Virtual reality (VR) opened the possibility of moving beyond the 2-D world of conventional desktop systems to an immersive, multi-sensory environment generated by computer graphics. Haptic feedback (Haptics) is now starting to get recognition and use in i

Physical therapists have been using biofeedback training to induce improvements in various circumstances. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of visual and tactile feedback using electrical stimulation on quadriceps strength. Nineteen women without known impairment of the neuromusculoskeletal system volunteered for this study. Subjects were randomly allocated into three groups: visual feedback, tactile feedback, and control group. The torque of isometric knee extension force was measured. Subjects were asked to exert the maximal isometric contraction force of quadriceps over a 30 second period. The resting period of 10 minutes was given after the maximal isometric contraction to avoid the muscle fatigue. In between groups comparison, significant differences of the peak torque and the torque area were found on the performance of the maximal isometric contraction of quadriceps (p<.05). The values peak of torque and torque area were significantly higher during visual feedback than tactile feedback. The results of this study suggest that visual feedback is more powerful than tactile feedback (p<.01).

The purpose of this study was to find a more effective balance training method. The subjects of this study were 14 children with cerebral palsy (7 males, 7 females) being treated at Seran Pediatric Developmental Research Center in Taegu. Two groups of children with cerebral palsy (everyday trained group, every-other-day trained group) were evaluated with visual & auditory feedback. Evaluation and training device was Balance Performance Monitor (BPM) Dataprint Software Version 5.3. There was statistically significant difference of the balance score between the pre-and the post-training in both group (p<.05), but there was no difference of the balance score between two groups (p<.05). In conclusion, it is likely that the visual and auditory feedback in children with cerebral palsy was effective in improving standing balance, but there was no difference between everyday trained group and every-other-day trained group.

Physical therapists have been using balance and weight shifting training to induce improvements in standing and walking. This study compared the effects of kinetic feedback frequency and concurrent kinetic feedback on the performance and learning of a weight shifting skill in young, nondisabled adults. Sixteen young adults without known impairment of the neuromusculoskeletal system volunteered for the study. Subjects in each of three kinetic feedback groups performed a weight shifting task in an attempt to minimize error between their effort and a center of pressure (COP) template for a 12 second period. Feedback was provided: 1) concurrently (concurrent feedback), 2) after each trial (100% feedback), 3) after every other trial (50% feedback). Immediate and delayed (24 hour) retention tests were performed without feedback. During acquisition phase, the concurrent feedback group exhibited less error than either of the post response feedback group. For the immediate retention test, the 50% feedback group exhibited less error than did the 100% feedback and concurrent feedback. During the delayed retention, 50% feedback group displayed less error than did the other groups. But no significant differences were found between groups. These results suggest that practice with concurrent feedback is beneficial for the immediate performance, but not for the learning of this weight shifting skill. Lower frequency of feedback resulted in more permanent changes in the subject's ability to complete the task.

An important problem in process adjustment using feedback is how often to sample the process and when to apply an adjustment. Schemes designed to minimize the overall cost. The cost taken the frequency with which they require observations to be made, and the resulting overall length of time between adjustment. In this article, the process adjustment which is based on the adaptive EWMA forecasts are derived. An example is presented to improve confirm standard varation through the analysis of a data series.

Patients with hemiplegia usually show different body weight distribution as compared with normal subjects. Asymmetrical posture during static stance has been identified as a common problem in patients with hemiplegia. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of vision and visual feedback on body weight distribution while standing under three conditions: eyes-closed, eyes-open and visual feedback condition. Fourteen patients with hemiplegia participated in the study. Their body weight distribution during standing for 20 seconds was measured by Limloader. The data were analysed by repeated measure of one-way ANOVA. The weight bearing on the paretic limb in the eyes-open condition was significantly higher than that of the eyes-closed condition. The weight bearing on the parietic limb in the visual feedback condition was significantly higher than that of the eyes-open condition. These results suggest that patients with hemiplegia can improve their symmetrical stance ability using visual feedback.

In motor learning, the relative frequency of external feedback is the proportion of external feedback presentations divided by the total number of practice trials. In earlier studies, increasing the percentage of body weight loading on the affected leg of hemiplegic patients, external feedback was continuously produced as the patient attempted to perform a movement. This feedback was produced to enhance the learning effect. However, recent studies in nondisabled populations have suggested that compared with 100% relative frequency conditions, practice with lower relative frequencies is more effective. My study compared the effect of 100% relative frequency conditions with 67% relative frequency conditions to determine what effect they exerted on motor learning for increasing the percentage of body weight loading on the affected lower limbs of patients with hemiplegia. Twenty-four hemiplegic patients were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. Each group practiced weight transfer motor learning on a machine. During practice, visual feedback was offered to all subjects. The experiment was carried out with full visual feedback for patients in group one but only 67% visual feedback for patients in group two. The percentage of loading on the affected leg was recorded four times: before learning (baseline value), immediately after learning, 30 minutes after learning, 24 hours after learning. The results were as follows: 1. In the 100% visual feedback group, the percentage of loading on the affected leg increased significantly in all three testing modes over the baseline value. 2. In the 67% visual feedback group, the percentage of loading on the affected leg increased significantly in all three measurements. 3. Immediately after learning, the learning effect was not significantly different between the two groups, but was significantly greater after both the 30 minutes delay and the 24 hours period. These results suggest that the 33% reduction in the provision of visual feedback may enhance the learning effect of increasing the percentage of body weight loading on the affected leg in patients with hemiplegia.

To improve the effect of balance training, visual feedback is usually used. During the training process there are some factors which decrease the effect. Neurophysiologically, the main negative factor is thought to be synaptic fatigue which decreases the sensitivity of synapses. The purpose of this study was to find a more effective balance training method. In this study, a total of 60 normal subjects-19~30 years old young males and females(M=30, F=30)-participated, and they were randomized as A, B, and C group, each group containing 20 subjects. First, all groups had a pre-test of sway balance. One minute later, A group was trained in sway balance by continuous visual feedback for 2 minutes, B group by intermittent visual feedback which had 4 sessions of 30 seconds each and a one minute rest break. C group was not trained at all. All groups had a post-test. Only B group had improved balance compared with C group by ANOVA. On the other hand, intermittent visual feedback was more effective than continuous visual feedback in sway balance training with normal subjects.ㅂ

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of weight-transfer training on the weight bearing distribution and gait patterns of hemiplegic patients through visual and auditory feedback using a limb load monitor. The subjects of this study were 18 hemiplegic patients who had been hospitalized or were visited out-patient department of the Rehabilitation Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, from January 5, 1995 through March 15, 1995. Pre-and post-training changes in gait patterns were measured using ink foot prints as well as by recording weight bearing distribution using a limb load monitor. The data were analyzed by the repeated measure one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. The finding were as follows: 1. Prior to the training, 18 subjects bore more weight on the sound leg(61.6 %) than on the affected leg(38.4 %). 2. Posterior to the training, the average percentage of weight bearing on the affected leg increased significantly from 38.4 % prior to training; to 46.0 % immediately after training; 45.7 % after a 30 second delay; and 45.3 % after a 60 second 3. The difference in gait patterns between pre- and post- training was statistically significant, with an increase in gait velocity to 3.65 cm/sec post-training; an increase in stride length to 5.37 cm on the affected side; 4.77 cm on the sound side; and a narrowing of the base of support to 1.19 cm. In conclusion, hemiplegic weight-transfer training using visual and auditory feedback with a limb load monitor was found to be enhancing symmetrical standing posture, and simultaneously improve gait patterns.

Biofeedback devices have been used successfully to improve head control and symmetrical walking in cerebral palsied children. Biofeedback of postural sway was investigated as a therapeutic technique to reduce postural abnormality in 24 selected children with cerebral palsy. Subjects were evaluated their weight distribution of both sides during their standing before and after the visual and auditory feedback training. The effectiveness of biofeedback was compared to conventional physical therapy practices in reestabilishing symmetrical standing in cerebral palsied children. Our study found biofeedback was effective in training symmetrical standing posture.

목적: 본 연구는 필라테스 운동 시 지도자의 피드백 유형이 운동참여자의 운동몰입 및 만족도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 참여자들이 운동을 지속하기 위한 도움이 되는 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 2022년 수도권을 중 심으로 필라테스를 하고 있는 성인 302명을 대상으로 설문을 진행하여 자료를 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 Jamovi 2.2를 사용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, Cronbach’ α 계수, Pearson’s 상관분석과 다중회귀분석을 이 용해 분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 운동참여자의 운동몰입에 대한 하위요인 중 인지몰입에는 지도자의 피드백 유형 의 하위요인인 수행지식 피드백, 긍정일반 피드백, 긍정적비언어 피드백이 영향을 미쳤으며, 행위몰입에는 긍정일 반 피드백, 긍정적비언어 피드백, 부정적비언어 피드백이 영향을 미쳤다. 운동참여자의 만족도에 대한 하위요인인 지도자행동만족, 운동능력만족, 운동환경만족 모두 수행지식 피드백, 긍정일반 피드백, 긍정적비언어 피드백이 영 향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 지도자의 피드백 유형은 운동몰입과 만족도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났다. 운동참여자들의 필라테스 참여의 지속을 위하여 필라테스 지도자는 긍정적인 분위기를 바탕으로 상 황에 맞는 피드백의 활용을 통하여 참여자의 운동몰입과 만족도를 높일 수 있어야 한다.

목적: 본 연구는 시지각 운동 적응과제 시 피드백 제공 방법에 따른 학습효과의 차이를 규명하고자 한다. 방법: 참여자 41명은 제시되는 피드백 형태에 따라 4집단(A, C, D 집단:10명, B집단:11명)으로 나뉘어 시지각 적응 운 동(팔 뻗기)과제를 수행하였다. 실험 1일차에 모든 참여자는 가상현실 상황 속에서 기준선 검사(baseline)와 시각적 왜곡을 극복하는 두 구간의 적응훈련(adaptation), 그리고 탈적응(washout)을 마쳤다. 그리고 약 24시간 뒤 모든 참여자에 대한 파지검사(retention)를 시행하였다. 수행의 공간 정확성을 평가하기 위해 각 구간의 실제 움직인 수행 궤적과 시작지점-목표지점을 연결한 목표 궤적 사이의 거리오차(distance error)를 산출하였다. 결과: 모든 집단은 적응 1구간과 2구간을 거치며 시각 피드백의 유무와 상관없이 운동 횟수가 증가함에 따라 수행의 공간 정확성은 향상되었으며 특히, 집단 D(운동감각-시각 순)가 가장 큰 수행 향상을 보였다. 파지 검사에서는 단일 피드백 집단 A, B와 다중 피드백 집단C, D 간의 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 결론: 이러한 연구결과는 시지각 운동 적응과 제 학습에 있어 모든 감각 피드백의 제공은 수행 향상에 효과를 보이며, 특히 파지검사에서는 단일 피드백 구조일 때 높은 잔존효과를 보이며 학습 효과가 나타났다. 따라서, 이 실험에서 제공된 피드백 종류나 구조와 관계없이 수행의 향상은 이루어질 수 있고, 특정한 피드백 제공 구조는 수행의 향상에 미치는 영향이 더 클 것으로 보인다.