This study investigates the core competencies required of Korean secondary-school English teachers and how they perceive these competencies in terms of importance, applicability, and teachers’ competency level ahead of implementing the 2015 revised national English curriculum in secondary schools. After the literature research, interviews, and expert review processes, five core competencies were extracted: curriculum and content reorganization competency; learner-centered teaching competency; innovative assessment competency; multicultural (intercultural) education competency; and information literacy and ICT use. From the results of a survey administered to 93 secondary school English teachers, it was found that the perceived competency level was lower than required, but it was higher than applicability. Overall, teachers felt insecure about how to apply the required competencies to their lessons. There was also a difference between middle school teachers and high school teachers in the self-rating results. These results provide implications for teacher preparation and the direction of teacher education toward the successful implementation of the 2015 revised curriculum.

해상에서의 인명안전을 위한 국제협약(SOLAS)은 안전에 관한 IMO해사협약 중 가장 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다. 국제해사기구(IMO)의 해사안전위원회(MSC)는 높은 수준의 해상안전에 대한 기준이 유지될 수 있도록 SOLAS를 지속적으로 개정해 나가고 있다. 하지만, 빈번한 SOLAS의 개정은 당사국이나 선사, 조선소 등 규정의 수요자 측면에서 많은 협약개정안의 이행을 단시간에 준비해야 하는 등의 부작용을 낳게 되었고, IMO는 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 2016년부터 SOLAS 개정안의 4년주기 발효체제를 도입하게 되었다. 4년주기 발효체제 하에서는 SOLAS 개정사항이 4년마다 일괄적으로 발효하기 때문에 예측가능성을 높여주어 효과적인 협약이행에 긍정적인 측면으로 작용할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 반면에 SOLAS 개정사항이 채택 후 발효되기까지 걸리는 시간이 상대적으로 길어져 신속한 적용이 요구되는 규정의 경우에는 발효일까지 기다려야 되는 부작용도 생기게 되었다. IMO에서는 이와 같은 부작용을 해결하기 위해 SOLAS 개정사항에 대한 조기이행요구가 증가하게 되었지만, 이러한 조기이행은 4년주기 발효체제의 취지에 부합하지 않고 그 법적근거가 명확하지 않아 논란이 되었다. 이 논문에서는 SOLAS 개정안의 조기이행의 법적근거에 대한 최근 IMO MSC 회의에서의 논의를 조약법협약 제25조(잠정적 적용) 및 제79조(조약문 또는 인증등본상의 착오정정)를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그리고, 이러한 논의의 결과로 마련된 자발적 조기이행 절차 및 관련 회람문서들이 대한민국에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하고, 관련 국내규정의 정비 등 국내적 이행방안에 대하여 제시하였다.

HNS사고는 대규모 화재와 폭발을 수반하며, 다수의 인명사고와 주변지역에 극심한 환경오염을 야기함으로 신속한 의사결정을 통하여 광범위한 확산을 막아야 한다. 본 연구는 국내 HNS사고사례를 해상이라는 특수성이 반영된 표준코드를 바탕으로 고품질, 표준화, 디지털화된 HNS사고 데이터베이스를 구축하여 사고발생 시 신속하고 합리적인 의사결정을 지원하고, 체계적인 통합관리 및 공유가 가능한 HNS사고이력관리시스템(HATS)을 설계하고 구현하였다. 또한 개발된 시스템을 활용하여 23년간 수집된 국내 HNS사고데이터 76건에 대해 각 항목별로 통계분석을 수행하여, 국내에서는 매년 평균 3.3건의 사고가 일어나며, 주요 HNS사고요인은 춘계기간 (41%), 계류장 (51 %), 케미컬운반선 (49 %), 승무원에 의한 과실 (45 %), 자일렌류 (12 %)인 것으로 확인되었다. (괄호안 : 사고분류기준별 해당 사고요인의 퍼센트 비율임)

China’s OBOR Initiative charts a path for trade and investment cooperation between China and States along the OBOR. Indirect expropriation stands as a crucial issue for the successful implementation of the OBOR initiative. This mainly owes to the large size of investment projects and investment funds, scant regulation of indirect expropriation in the IIAs signed between China and OBOR States, and the diverse political and economic environments of these many States. This article examines the definition and identification standards of indirect expropriation under OBOR IIAs. It will also reveal that indirect expropriation is poorly defined and insufficiently identified in most agreements. It is argued that OBOR IIAs should be revised to regulate indirect expropriation in such three aspects as preambular declaration of host State regulatory freedom, definitional clarity of indirect expropriation, and guidance for its identification. This approach would facilitate a more stable investment environment and contribute to the success of the OBOR initiative.

On June 27, 2013, the World Intellectual Property Organization adopted the Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons who are Blind, Visually Impaired, or otherwise Print Disabled in its efforts to resolve the global book famine of visually impaired persons by providing a series of copyright exceptions that facilitate access of the visually impaired to copyright works. As a member country of the WIPO, China signed but has not ratified the Marrakesh Treaty. However, it is important that China implement the treaty provisions into its copyright law before submitting ratification to the WIPO. Chinese lawmakers are thus advised to incorporate provisions of the Marrakesh Treaty into the national copyright legislations. This article analyzes the reasons for the global book famine of the visually impaired, examines the key provisions in the Marrakesh Treaty, and provides recommendations to incorporate the provisions of the Marrakesh Treaty into the Chinese copyright laws and regulations.

본 논문에서는 국제해사기구의 데이터수집 시스템 도입에 따른 MRV 지원 및 국제해운 에너지 효율 포탈 시스템에 대한 기술적 검증을 수행하였다. 데이터 수집 시스템과 연료 사용량 데이터 수집 방법론을 포함하는 SEEMP 가이드라인의 주요 내용을 검토하고, EU MRV와 차이점을 분석하여 MRV에 대한 국내 해운선사의 대응전략을 제시하고 이에 대한 MRV 지원시스템의 기술적 적합성을 검토하였다. MRV 지원시스템은 배출량 데이터를 원시단계에서 최종단계까지 통합 관리함으로서 검증을 위한 비용과 업무 효율성을 높일 수 있으며, 현재 해운선사의 보고절차를 유지하면서 데이터 변환 기능을 통해 표준양식으로 배출량 데이터를 수집하고 보고 할 수 있다. 또한, 포탈시스템에 대한 접근권한을 구분하여 해운선사의 데이터 수집과 보고, 검증자의 데이터 검증업무를 지원할 수 있으며 전자적인 방법으로 보고서 제출이 가능하여 MRV 국제 규제에 대한 대응이 가능하다.

This study was conducted to analyze the reasons for and advantages and disadvantages of implementing the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system on animal farms in Korea. The study was carried out by randomly selecting 45 swine and 24 dairy farms where HACCP has been implemented. The results were as follows: 24% of the swine farmers responded that extension of their business was the major reason for implementing HACCP; the second (21%) was financial support from local or national government. Dairy farmers had similar responses. The top advantage of adopting HACCP was improvement of the welfare of employees in both swine (21%) and dairy (22%) farms. The first-ranked disadvantages of HACCP implementation were HACCP education (23%, swine farm) and high turnover of employees (24%, dairy farm). On farms, HACCP may increase the sanitation and safety levels of domestic livestock products. However, the Korean government should address the disadvantages of HACCP to encourage its adoption at the animal production stage.

This study shows the content production of mobile baseball games. In 2013, mobile games accounted for 23.9% of domestic games, and the global mobile game market is expected to grow to $30.3 billion by 2015. This study examines trends and characteristics of the mobile game industry. Also, this study intends to show mobile game rankings, reproduce the enthusiasm of professional baseball games through mobile games, participate in games to utilize leisure, and contribute to the mobile game industry. Currently, there is Magu magu of Netrnarble as a mobile baseball game. By differentiating with mobile Magu magu, this study attempts to produce various and interesting short plays of AI, UI, and FSM from webtoon contents to engage in the realism of mobile baseball games, and to improve the productivity of the mobile game industry. Therefore, we intend to promote the game industry and activate game production contents.

Recently, information technology has been developed rapidly over than everyone thinks. The computer technology with hardware and software development of artificial intelligent and machine learning would be more interested in the interactive computer technology. In this paper, we propose a new paradigm to implement the system which recognizes human’s emotion and reacts with the emotion, and this will be human interactive and applied in every information technical field. This system implements an intelligent system that analyzes human’s faces following with the recognition of emotion, which will be the intelligent system that reacts in accordance with the emotion. The proposed real-time intelligent system will develop the system that recognizes human’s emotion, with the emotion, and reacts the actions in the field of marketing of enterprises, intelligent games, and intelligent robots.

본 논문은 2016년 하계 학술대회 발표 자료로서, 중견 기업에서의 ERP 시스템 구축 시 사전 설계 활동으로서의 PI컨설팅을 포함한 ERP 구축과 PI 활동 없이 ERP가 구축된 ERP 서비스에 대하여 두 집단간의 서비스 품질을 분석하고 비교하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 일반적인 오프라인에서의 서비스 품질 평가 모형인 SERVQUAL 모형과 IT 환경에서 서비스 품질을 분석하는 E-S-QUAL 모형 등의 다양한 연구모형을 참조하여 서비스 품질 모형(Service Quality Model)을 제시하여 두 집단에 적용하여 분석한다. 연구모형의 분석을 통해 PI 수행 여부에 따라 두 집단에 구축된 ERP 서비스 품질척도에 영향을 미치는 품질 결정 요인들을 식별하여 주요한 품질 결정 요인의 개선을 통한 ERP 서비스의 품질을 개선하고자 한다. 이러한 연구 과정을 통해 각 연구 모형과 요인들 간에 미치는 영향에 대한 결과를 분석하며, 분석 결과를 통하여 서비스 품질의 개선을 위한 경영적 시사점을 도출하고자 하는 목적으로 작성되었다.

Firms acquire customers using myriad forms of marketing media (Neslin & Shankar 2009), and different media strategies yield different results to the firms. Therefore, allocating media strategy given a firm’s spending raises important questions for managers. This is especially the case since the media landscape has changed dramatically, with new media channels incorporating online, mobile, and social media now being considered the mainstream. It is crucial to understand how each form of media influences consumers and how it operates alongside traditional media. Based on Stephen and Galak (2012), marketers distinguish earned media from paid media. Earned media is defined as media activity that a company does not directly generate, such as press mentions on the internet and online community posts in consumer-generated social media. On the other hand, paid media refers to the media activity which a company generates (for example, television, radio, print, and direct mail). It is common for firms to consider using earned media and paid media at the same time when developing marketing communication strategies. Despite the coexistence of paid and earned media channels, previous empirical findings focus either on paid media or earned media and suggest that these individually will increase a firm’s marketing outcomes. However, there is a lack of research that examines the question of whether the use of paid media and earned media at the same time is synergistic. The effects of a cross media synergy only focuses on the resource allocation within paid media (for example, TV–Radio (Edell & Keller 1989), TV–Magazine (Confer & McGlathery 1991), TV–Print (Dijkstra, Buijtels, & Van Raaij 2005), and TV, Radio, Print and Outdoor (Briggs, Krishnan, & Sheeran 2003)). Thus, by considering paid media and earned media concurrently, this study investigates whether the synergies between paid and earned media have a stronger effect on a firm’s long term profitability than the isolated effects of TV or word of mouth (WOM) alone. In addition, the research on earned media has focused on short-term outcomes such as customer actions (for example, website sign-ups) and sales growth, sales rank, cross-product sales, and ratings (Trusov, Bucklin, & Pauwels 2009; Li & Hitt 2008; Moe & Trusov 2011). Moreover, in the limited research on the relationship between earned media and long-term outcomes, the outcomes are restricted to those related to soft metrics of communication effectiveness (for example, attitude and brand awareness). Therefore, we use customer equity, which is regarded as a forward looking firm outcome variable, thereby enabling marketers to monitor and measure the long-term financial impact of marketing spending (Kumar & Shah 2015). Moreover, cross-media synergy can be accurately measured by customer equity, which incorporates both customer acquisition and retention. Based on Villanueva, Yoo, and Hassens (2008), customers acquired through paid media focus more on trials, whereas customers acquired through earned media provide the firm with more repeats. In other words, paid media plays a key role in the acquisition of customers, while, on the other hand, earned media increase the retention of customers. Thus, it is appropriate to measure the cross-media synergy with the customer equity (long term profitability) that can capture the customer acquisition and retention simultaneously. Regarding the long term impact of the firm’s media strategy, previous research has used the economic impact of traditional marketing channel (for example, television, radio, magazine or newspaper, advertisement, e-mail links, and direct mail) versus that of WOM (for example, links from Web sites, magazine, or newspaper articles, referrals from friends or colleagues, referrals from professional organizations or associations, and referrals from search engines) on customer equity. Traditional marketing had a stronger effect than WOM in the short term, while WOM is a quiet, gradual-impact, long lasting driver (Villanueva, Yoo, & Hassens 2008). This result can be attributed to the different characteristics of each media channel. Although earned media, including WOM, is not entirely controlled by the firm, earned media may be more likely to last longer for various reasons. One of the reasons for this phenomenon is that earned media has greater credibility than conventional marketing activities that are implemented by the firms, and is therefore more persuasive than conventional advertising (Brown & Reingen 1987, Villanueva, Yoo, & Hassens 2008). In other words, considering the impact of each type of media in itself, earned media is more effective in increasing long-term profitability. However, the interaction effect of earned and paid media has not been empirically tested yet. Thus, it is conceivable that a cross-media synergy (incorporating the implementation of earned media and paid media at the same time) will last longer than the implementation of each isolated media. As Armelini and Villanueva (2010) pointed out, earned media and paid media have complementary effects. For example, offline advertising increases website visitation by influencing consumer awareness, while online advertising directly leads to website traffic (Ilfeld & Winer 2002). The consumer buying process involves distinct stages such as awareness, consideration, and purchase (Lavidge & Stener 2000) and each media influences customer buying behavior in a different way. Hence, it enhances the effectiveness in terms of long-term profitability to utilize the cross-media effect properly. For example, in the car industry, 64 % new car buyers become aware of the features and benefits of a car by obtaining information online, even though they purchase their cars from an offline dealership (J.D. Power and Associates 2004). This finding implies that a firm’s implementation of both paid and earned media properly will maximize the customers’ arousal of the target brands. Furthermore, converging paid media and earned media is expected to proliferate the growth of a firm’s profitability, such as sales, revenue, and customer’s equity, at an exponential rate. For example, the effects of TV advertising execution can be enhanced by press mentions that a company does not directly generate; this is because press mentions support the credence of TV advertising. Inversely, since paid media activities reach the audience relatively more than WOM (due to the high audience penetration share), the online share of press mention can proliferate rapidly with the execution of paid media activities. Therefore, the interaction between earned media and paid media has a greater effect on customer equity than isolated media implementation. The impact of a media synergy has more positive effect and last longer than isolated media implementation (and our model is displayed in Fig. 1). We collect data on marketing efforts, word-of-mouth circumstance, and performance of a telecommunication company. Based on customer equity models and quarterly marketing and performance data, we first estimate the lifetime value of the newly acquired and existing customers. Thereafter, we determine the customer equity of the company over each period. We develop and employ a time-series model for examining the relationship between cross media efforts (paid media vs. earned media) and the estimated firm’s customer equity. Finally, we examine the synergistic effect of cross media on the firm’s long-term profitability.

This research examines the impact of CRM capabilities and marketing effectiveness and the role of intervening variables Interactive Marketing Implementation (IMI) as mediator, in the context of wireless telecommunication industry in Indonesia. Differ from prior research that often see CRM capability in technological perspective per se, this research uses a holistic perspective toward CRM capabilities that comprises three dimensions of capability that is complementary to each other: (1) technological capability, as a data processing instrument to support marketing activities; (2) operational capability, to support firms collecting past customer transaction information, demographics, psychographics, media and channel preferences; and (3) strategic capability, to embrace the implementation of relationship management strategies throughout the whole organization. To cover phenomena in the digital economy, this study deploys a three-part typology of interactive marketing, according to ways of interacting with new media; (1) relational-based, (2) content-based, and (3) interface-based.

Use of ICT in Government has ability to improve service delivery to its citizens, and yet many developing countries have lagged behind in the implementation of e-Government. Many e-Government initiatives also failed to achieve their objectives in developing countries. This paper therefore aims to identify critical failure or success factors in Kenya, using Heeks’ Factor Model. A survey questionnaire was developed and data were collected and analyzed from officials and interested citizens. The analysis results enabled to highlight seven specific success and failure factors, and their constituent elements in Kenya. The Kenyan overall e-Government implementation score belongs to the Zone of Improvement (3.52 of total 5.0), which means partial success or failure. The enablers of e-Government projects are good strategy formulation, and internal and external drive, whereas main failures of e-Government are weak ICT infrastructure. The areas for improvement are project management, design, competencies and funding. Data analysis highlights both strengths and weaknesses for each factor or variable. In particular, Kenyan government excels at the drive for change by top to bottom government officers as well as external stakeholders, while the government officers who are using e-Government are satisfied with the availability of vision, strategy and plan of e-Government implementation. Both technologies and e-transactions laws were the worst of all the variables in e-Government implementation. Two areas should be improved using immediate corrective action. In-depth study reveals that government officers and citizens can’t fully use their laptop and mobile devices due to the lack of both ICT network and its operating technology, and legal system associated with the transaction of business information. Finally, the study ends up with recommendations for policy makers to shape the future of e-Government system in both developing and developed countries.