본 논문은 게임을 수행하는 개별 사용자의 특별한 행동 탐지를 효율적으로 수행하는 시스템 을 제안한다. 제안하는 시스템은 일반적인 게임 플레이 환경에서 비 침투적 방법을 통해 포착 가능한 사용자 특징과 반복적인 패턴에 기반을 두어 특이 행동 탐지를 한다. 본 논문에서는 표 정과 사용자 움직임과 같이 관찰되는 자료를 분석하기 위해 카메라를 사용했다. 게다가 반복 행동 탐지를 위해 게임 사용자로부터 멀티 모달 데이터를 사용하여 고차원의 행동 분석하기 위 해 사용했다. 특이 행동 탐지에 효과적인 Support Vector Machine 을 사용했으며, 특이 행동 탐지 수행의 유용성을 평가하여 약 70% 확률로 탐지하는 이상 행동 탐지 재현율을 보였다. 또 한 반복 행동 분석이 가능함을 보였다. 제안된 기법을 사용하였을 때 PC 환경에서 제공하는 모 든 콘텐츠의 분석에 대한 피드백과 정량화하는데 도움이 될 수 있다.

Tissue-specific promoters are a very useful tool for manipulating gene expression in a target tissue or organ; however, their range of applications in other plant species has not been determined, to date. In this study, we identified two late pollen-specific rice promoters (ProOsLPS10 and ProOsLPS11) via meta-anatomical expression analysis. We then investigated the expression of both promoters in transgenic rice (a homologous system) and Arabidopsis (a heterologous system) using ProOsLPS10 or ProOsLPS11::GFP-GUS constructs. As predicted by microarray data, both promoters triggered strong GUS expression during the late stages of pollen development in rice, with no GUS signals detected in the examined microspores and sporophytic tissues. Interestingly, these promoters exhibited different GUS expression patterns in Arabidopsis. While in Arabidopsis, the OsLPS10 promoter conferred GUS expression at the uni- and bi-cellular macrospore stages, as well as at the shoot apical region during the seedling stage, the OsLPS11 promoter was not active in the pollen at any stage, or in the examined sporophytic tissues. Furthermore, by performing a complementation analysis using a sidecar pollen (scp) mutant that displays developmental defects at the microspore stage, we found evidence that OsLPS10, which can be an applied promoter expressed in Arabidopsis, is useful for directing gene expression in the early stages of pollen development. Our results indicate that the OsLPS10 and OsLPS11 promoters can drive the expression of target genes during the late stages of pollen development in rice, but not in Arabidopsis. Our results also emphasize the necessity of confirming the applicability of an established promoter to heterologous systems.

In the present study, different expression of protein from Taekwang was revealed by 2-DE, and expressions of protein on each week after flowering was investigated. After analysis of expression of protein, MALDI-TOF was executed to identify expected protein function. Results revealed that there were three patterns of expression of protein during the maturing. The first pattern was that proteins were gradually expressed as up-regulation from 1 week to 6 week. The second pattern was that proteins were expressed gradually from 1 week to 5 week and then it started down-regulation in 6 week. The last pattern was that proteins were gradually as up-regulation from 1 week to 3 week and then down-regulation until 6 week. This phenomenon suggests that young stage has more protein related to correspondence mechanism against disease and growth and then maturing stage has more expression of protein related to storage protein. In MALDI-TOF analysis, p24 oleosin isoform A protein was identified that relates oleosin which is synthetic product in oil body. This protein spot increased gradually until 5 week and then decreased after 5 week. It explained that the protein is active until maturing stage to protect oil in seed and then its activity has gradually degraded. This result may be expected that a protein, related to growth of a seed has increased until maturing and then a seed fills up with a storage protein

Soybean is very useful crop to supply vegetable protein for human. Supply of soybean is increased because it has useful ingredient. Recently, cultivation of soybean in paddy field is increasing due to the increase of rice stockpile in Korea. Hence, in this study, expression of protein was identified regarding different environment for cultivation to investigate the effect of different environment on protein expression. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed to investigate the expression of protein using image analysis program to measure degree of protein expression in numerical value. Hannam-kong, Beakcheon-Kong, Hwangkeum-Kong, and Danwon-Kong were used as plant material. 2-DE combined with image analysis revealed that each degree of protein expression of Hannam-Kong and Hwangkeum-Kong in upland field was higher than degree of protein expression in paddy field. However, in case of Beackcheon-Kong, the phenomenon was opposite. In Danwon-kong, the degree of protein expression was not different between up-land field and paddy field. To this end, major protein spots were not different between paddy field and upland field among all cultivars. It could be suggested that protein expression is not severely different by various environment, but different environment affects degree of protein expression.

Serine-arginine-rich nuclear protein LUC7L plays an important role in the regulation of myogenesis in mice. In the present study, we isolated and characterized the Korean rose bitterling Rhodeus uyekii Luc7l cDNA, designated RuLuc7l. The RuLuc7l cDNA is 1,688 bp long and encodes a 364-amino-acid polypeptide containing serine/arginine-rich region at the C-terminus. The deduced RuLuc7l protein has high amino acid identity (71-97%) with those of other species including human. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that RuLUC7L clustered with fish LUC7L proteins. The expression of RuLuc7l mRNA was high in the brain, kidney, and stomach of Korean rose bitterling. Expression of the RuLuc7l mRNA was detected from 1 day post-fertilization (dpf) and moderately increased until 21 dpf during the early development. Further investigations are required to elucidate the functional role of RuLUC7L in myogenesis in R. uyekii.

Melatonin has several known physiological functions, the main one being synchronization of daily and seasonal rhythms. In addition, melatonin has been reported to influence reproduction and behavioral rhythms with varying results depending on the species. To date, it remains unknown how this rhythm in locomotor activity is controlled endogenously, although there must be coordination of chemical and molecular drivers. However, the species is poorly characterized at molecular level with little sequence information available in public databases. The aim of study was to clarify involvement of endogenous melatonin rhythms and locomotor activity in day-night activity of the eel, Anguilla japonica which is an economically important but endangered species. The levels during daytime (zeitgeber time; ZT 6) were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those during nighttime (ZT 18). A similar pattern was persisted under DD conditions, whereas it disappeared under LL conditions and ocular melatonin levels remained low. Therefore, it is likely that ocular melatonin levels of the nocturnal eel reared under LD and DD conditions fluctuate in a daily/circadian manner and night-related physiological processes are dependent on eel locomotor activities which is a nocturnal species. We found that similar number of genes were differentially expressed between day (ZT6) and nighttime (ZT18), suggesting that during the nighttime also important in differential gene expression with daytime. This work also provides essential information for further studies investigating the molecular basis of daily/circadian system in this species.

The Alfin-like transcription factor family is one of the important gene families in eukaryotic plants. They are involved in many biological processes, such as lignocellulosic wall biosynthesis, meristem development, metabolite transport, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. But the regulatory mechanism of these genes involved in stresses responses is still unrevealed. In this study, we identified a total of 16 Alfin-like genes from Brassica rapa database. The 16 putative Alfin-like proteins were divided into four groups (group I-IV) based on structural and phylogenetic analyses. Accordingly, this study analyzed stress resistance-related functions of all B. rapa Alfin-like (BrAL) genes through a homology study with existing biotic and abiotic stress resistance-related Alfin-like genes of other plant species and found a high degree of similarity with them. Subsequently, these genes were further investigated by real-time quantative PCR under cold, salt and drought stresses and after infection with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans in B. rapa. These genes showed an organ specific expression and all genes differentially expressed in Chiifu compared to Kenshin under cold stress. Ten and seven BrALs responded highly in Kenshin compared to Chiifu under salt and drought stresses respectively. In addition, six BrAL genes showed responsive expression after Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans infection in B. rapa. Interestingly, four BrAL genes showed responses against both biotic and abiotic stress factors. Thus, our result provides a useful reference data set as the basis for functional analysis and utilization in the resistance molecular breeding of B. rapa.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one of the most economically important cucurbitaceous crop over the world. Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare, result to severe damage to cucurbits worldwide. Anthracnose is a typical plant disease which significantly affecting the yield of cucurbit crop. Pathogeneis-related (PR) proteins are well-known plant defense proteins against pathogens. Therefore, we observed PR genes expression patterns when watermelon got anthracnose disease. We did RT-PCR experiment to evaluate differences of PR genes expression pattern among Au-Producer(R), one of the representative of resistance watermelon varieties against anthracnose, and 920533(S), one of the representative of susceptible watermelon varieties against anthracnose. As a result, there were differences of the expression of several PR genes between the R and S watermelon. Analysis of the function of these genes is expected to perform in the future.

Due to depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer throughout most of this century, increased UV-B radiation has affected seriously to plant growth and development as one of nature mutagens. We surveyed differential expressed genes (DEGs) under UV-B irradiation in UV-B tolerant Buseok compared to UV-B sensitive Cheongja 3 through RNA seq analysis using six RNA samples of Buseok and Cheongja 3 with 0.5 hr and 6 hr UV-B irradiation or without irradiation. After excluding 1003 DEGs due to genetic background difference of two genotypes, a total of 872 DEGs orthologous to UV-related Arabidopsis genes were identified. BINGO analysis of the DEGs by 0.5 hr UV-B irradiation showed overrepresentation in signaling and cell morphogenesis. Genes related with apoptosis and immune response were overrepresented in 6 hr irradiated Buseok. In addition, KEGG pathway database was used to identify mTOR signaling and phosphatidylinositol signaling pathways. Based on GO and KEGG results, specific focus was given to a serial of genes involved in UV-B defense signaling, besides photomorphogenesis and oxidation reduction-related genes. Several genes playing a role in phosphatidylinositol signaling, such as diacylglycerol kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase family protein, were highly expressed in UV-B tolerant Buseok by 0.5 hr irradiation. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 19 and 20 were highly expressed in Buseok under 6 hr irradiation. Furthermore, 51 nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeats (NBS-LRRs) genes were up-regulated in Buseok under 0.5 hr irradiation.

Receptor mediated signal carriers play a critical role in regulation of plant defense and development. Rapid Alkalization Factor (RALF) is an important signaling family which has a role in plant growth and development. However, only few RALF polypeptides have been identified till date, mainly because of enormous efforts required for their isolation or identify their gene through mutational analysis. In this study, an extensive database search yield 39, 43, 34 and 23 potential RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, corn and soybeans, respectively. RALF genes are highly conserved across the plant species. A comprehensive analysis including the chromosomal location, gene structure, subcellular location, conserved motif, protein structure and promoter analysis was performed. RALF genes from four plants under study were divided in 7 groups based on phylogenetic analysis. In silico expression analysis of these genes, using microarray and EST data, reveled that these genes exhibit a variety of expression pattern. Furthermore, RALF genes showed distinct expression pattern under nitricoxide (NO) stress in Arabidopsis. This suggests a role of RALF genes in plant defense regulation. Our comprehensive analysis of RALF genes is a valuable resource that further elucidates the roles of RALF family members in plant growth and development. In addition, comparative genomics analyses deepen our understanding of the evolution of RALF gene family and will contribute to further genetics and genomics studies of other monocot and dicot plant species.

Fish larvae are immediately exposed to microbes from hatching to maturation of their lymphoid organs, therefore effective innate mechanisms is very important for survival in such an environment. The key component of innate immune system, C3 is central protein of all activation pathways of the complement system, leading to inflammatory reactions, such as opsonisation, chemotaxis, and cell lysis of pathogens. Although, innate mechanisms is essential for survival in the early stage of development, little is known about defence mechanisms. In this study, the alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of C3 from olive flounder liver EST homologous to other known C3 sequences with 73-99% identity. Also, we examined the tissue distribution of olive flounder C3 and analyzed expression pattern from the fertilized egg until 28 days post hatching. As a result, olive flounder C3 mRNA was expressed only in the liver and the mRNA level more increased as developmental proceed during the early stage. These results may suggest that olive flounder C3 plays an important function in the early immune response of olive flounder larvae.

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the commercial important flatfish species in Korea. The ocular signal transduction pathway is important in newly hatched flounders because it is closely involved in the initial feeding phase thus essential for survival during the juvenile period. However, the study of gene expression during ocular development is incomplete in olive flounder. Therefore we examined the expression analysis of specifically induced genes during the development of the visual system in newly hatched flounders. We searched ocular development-involved gene in the database of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from olive flounder eye and this gene similar to arrestin with a partial sequence homology. Microscopic observation of retinal formation corresponded with the time of expression of the arrestin gene in the developmental stage. These results suggest that arrestin plays a vital role in the visual signal transduction pathway of the retina during ocular development. The expression of arrestin was strong in the ocular system during the entirety of the development stages. Our findings regarding arrestin have important implications with respect to its biological role and evolution of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in olive flounder. Further studies are required on the GPCR-mediated signaling pathway and to decipher the functional role of arrestin.

Cathepsins are members of the multigene family of lysosomal cysteine proteinases and have regulated function in several life processes. The potential role of cathepsin F cysteine gene was expected as protease in the yolk processing mechanism during early developmental stage, but expression analysis was unknown after fertilization. The alignment analysis showed that amino acid sequence of cathepsin F from olive flounder liver expressed sequence tag (EST) homologous to cathepsin F of other known cathepsin F sequences with 87－98% identity. In this study, we examined the gene expression analysis of cathepsin F in various tissues at variety age flounder. Tissue distribution of the cathepsin F mRNA has been shown to be ubiquitous and constitutive pattern regardless of age in each group, although derived from cDNA library using liver sample. The mRNA level of cathepsin F more increased as developmental proceed during embryogenesis and early developmental stage, especially increased in the blastula, hatching stage and 3 days post hatching (dph). As a result, it may suggest that the proteolysis of yolk proteins (YPs) has been implicated as a mechanism for nutrient supply during early larval stages in olive flounder.

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is a most important aquaculture species in Korea. Like most marine fishes, olive flounders are stomachless at first feeding and aquired gastric function during the metamorphosis, so food was mainly digested by pancreatic enzyme from first feeding to premetamorphosis. However, comprehensive analysis of pancreatic and gastric digestive enzyme of olive flounder at early developmental period is still unclear. In the expression study of pancreatic and gastric digestive enzyme by real-time PCR at early developmental stage, pancreatic enzyme such as chymotrypsinogen 2, preproelastase 2 and 4, pancreatic protein somatomedin-B domain (PPSB) mRNA expression were initiated at first feeding and strongly expressed in the pancreas developmental stage, while gastric digestive enzyme signal was not at all detected during same period. Although, trypsinogens were secreted from pancreas and have similar amino acid sequence, trypsinogen 3 expression induction was detected both pancreas and stomach developmental stage, while trypsinogen 2 expression was significantly increased only post-metamorphosis period. Pepsinogen mRNA expression was only detected at metamorphosis according to stomach differentiation. Lipid digestive enzyme, lipase and intestine fatty acid binding protein 1 (I-FABP 1), were already reached a certain level at beginning of hatching and more increased during early developmental stage and then gradually decreased before metamorphosis. These results suggested that feed ingestion of olive flounder was exclusive charged by pancreatic digestive enyme, lipid digestive enzyme and trypsinogen 3 from first feeding and then fully swiched by gastric digestive enzyme and trypsinogen 2 from metamorphosis period.

Rice is a staple food crop in the world. A number of agronomically important traits including enhancement of stress tolerance, quality improvement, and nutrition value increases have been introduced to rice. In this study, an Oryza sativa cDNA containing a U-box motif was cloned; its deduced amino acid sequence was compared to that of other U-box genes and indicated that encodes a U-box-containing E3 ligase. E3 ligases are structurally divided into three groups. We isolated the OsUPS gene from rice (Oryza sativa). The OsUPS protein has domain which is a single~70-amino acid region of the protein and GKL domain containing conserved Glycine, Lysine/ Araginine residues and leucine-rich feature. A full-length expression of OsUPS was up-regulated in the rice plant and in cell culture in the absence of phosphate. To express the OsUPS cDNA, it was inserted into the pGEX-2T vector. And the gene was expressed in E.coli strain BL21 (DE3). Induced after 3h of IPTG treatment and was isolated by affinity chromatography. Using the GUS reporter genes regulated by the OsUPS promoter, we have carried out the analysis of transcriptional and spatial regulation of gene expression. To investigate the function of these genes, the CaMV 35S promoter-driven these genes were introduced into Arabidopsis and rice via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transformation. We found that full-length expression of OsUPS was up-regulated in both rice plants and cell culture in the absence of inorganic phosphate (Pi). A self-ubiquitination assay indicated that the bacterially expressed OsUPS protein had E3 ligase activity, and subcellular localization results showed that OsUPS was located in the chloroplast. These results support the notion that OsUPS plays an important role in the Pi signaling pathway through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome system.

In order to better understand the biological systems that are affected in response to cosmic ray, we conducted the weighted gene co-expression network analysis with module detection method. By using the Pearson’s correlation coefficient value, we were evaluated the complex gene-gene functional interactions between 680 CR-response probes from integrated microarray datasets, which included large-scale transcriptional profiling of 918 microarray samples. These probes were divided into 6 distinct modules that contained 20 enriched function such as oxidoreductase activity, response to stimulus and stress, and hydrolase activity. Especially, module 1 and 2 commonly showed the enriched annotation categories such as oxidoreductase activity, including the enriched cis-regulatory elements known as ROS specific regulator. These results suggest in module1 and 2 that ROS-mediated irradiation response pathway are affected by CR. We found the 243 irradiation-dependent probes, which were exhibited the similarities of differentially expressed patterns in various irradiation microarray datasets, and RT-PCR for confirmations of several irradiation-dependent genes were exhibited the similar expressed patterns in rice by CR, gamma ray and Ion beam treatments. Interestingly, these genes were differentially expressed by non-gravity. Moreover, we were identified the co-regulations between several irradiation-dependent genes and functional interacted genes in the CR-responsive network by various GA treatments such as different conditions of dose and treatment time. These results of network-based analysis might provide a clue to understanding the complex biological system of CR.

Recent global warming and climate change has presented greater challenge to the global agriculture of having to cope with more severe adversaries from various abiotic stress conditions including drought, cold, and heat. As a preliminary step towards developing a heat-tolerant japonica rice variety through molecular breeding, we examined and compared expression of several genes that have been reported being expressed specifically during rice panicle development in different rice varieties after subjecting them heat stress. Although the induction of these transcripts upon heat treatment was invariably observed in all rice varieties tested, the magnitude and kinetics of the induction were found to be different among these varieties, suggesting possible functional implication of these genes in conferring heat tolerant phenotype during reproductive organ development of these plants. General protein synthesis activity as well as pollen viability incurred by the heat stress treatment were also monitored in these plants and the result showed a close correlation overall with the induction dynamic of these transcripts under heat stress. Therefore, these genes, together with the ones involved in the regulatory network for the expression of them, could serve as candidates for useful markers with which molecular breeding of heat tolerant japonica rice can be facilitated.

To determine the expression levels of genes related to the salt stress response in rice, gene expression profiles were investigated through microarray analysis using the rice mutant line Till-II-877. There were no significant changes in physiological response under salt stress of the mutant increased less than that in the WT. The intensity of gene expression was analyzed and compared between the wild type and mutant lines using a microarray. Among the most significantly affected pathways, α-linolenic acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism (in lipid metabolism), fructose and mannose metabolism and glycolysis-gluconeogenesis (in carbohydrate metabolism), cysteine and methionine metabolism (in amino acid metabolism), and carbon fixation (in the energy metabolism of photosynthetic organisms) showed changes in gene expression levels under salt stress. These results further our understanding of the effects of salt stress in rice and may aid in the development of salt-tolerant rice cultivars.