fourth, the total economic value of the marine forests can be estimated at 244 trillion won in 2016, if the value of the marine forests permanently continues in the future by applying 5.5% of the social discount rate. The results of this study are expected to serve as a valuable information for improving awareness of the value of marine forests ecosystem and ensuring the validity of the marine forests creation policy by converting the value of the marine forests's ecosystem service into monetary units.

Professor Petersmann has developed a constitutionalization theory for IEL based on Western constitutionalism theory in conjunction with human rights law. However, there is a paradox in his theory considering that he stresses ‘legal pluralism’ on the one hand, while calling for a cosmopolitan conception of IEL on the other hand. The hypothesis of this paper is that there are no ‘universalizable’ principles and common constitutional principles that can guarantee the compatibility between the two. Petersmann’s three often-used keywords, ‘human rights,’ “principles of justice,” and “judicial protection of individual rights,” are clarified in the context of Chinese thought and China’s progressive integration into the world economy. This paper finds that Petersmann’s theory focuses on bottom-up individual struggles, whereas Chinese thought is characterized by top-down overall consideration. The value divergence between the goodness of human nature in Chinese thought and the evil of human nature in Western thought makes ‘legal pluralism’ an insurmountable obstacle to a cosmopolitan conception of IEL.

This article assesses the compliance of China’s domestic laws in the area of intellectual property rights protection with the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), which China obliged to accept upon its entrance into the WTO. It also discusses the implications which result from the implementation and enforcement of the intellectual property rights in China for doing business in China. The significance of intellectual property rights protection for achieving the strategic objects formulated by China’s policy-makers and China’s reputation in the world is tackled, as well. Qualitative research based on the concept of compliance showed that China’s compliance with its TRIPS obligation should be evaluated with respect to different country-specific as well as country non-specific factors. However, the experience from the historical development of the leading world inventors, such as Japan or the United Kingdom, should also be considered.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented spent mushroom substrates (F-SMS) of Flammulina velutipes on growth performance, carcass traits, and economic characteristics of Hanwoo steers. A yeast strain (Saccharomyces sp. UJ14) and Bacillus strain (Bacillus sp. UJ03) isolated from fresh spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes were used as probiotics to prepare F-SMS. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers (14 months old) were allocated to three dietary treatments via a randomized block design and were slaughtered at 30 months of age. These treatment groups included Control (TMR), T1 (TMR containing 10% of F-SMS) group, and T2 (TMR containing 30% of F-SMS). Body weight gain was not influenced by the experimental diets. DM and TDN intakes in the finishing period were significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T1 than in other groups. CP intake was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in group T2 than in other groups during the whole experimental period. Among carcass traits, rib-eye area and back fat thickness tended to increase with F-SMS supplementation. The appearance rate (%) of a meat yield more than grade A was the highest in group T1. The net profits increased by 1.2% and 13.3% in groups T1 and T2, respectively. In conclusion, if a proper feeding program (including feed safety) can be ensured, spent mushroom substrates of Flammulina velutipes can prove to be a highly profitable feed source for Hanwoo steers.