The purpose of this study was to identify the new fungal disease of Scopendra subspinipes mutilans (Chilopoda: Scolopendridae) from Jeju island in Korea. Scopendra subspinipes mutilans are also known the Chinese red head and average 20cm in length. It is used for traditional medicine for skin-disease and tumor and S. s. mutilans is recently raised in Jeju island to use healing properties. We isolated fungi from surface of infected S. s. mutilans and incubated in SDBA at 24℃ for 14days, and then identified the morphology of the fungi by light and electron microscopy. For the specific diagnosis of Metarhizium spp. in S. s. mutilans, 18srRNA of fungi was amplified by primers ITS4_MF and LR3_MR and sequenced by using the BLAST server at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The result of the 18srRNA sequencing alignment was Metarhizium anisopliae (99.9%). The entomopathogenic fungi, M. anisopliae would be fatal cause of higher mortality to S. s. mutilans, and it is needed in vivo assay to confirm the pathogenic activities of M. anisopliae to S. s. mutilans.

Ixodid ticks are notorious as the vector of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in Korea. To confirm the transovarial transmission of SFTSV, we collected blood-fed adult ticks from animals in SFTS case reported area of Jeju island in 2015. A total of 476 ticks were collected from four host animal species, horse (81.3%), dog (9.0%), roe deer (7.1%) and wild boar (2.5%). They were identified as 1 genus and 2 species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (87.8%) and H. flava (12.2%). Among them, 131 adults hatched their eggs successfully. The body weight of females was highly correlated with the number of egg masses laid (P < 0.05). We confirmed that one adult H. flava was infected with SFTSV and its infection rate was 0.77%. The eggs of the SFTSV-infected adults also were infected with SFTSV and its transovarial transmission was confirmed. This result suggests that the parent generation of H. flava could transmit SFTSV transovarially into their F1 progeny and H. flava might be one of major vectors of SFTSV in Korea.

The objective of this study was to construct Italian ryegrass (IRG) dry matter yield (DMY) estimation models in South Korea based on climatic data by locations. Obviously, the climatic environment of Jeju Island has great differences with Korean Peninsula. Meanwhile, many data points were from Jeju Island in the prepared data set. Statistically significant differences in both DMY values and climatic variables were observed between south areas of Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. Therefore, the estimation models were constructed separately for south areas of Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island separately. For south areas of Korean Peninsula, a data set with a sample size of 933 during 26 years was used. Four optimal climatic variables were selected through a stepwise approach of multiple regression analysis with DMY as the response variable. Subsequently, via general linear model, the final model including the selected four climatic variables and cultivated locations as dummy variables was constructed. The model could explain 37.7% of the variations in DMY of IRG in south areas of Korean Peninsula. For Jeju Island, a data set containing 130 data points during 17 years were used in the modeling construction via the stepwise approach of multiple regression analysis. The model constructed in this research could explain 51.0% of the variations in DMY of IRG. For the two models, homoscedasticity and the assumption that the mean of the residuals were equal to zero were satisfied. Meanwhile, the fitness of both models was good based on most scatters of predicted DMY values fell within the 95% confidence interval.

The purpose of this study is to establish a policy of tolerance towards multicultural families, foreign emigrants, and North Korean defectors on Jeju Island. To analyze the problems of intolerance by interviewing them. To achieve this through objective, analyzed data of the reality on tolerance and intolerance and through organized discussions on multiculturalism and tolerance on Jeju Island. Through this study, the following implications can be made. Firstly, people on Jeju Island are fairly open and tolerant. Secondly, there is a correlation between fluency in Jeju dialect and the level of tolerance. Thirdly, it is important to overcome the cultural gap. Fourthly, there are several cases of intolerance when using transportation and shopping. Fifthly, there is a tendency of denigrating foreigners from poor developing countries. Sixthly, most people would like to recommend Jeju Island to friends and family members. Through this study, it can be concluded that understanding differences among members of multicultural society with ‘regards, supports, and aids for coexistence as equivalent members of Jeju society’ are necessary.

The Jeju Special Self-Government Provincial Government made and has been working on the 'Carbon Free Island Jeju by 2030' Plan. Currently, it has been working on a plan of gradually penetrating (introducing) EVs to Jeju province to realize a carbon-free Jeju Island. In this paper, we made a model equation estimating the electrical energy consumed by EVs in a definite region, and then the number of EVs to be introduced every year according to the ‘penetrating EVs plan’ was estimated. Finally, the electrical energy consumed yearly for the next 10 years by the EVs was calculated.

The aim of this study was to introduce meadow landscape planting in Korea. The survey site was the grasslands on the mid mountain at Jeju Island in Korea. In all, 96 plant taxa consisting of 32 families, 84 genera, 78 species, and 18 varieties were recorded during the investigation of grass-dominating grassland at the study site. An analysis of the grass vegetation types in the survey area revealed their potential for meadow landscape planting. The formal characteristics of plants such as the stem, leaf, and flower were dominant in this grassland. The principal communities were Miscanthus sinensis var purpurascens, Themeda triandra var. japonica(Willd.)-Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, and Zoysia japonica Steud. A total of 74 plant species were compatible for meadow planting in the area. However, 22 plant species of weeds, climbers, woody, exotic, and invasive plants were excluded in these study sites because the meadow vegetation development might be hampered by them. Following the meadow planting design concept for plants, investigated plants were classified into several categories with two main concept criteria: the design and functional layers. The design layer was subdivided into structural and seasonal layers. Likewise, the functional layer was divided further into ground cover and filler layers. The results of this study suggested that some useful plants can be selected from natural meadows at Jeju for the future target planting of grasslands in Korea.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of boat fishing experience marine tourism activity in Jeju Island’s Chagwido. The economic value is estimated as consumer surplus using count data models including the truncated Poisson model and the truncated negative binominal distribution model. This study collects the effective 504 questionnaires from boat fishing experience tourists in Jeju Island’s Chagwido. The truncated negative binominal distribution model was statistically more suitable and valid than other models. The truncated negative binominal distribution model was applied to estimate consumer surplus as economic value from boat fishing experience tourism activity in Jeju Island’s Chagwido. A consumer surplus value per trip was estimated as about 209,900 won. The annual economic value from boat fishing experience tourism activity was estimated as 273,700 won in Jeju Island’s Chagwido. Consequently, boat fishing experience marine tourism activity has a very large economic value in Jeju Island.

The distribution of eggs and larvae of mackerel, Scomber japonicus was examined in the coast of Jeju island, Korea in spring from April to May in 2013 and May to June in 2014. In the monthly variations of mean abundances, as a whole, mackerel eggs were observed abundantly in April, 2013, and mackerel larvae were observed abundantly in June, 2014. Especially, high densities over 5,000 ind./1,000 m3 of mean eggs abundances were observed in the eastern part of Jeju Island where is water temperature was over 18℃. It can be inferred that these areas were major spawning grounds of mackerel around Jeju island, and that it may be caused by influences of the Tsushima warm current.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of skin scuba marine tourism activity in Jeju Island. The economic value is estimated as consumer surplus using count data models including the truncated Poisson model and the truncated negative binominal distribution model. This study collects the effective 369 questionnaires from skin scuba marine tourists through three times in Jeju Island. The truncated Poisson model was statistically more suitable and valid than other models. The truncated Poisson model was applied to estimate consumer surplus as economic value from skin scuba in Jeju Island. A consumer surplus value per trip was estimated as about 4,081,633 won. The annual economic value from skin scuba marine tourism activity was estimated as 8,428,571 won in Jeju Island. Consequently, skin scuba marine tourism activity has a very large economic value in Jeju Island.

설치목(Rodentia) 뉴트리아과(Myocastoridae)에 속하는 뉴트리아(Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782)는 남아메리카 원산으로 현재 유럽, 북미, 북중아시아, 동아시아, 중동, 동 아프리카 등에 도입된 후, 자연생태계에 서식하고 있다. 뉴 트리아의 국내 도입은 1985년 시작되었고, 1987년 불가리 아를 통해 종자용으로 60두가 수입되어 증식된 이후, 사육 규모가 점차 확장되어 2001년 축산법상 가축으로 등록되었 다. 그러나 경제적인 가치의 하락으로 관련 산업이 위축되 었으며, 사육농가들의 사육포기에 의해 방치된 뉴트리아는 자연생태계에 유입되어 정착하였다. 국내에서 확인된 서식 지는 경남지방의 낙동강 수계에 집중되어 있고, 수초가 풍 부한 곳에서는 수표면이 얼어도 살 수 있는 뉴트리아의 특 징을 감안할 때 우리나라 전역의 수계로 퍼져나갈 가능성이 있다. 제주도에서 뉴트리아의 사육기록은 1994년 약 11개 농장에서 약 7천여 마리의 사육이 기록되었으며, 농림수산 식품부의 ‘기타가축통계’에서 2001년 1농가 8개체, 2002년 1농가 3개체, 2003년 1농가 3개체, 2010년 1농가 14개체의 사육이 기록되었다. 또한, 2011년, 2012년에 수행된 생태계 위해성이 높은 외래종의 정밀조사에서 제주시 구좌읍 송당 리와 서귀포시 표선면 일대 등 일부지역에서 야생상태로 서식하는 개체들이 확인되었다. 또 다른 기록에 의하면, 제 주도 송당 및 한림지역에 식용 목적으로 도입하였으나, 대 부분의 농가에서 폐사하였고, 서귀포시 표선면 성읍리의 개 인 농장에서 90여 마리를 집단으로 사육 중이었으나, 그 중 최소 한 마리가 야생으로 나가있는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 제주지역의 독특한 생태계와 그 안에서 살아가 고 있는 다양한 생물종과 인간에게 직·간접적으로 영향을 줄 수 있는 뉴트리아의 관리와 구제방안을 마련하기 위하여 이루어졌다. 이를 위해 제주지역에 서식하는 뉴트리아 개체 군 조사를 통해 서식 범위와 개체수 현황을 파악하고, 포획 구제된 개체에 대해서는 생물학적 특징을 분석하여 제주지 역에 맞는 효과적인 관리와 구제방안을 마련하였다. 조사가 이루어진 지역은 2011년과 2012년의 생태계 교란종 모니 터링에서 뉴트리아의 서식이 확인된 송당목장 일대이며, 제 주시 구좌읍 송당리와 서귀포시 표선면에 걸쳐서 위치한다. 송당목장에서 뉴트리아의 서식이 확인된 지역은 민오름, 비 치미오름, 큰돌이미오름의 사이이다. 뉴트리아의 서식지역 으로 판단할 수 있는 굴이 확인된 지역은 민오름과 비치미 오름 사이에 위치한 연못 주변과 민오름과 큰돌이미오름 사이에 위치한 배수로 부근이었으며, 이곳을 중심으로 포획 이 이루어졌다. 생태 조사는 2013년 5월부터 2015년 5월까 지 3년간 해당 조사지역에 무인카메라 설치, 서식흔적 조사 및 육안조사를 실시하였으며, 조사방법으로는 선조사법과 정점조사법을 병행하였다. 뉴트리아는 주로 야간에 먹이활 동을 하는 야행성 동물로, 일몰직후나 일출직전에 먹이활동 이 가장 활발하지만, 낮 시간에도 낮은 빈도로 먹이활동을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 조사 지역인 송당목장은 가축 사 육시설로 야간 조사시 발생할 수 있는 빛과 소음 등으로 인한 가축의 영향을 줄이기 위해 서식흔적 조사와 육안조사 는 주로 주간에 이루어졌다. 서식이 확인된 지역에서는 뉴 트리아의 이동과 섭식을 고려하여 생포트랩을 설치한 후 포획을 시도하였다. 포획된 뉴트리아는 실험실로 운반하여 외부형태를 측정하였으며, 해부 관찰을 통하여 성별 및 출 산 여부를 확인하였다. 뉴트리아의 주된 활동시간은 주로 야간으로 일출과 일몰 시간대의 관찰이 효과적이라 알려져 있다. 조사 지역에 설치한 무인카메라에 의해 확인된 뉴트리아 활동 역시 주로 야간에 이루어졌다. 가장 많이 관찰된 시간은 19시에서 22시 사이였으며, 주간인 15시에서 17시 사이에도 활동이 확인되었다. 조사지역에서 뉴트리아의 개 체가 처음으로 확인 된 것은 2013년 7월 영산강유역환경청 에 의한 조사 결과였으며, 사후 부패가 진행된 털과 골격만 남은 상태로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서는 생포 트랩을 설치 하여 5개체의 뉴트리아를 포획하였으며, 연못에 설치된 통 발에서 뉴트리아의 사체 1구가 수거되었다. 첫 번째 포획은 2013년 10월 26일 방목장 지역에 설치된 트랩에서 포획된 개체이며, 두 번째 개체는 10월 28일 방목장 지역 조사 시 초지에서 먹이를 먹는 개체를 그물과 올가미를 이용해 포획 하였다. 나머지 3개체는 연못지역에 설치한 트랩을 이용하 여 각기 다른 날짜에 포획되었다. 2013년 연구지역에서 포 획과 수집된 뉴트리아는 총 7개체로, 이는 농장직원이 목격 한 개체수에 비해 다소 적게 확인되어, 무인카메라를 이용 해 지속적인 모니터링으로 서식 개체의 유무를 확인하였다. 2014년 5월 22일에 방목장 지역의 수로에 설치한 무인카메 라에 뉴트리아의 활동이 포착되었으며, 수로 내부와 주변지 역에서 다수의 흔적(발자국, 배설물)이 확인되었다. 이후 계 속적으로 생포 트랩을 설치하여 조사하였으나 추가로 포획 된 개체는 없었고, 무인카메라에도 포착되지 않았다. 제주 지역에서 포획된 뉴트리아는 모두 흰색으로 동일한 사육 농가에서 탈출 또는 유기된 개체로 판단된다. 머리에서 몸 통까지의 길이가 45.00cm 이상인 개체를 성체로 구분한 기 준을 적용하면 제주지역에서 포획된 뉴트리아 7개체 중에 서 성체는 수컷 1개체였다. 제주지역에서 포획된 성체의 크 기는 몸 전체의 길이 92.00㎝, 머리-몸통의 길이 53.08㎝, 꼬리길이 41.20㎝, 뒷발길이 12.90㎝, 체중 6.80㎏로, 국립 환경과학원에 의해 확인된 내륙지역 성체의 평균적인 크기 와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 암컷의 경우 형태적으로 Gosling(1977)의 성숙 기준에는 부합되지 않았으나, 해부 를 통해 확인한 결과, 일부 암컷 개체들은 질이 열려있어 성적으로 성숙한 개체로 판단되었으나, 임신한 개체는 없었 다. 성숙한 암컷의 경우 출산의 경험이 있으면 난관에 태반 흔적이 있고, 유두의 흔적 또한 두드러지게 나타나는데, 포 획된 암컷 개체들은 태반 흔적이나 유두의 발달이 확인되지 않아 출산 경험은 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 하천이 발달하 지 않은 제주지역의 지리적인 요인은 수중생활에 알맞도록 적응한 뉴트리아가 번식하기에 적합하지 않다는 시각도 있 으나, 목장지역에 가축의 식수원으로 인위적으로 조성된 소 규모 연못이나 배수로와 같은 지형에서 소규모 군집 형태로 서식할 가능성을 배제할 수 없다. 현재까지 제주지역에 이 입된 뉴트리아가 제주지역의 토착 생물종 다양성 보존에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 연구된 바 없지만, 내륙지역의 뉴 트리아의 서식이 확인된 지역의 사례를 볼 때 뉴트리아와 같은 생태계 교란종이 방치되어 증가한다면 심각한 생태계 교란을 초래할 수 있다. 특히 섬과 같은 좁은 장소에 경쟁 자원이 한정되어 있을 때, 종간 경쟁은 보다 두드러지게 나 타나며, 제주도와 같이 토착 생물 종수가 빈약한 경우에는 두드러지게 나타날 것이 예상된다. 뉴트리아의 다양한 퇴치 방법 중 현재 국내에서 사용되고 있는 포획방법은 전문수렵 인의 트랩(생포트랩, 올무, 발목트랩)과 총기(공기총, 엽총) 를 이용해 포획하는 방법과 주민보상제도의 일환으로 일반 주민들이 도구나 낚시를 이용해 포획하는 방법이 주로 사용 되고 있다. 제주지역의 뉴트리아 포획은 서식지역의 특성으 로 인해 내륙지역의 동일한 포획 방법을 적용하는 데에는 한계가 있다. 현재까지 뉴트리아의 서식은 민간이 운영하는 목장 내부에서 확인되었기에, 화학적인 방법보다는 물리적 인 방법으로 구제하는 것이 더 안전하고 확실할 것이라 사 료된다. 생태계 교란종이라고 하더라도 일시에 대대적으로 포획할 수 있는 방법은 없다. 뉴트리아의 특성에 맞는 구제 방법을 선택하여 체계적이고 지속적인 해결방법을 마련해 야 할 것이다. 더욱이 제주지역의 실정에 맞는 외래종 관리 법을 중심으로 법제도를 정비하고 도민들에게 외래종에 대 한 지역 주민의식을 고취시키는 등의 행정적인 노력이 필요 하다. 2013년에서 2015년 현재까지 제주지역의 뉴트리아 서식지에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 구제를 실시하여 현재 연구지역에 서식하는 뉴트리아 개체는 없는 것으로 나타났 으나, 제주지역의 뉴트리아가 박멸되었다고 단정할 수는 없 다. 소수의 전문 인력만으로는 제주지역 전체에 대한 조사 를 지속적으로 실시하여 뉴트리아를 포함한 제주지역에 이 입된 외래종에 대한 서식현황 및 생태를 파악하기에는 한계 가 있으며, 이에 외래종 홍보물 제작 배포, 지속적인 외래종 교육을 통한 주민신고 유도 등 지방정부와 지역 주민, 민간 단체의 협조가 필요하다고 하겠다. 이와 더불어 뉴트리아의 생태계 위해에 대한 정보전달을 활발하게 촉진시켜 이입종 의 영향에 대해서 일반시민들에게 양질의 정보를 제공하여 야 한다. 이입종이 생물다양성을 파괴하고 생태학적으로 미 치는 영향이 크다는 위험성을 인식하고 행정의 책임으로 구체적인 실태 파악 및 제도적 장치가 마련되어져야 할 것 이다.

This study was carried out to investigate the bat (Chiroptera) fauna in Jeju Island. Bat distribution has been monitored for last eleven years (since July 2006 to April 2016). We visited and survey the bat distribution in fifteen natural lava tubes, three sea caves, nineteen artificial cave encampments constructed during 20th century, five natural forest regions nearby Hallasan (eco-corridors) and one sea-shore area. Bat specimens were also confirmed at two local museums in Jeju Island. From the present study, we found 9 species of 6 genera belong to 3 families, which was quitely different from the records had previously described in Jeju Island since 1928. Five species (Rhinolophus ferrumequium, Myotis bombinus, Myotis rufoniger, Myotis macrodactylus and Miniopterus schreibersi) were commonly found to live in lava tubes and cave enforcements. But only Rhinolophus ferrumequium was found in a sea cave and five species including Murina leucogaster and Pipistrellus abramus were found in eco-corridors. Myotis aurascens were only observed in the cave enforcements. We have also confirmed the existence of specimens, including Tadarida insignis, stored at the local museums. From the results of this study, we actually could not found the remaining seven species (Hypsugo savii, Miniopterus fuscus, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis ikonnikovi, Myotis branditii, Myotis petax and Pipistrellus endoi). From the investigation of bat species, Myotis rufoniger which is known as one of endangered species were detected in four different locations including two lava tubes, one forest region, and one cave enforcement. This is the first time of finding for Myotis rufoniger in the artificial architecture. In addition, one of rare finding species Myotis bombinus in Korean Peninsula, which were found in several lava tubes and cave enforcements, in some cases they were observed in the large population over one-hundred individuals. The Tube-nosed bat (Murina leucogaster) was discovered for the first time through this study in 2009, which was found in the mountainous forest regions nearby Hallasan in summer season. Interestingly, Myotis aurascens were also discovered firstly in spring season of 2015. Myotis aurascens were discovered three locations of cave enforcements but the localities were restricted only in the western region of Jeju Island. Using the bat specimens fo Myotis aurascens collected from three different locations, we tried to examine the morphometric and phylogenetic relationship among the records in the East Asia. The bat population of Jeju Island had smaller levels of HBL and Hfcu, but greater levels of TL, EL, FAL, and Tra than those of the Korean Peninsula population. Jeju bats had wide range in the lengths of FAL and Hfcu comparing to those of European bats. From the bimonthly monitoring to each finding site, we have actually failed to observe those again, estimating that they use those CEs as the daily-roosting place in activating seasons. The sequences of CYTB and COI genes showed identical sequences among Jeju Myotis aurascens bats tested, indicating that they are maternally related. The results from molecular phylogeny showed that the sequences of these bats located on the same branch with those for Myotis aurascens in the phylogenetic trees. Besides, the nucleotide sequences of the Jeju Myotis aurascens bats showed the closest relation with those of Korean Peninsula. Consequently, these findings indicate that the bats of Myotis aurascens, verified the natural distribution in Jeju Island, have originated from a single maternal origin and differences in morphological and genetic backgrounds form those of Korean Peninsula and the other countries, and had probably immigrated via Korean Peninsula from the northwest. The results of this study showed that it should be carried out to reconstruct the bat fauna and to reveal the natural habitation status of each species in this island in the future. In addition, these findings will contribute as basic information for understanding the migration history and biogeographic relationship of bats in East Asia, and for planning the conservation and management programs of the wildlife in Jeju Island.

Seagrasses, sea flowering plants, comprise approximately 60 species globally and are often called ‘ecosystem engineers’ because they create their own habitats by modifying the surrounding environments, which provide coastal zones with a number of crucial ecosystem services. Zostera marina (the common name ‘eelgrass’) is one of the seagrass beds-forming species distributed widely in northern hemisphere including the Korean coast, which plays a pivotal role in ecosystem as a primary producer and a nursery habitat or refuge for other marine organisms. However, due to global climate change and anthropogenic activities such as reclamation and dredging, there has recently been a drastic decline in population sizes of Z. marina in Korea. In order to develop effective conservation and restoration management programs of Z. marina populations, it would be helpful to consider all biological aspects of this species such as genetic characteristics as well as ecological and physiological features. This study first provides information on genetic diversity and genetic structure of Jeju Island and Namhae populations of Z. marina, which will contribute to the establishment of appropriate conservation and restoration management plans for future persistence of this species. Using six microsatellite markers, we investigated the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure among 10 geographic populations of Z. marina inhabiting Jeju Island (Hamdeok, Tokki-seom, Sungsan, Woljeong, Ojo) and Namhae (Gamak bay, Jindong bay, Nampo, Anggang bay, Geoje) on the southern coast of Korea. The level of genetic diversity within Jeju populations (mean allelic richness [AR]: 1.57 ~ 3.09) was found to be significantly lower than Namhae populations (AR: 3.09 ~ 4.29) (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.05). These findings suggest that effective population sizes (Ne) of Jeju populations are generally smaller than those of Namehae populations. Within Jeju Island, Hamdeok population had the smallest population size (coverage: 138 m2) and the lowest genetic diversity (AR: 1.57), while Ojo population had the largest population size (coverage: 275,736 m2) and the greatest level of genetic diversity (AR: 3.09). Hamdeok population showed evidence of genetic bottleneck. These results again suggest that Ne of Jeju populations is generally low (except Ojo population). Among Jeju populations, all pair-wise comparisons of FST values (i.e., degree of genetic differentiation) were highly significant (FST = 0.0612 ~ 0.7168, P < 0.001) despite Jeju populations that were geographically closely located, indicating that these local populations are genetically divergent, probably due to a lack of gene flow among the populations. The observed strong population structure was substantiated by evidence that five genetic clusters are most likely, based on population assignment test (STRUCTURE). The Mantel test showed a positive relationship between genetic distance (FST) and geographic distance (km) across all the populations sampled (R2 = 0.4118, P < 0.05), suggesting that our data follow Isolation By Distance (IBD) model. Woljeong population revealed the highest level of FST values compared to other populations within Jeju Island in IBD. STRUCTURE and factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) further showed that some Woljeong individuals included genotypes of Namhae populations. Population size of Woljeong (coverage: 310m2) was approximately 50 % smaller than that of Sungsan (coverage: 841m2); however, extent of its genetic diversity (AR: 2.39) was even higher than that of Sungsan population (AR: 1.77). We speculated that Woljeong population underwent a transplantation from Namhae populations with relatively higher level of genetic diversity. FST values within Namhae populations were relatively lower (compared to within Jeju Island) despite the populations that were geographically more distant. It means that level of gene flow is higher among Namhae populations than among Jeju populations. Z. marina is known to have different life histories by water depth. In subtidal zone (deep water depth) populations predominantly undertake sexual reproduction through seeds such as annual life history, whereas those of intertidal zone (shallow water depth) undertake both sexual and asexual reproductions through horizontal rhizomes i.e., perennial life history. STRUCTURE analysis showed no clear differences between shallow and deep populations at Namhae, but some FST values were statistically significantly different despite their low values. For Geoje population sampled in 2005, intertidal and subtidal populations were not significantly different (FST = 0.0045, P = 0.033), but these populations sampled in 2015 showed a significant difference (FST = 0.0328, P < 0.001). It means that genetic structure of Geoje has been changed over the 10 year period between shallow and deep populations. Overall, the Jeju and Namehae populations analyzed in the current study have relatively low levels of genetic diversity and distinct genetic compositions, which warns the message that this ecologically important species should be conserved separately in the local populations and with high priority. We propose that future conservation and restoration plans for seagrasses should consider genetic characteristics particularly because a close relationship between genetic diversity and ecological performance in marine species has been well documented.

Cymbidium kanran Makino is being threatened in its own habitats due illegal collecting and habitat changes by vegetation growth along historical landuse change. In this study, we established habitat restoration model for conservation of C. kanran based on ecological diagnosis. Through exploration to Jeju Island in 2014 and 2015, we identified 27 unknown habitats of C. kanran and in there, abiotic variables and vegetation structure and composition were quantified. Altitudinal distribution of C. kanran was between 200 m ~700 m a.s.l. and compared to distribution in 2004, Area of Occupation (AOO) decreased at 82%. Specific habitat affinity was not observed by evenly found in mountain slope and valley and summergreen and evergreen broadleaved forests, but likely more abundant in valley habitats with higher soil and ambient moisture. Total of 96 individual of C. kanran was observed with an average density of 942.6 individuals ha-1. The plants showed relatively short leaf length (average=10.7 cm±1.1 cm) and small number of pseudo bulbs (1.2±0.2). Flowering and fruiting individuals were not observed in field. C. kanran was classified into endangered plant species as CR (Critically Endangered) category by IUCN criteria. Phenotypic plasticity of C. kanran was likely support to sustain in more shaded habitat environment and recent habatat changes to closed canopy and low light availability may exhibit negatively effects to C. kanran’s life history. Restoring C. kanran habitat should create open environment as grassland and low woody species density.