톱다리개미허리노린재[Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae)]는 콩에서 중요한 난방제 해충이다. 톱다리개미허리노린재와 두 종의 알기생벌의 계절적 발생 패턴을 기주 식물과 연관하여 고찰하였다. 또한 천적 상호간의 상대적 발생 패턴의 차이와 이유를 분석하고 톱다리개미허리노린재의 기주 식물에 대한 적합도 검증 결과를 바탕으로 톱다리개미허리노린재의 관리 전략을 제시하였다. 톱다리개미허리노린재의 효과적인 관리를 위해서 저항성품종의 사용, 과수의 경우 주변 작물에서 콩을 배제하는 것, 기주알 공급을 통한 보존적 생물적 방제, 살충제 사용 시기의 조절 등이 고려되어야 한다.

Brucellosis is a zoonotic infectious disease of domestic animals, wild animals and humans. Innate immunity is a rapid and non-specific immune response that occurs during the early stages of Brucella invasion. Physical barriers such as epithelial cells and gastric juice secretions form the first line of defense. Humoral components such as complement and lysozyme can remove microorganisms by opsonization and bactericidal actions. Cellular components of the immune system, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils and innate T cells, have major roles in innate immunity. They recognize invading Brucella spp. by various cell surface receptors and then kill both the invading microorganisms and infected cells owing to their phagocytic or cytotoxic activity. In addition, they present Brucella antigens or produce cytokines to trigger adaptive immunity. Activated adaptive immunity consists of T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells and antigen-specific antibody-producing B cells. These can eliminate Brucella spp. effectively via antigen-specific mechanisms and by immunological memory. T cells activate bactericidal functions in macrophages by producing cytokines such as IFN-γ and by exerting cytotoxic effects on the infected cells. B cells produce antigen-specific antibodies that neutralize or opsonize the antigen. Because Brucella spp. can survive in macrophages and other host cells, Th-1 cellular immunity that enhances the bactericidal effects of phagocytic cells and the cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes is more important than humoral immunity in Brucella infection.

담배가루이 등 방제용 천적으로 유망한 담배장님노린재(Nesidiocoris tenuis)의 줄알락명나방(Ephestia kuehniella) 알 섭취 전 먹은 식물성 먹이에 따라 줄알락명나방알 섭취량이 달라지는지를 알아보기 위해 포트에 재식된 참깨, 파프리카, 솜에 적신 물을 각각 하루 동안 섭식하게 한 담배장님노린재에게 냉동한 줄알락명나방의 알을 공급하고 하루 동안 섭취한 알의 개수를 비교하였다. 파프리카를 먼저 섭식한 담배장님노린재가 가장 많은 55.7±30.19개의 줄알락명나방 알을 섭취한 것으로 나타났으며, 참깨를 먼저 섭식한 경우에는 줄알락명나방 알을 24.2±34.70개 섭취하였고, 물을 먼저 섭식한 경우에는 줄알락명나방 알을 49.2±30.58개 섭취하였다. 파프리카와 물을 먼저 섭식한 경우 통계적인 유의차는 보이지 않았다. 그러나 참깨를 먼저 섭식한 경우 파프리카 또는 물을 먼저 섭식한 경우에 비해 더 적은 수의 줄알락명나방의 알을 섭취한 것으로 나타났다.

The present study was performed reviewing references determine the infection status of Korean freshwater fishes and relation with climate change of Korean peninsula. The most common infections of Korean freshwater fishes are flatworms (trematodes) and spiny-headed worms (acanthocephalans). Total 61 species of Korean freshwater fishes for infectious disease has been reviewed. Among them, 44 species of freshwater fish belong to Cyprinidae and 17 species for Cobitidae, Siluridae, Bagridae, Amblycipitidae, Synbranchidae, Centropomidae, Odontobutidae, Belontiidae, and Channidae. The Korean freshwater fishes had total 35 kinds of parasite pathogenic organisms (Acanthocephala opsariichthydis, Centrocestus sp., Cyathocotyle sp., Diplostomum orientale, Diplostomum sp., Echinochasmus sp., Echinostoma sp., Genarchopsis sp., Holostephanus metorchis, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus sp., Metorchis taiwanensis, Neoplagioporus zacconis, Palliolisentis chinanensis, Palliolisentis chunjuensis, Prosorhpynchus sp., Centrocestus armatus, Clonorchis sinensis, Holostephanus nipponicus, Metorchis orientalis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Pseudexorchis major, Exorchis oviformis, Trachelobdella sinensis, Metagonimus miyata, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, Clinostomum complanatum, Centrocestus asadai, Metagonimus yokogawai, Echinostoma cinetorchis, Echinochasmus japonicus, Diplozoon nipponicum, Metagonimus takahashii, Carassotrema koreanum, and Echinostoma hortense). Maximum infections belonged to Pseudorasbora parva as Cyprinidae had 19 kinds of parasite organisms, including Centrocestus armatus, Clinostomum complanatum, Clinostomum complanatum, Clonorchis sinensis, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Echinochasmus japonicus, Exorchis oviformis, Holostephanus metorchis, Holostephanus nipponicus, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metagonimus yokogawai, Metorchis orientalis, Metorchis taiwanensis, Pseudexorchis major, Cyathocotyle sp., Diplostomum sp., Echinochasmus sp., Metagonimus sp. and Prosorhpynchus sp. Human foodborne trematode infections are an important public health concern in Korea. In the future, under the climatic extremes on Korean peninsula such as floods, drought and temperature variability, in particular, the susceptibility of freshwater fishes to infection will be decreased.

Most traditional genome sequencing projects involving infectious viruses include culturing and purification of the virus. This can present difficulties as an analysis of multiple populations from multiple locations may be required to acquire sufficient amount of high-quality DNA for sequence analysis. The electrophoretic method provides a strategy whereby the genomic DNA sequences of the Korean isolate of Pieris rapae granulovirus (PiraGV-K) were analyzed by purifying it from host DNA by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, thus simplifying sampling and labor time. The genomic DNA of infected P. rapae was embedded in agarose plugs, digested with a restriction nuclease and methylase, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to separate PiraGV-K DNA from the DNA of P. rapae, followed by mapping of fosmid clones of the separated viral DNA. The double-stranded circular genome of PiraGV-K encodes 120 open reading frames (ORFs), covering 92% of the sequenced genome. BLAST and ORF arrangement showed the presence of 78 homologs to other genes in the database. The mean overall amino acid identity of PiraGV-K ORFs was highest with the Chinese isolate of PiraGV (~99%), followed up with Choristoneura occidentalis ORFs at 58%. PiraGV-K ORFs were grouped, according to function, into 10 genes involved in transcription, 11 involved in replication, 25 structural protein genes, and 15 auxiliary genes. Genes for Chitinase (ORF 10) and cathepsin (ORF11), involved in the liquefaction of the host, were found in the genome. The recovery of PiraGV-K DNA genome by pulse-field electrophoretic separation from host genomic DNA had several advantages, compared with its isolation from particles harvested as virions or inclusions from the P. rapae host. We have sequenced and analyzed the 108,658 bp PiraGV-K genome purified by the pulsed field electrophoretic method. The method appears to be applicable to the analysis of genomes of large viruses. The chitinase, identified by PiraGV-K genome sequence, was functionally characterized by quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy.

Anoplophora isa moderate-sized genus with 36 species of woodboring cerambycid beetles that occur throughout Asia, with the highest diversity in the tropical and subtropical region. Two species, A. chinensis (Forster) and A. glabripennis (Motchulsky) are known in the Korean peninsula. The latter is an infamous invasive species, commonly called the Asian longhorned beetle, in the U.S. causing economic damage on hard woods. For the present study, we carried out field surveys from 2010 to 2013 and literature review on the host plants of Korean Anoplophora species. A. chinensis is associated with 14 host plant species in 4 families and A. glabripennis 17 species of 11 families. Most importantly, the Manchurian striped maple, Acer tegmentosum Maxim. (Aceraceae), is newly recognized as a host of the Asian longhorned beetle. In the present study, a revised host plant checklist of Korean Anoplophora species is provided, with correction of scientific and Korean names of the host plants.

Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is known to occur in barley field during spring. But, it is unlikely that R. pedestris can find host resource to reproduce in the spring season. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the reproduction of R. pedestris population collected from field from March to September. Riptortus pedestris were collected at intervals of three days from 15th of each month. Females of R. pedestris collected from trap were provided with just water in a breeding dish, and eggs laid were collected daily. Quality of R. pedestris eggs at each month was also evaluated by providing them as host resource to two egg parasitoids. The collected eggs were divided into three groups and tested for hatchability and parasitism by two egg parasitoids, respectively. As a result, R. pedestris population collected in March and April did not reproduce, and fecundity and proportion of reproduced females were the highest in August. But, neither hatchability nor parasitism rate of R. pedestris eggs show significant difference among the sampling months. In conclusion, R. pedestris starts to reproduce from May, and fecundity reaches highest on August. No change in egg quality was found among the study periods.

A polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV), is symbiotic to an endoparasitoid wasp, C. plutellae, which specifically parasitizes young larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. Parasitization by an endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, delays the larval development and metamorphosis in Plutella xylostella. Nutritional deprivation by the wasp may induce these developmental alterations in growing host. This study focussed on the change of insulin signaling of the parasitized host. The parasitized larvae exhibit a significant suppression in insulin-like peptide (ILP) expression, which was induced only by the injection of the CpBV. Reduced ILP expression significantly increased the blood sugar level (trehalose) level in the parasitized host, which was mimicked by starvation. Foxo was expressed in the parasitized larvae, but localized mostly in the nucleus. Overexpression of ILP gene in the parasitized larvae induced translation of Foxo to cytoplasm and significantly decreased trehalose level in the plasma. Interestingly, the overexpression of ILP gene significantly prevented the successful parasitization and allowed the host metamorphosis.

The Cerambycidae is a very diverse family in Chrysomeloidea (Insecta: Coleoptera), and the members are commonly called as longhorn beetles, long-horned beetles or longicorn beetles. The family is comprised of approximately 25,000 described species in nine subfamilies worldwide, and 311 species are known from Korean insect fauna. Most species are associated with woods and shrubs or live on herbaceous vegetation in open areas. Cerambycid larvae are primarily borers in deadwood. Some species develop in living trees and cause damage on host plants by boring heart wood and making galleries. As the results of four year field surveys (from 2010 to 2013) and literature review, host plants of 181 species of Korean Cerambycidae are revised, including thirteen new cerambycid-host associations, and more than 179 host plants species of 107 genera in 44 families are compiled. Among them, most common host plants are belonged to mainly four families: Ulmaceae, Pinaceae, Fagaceae and Betulaceae. Additionally, Acer tegmentosum Maxim. (Aceraceae) is newly recognized as a host plant of the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora grabripennis (Motchulsky) in South Korea.

조직 구성원이 자신이 속한 조직과 자신을 분리할 수 없는 하나라고 생각하며, 조직과 자신을 공동운명체로 인식하는 조직동일시는 오랫동안 조직행동 분야의 주요 연구 중의 하나로 간주되고 있다. 조직동일시 정도가 높은 구성원들은 조직의 가치와 목표를 공유하고, 조직의 성공과 실패를 자신의 것으로 인식하기 때문에 조직에 대한 만족도와 소속감, 조직의 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치게 된다. 그러나 서로 다른 국적을 가지고 있는 여러 개인들로 이루어진 다국적기업의

제주지역 노지감귤에서 2007년부터 볼록총채벌레 Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood에 의한 피해가 증가하고 있으나 시기별 발생특성에 관한 연구는 명확하지 못한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 감귤원 주변에 분포하고 있는 볼록총채벌레의 기주식물 종류와 이와 연관된 발생특성을 구명하였다. 감귤원 주변에서 조사된 볼록총채벌레의 기주식물은 수목류 23과 39종, 초본류 10과 15종으로 총 32과 54종이었다. 조사된 기주식물 중 볼록총채벌레 제1세대 발생과 관련된 것은 인동덩굴과 사위질빵, 송악, 아왜나무였으며, 이들 식물에 월동성충이 3월 하순~4월 상순에 산란하여 성충이 4월 하순~5월 하순에 발생되는 것으로 추정되었다. 감귤 피해와 관련된 기주식물은 예덕나무와 동백나무 그리고 사위질빵, 계요등, 거지덩굴 같은 덩굴성 식물이었다. 황색끈끈이트랩을 감귤나무와 감귤원 경계에 설치하여 볼록총채벌레의 시기별 발생밀도를 조사한 결과 비슷한 발생양상을 보였으며, 연간 7세대를 경과하는 것으로 추정되었다. 감귤 열매에 피해를 주는 시기는 6월 하순~7월 상순과 8월 하순~9월 상순으로 어린 열매와 성숙 초기 2회에 걸쳐 피해를 주며, 이는 각각 볼록총채벌레 제 3세대와 제 6세대 성충 발생 최성기와 일치하였다. 볼록총채벌레 발생밀도는 기주식물의 새순 발생량에 따라 차이가 컸으며, 감귤원 주변 기주식물에서 번식한 후 감귤나무로 이동하여 피해를 주는 것으로 나타났다.

방패광대노린재는 2012년 제주도, 진도, 통영, 광주, 태안에서 분포가 확인되었다. 성충은 6월 하순에서 7월 초순경에 예덕나무에 출현하며 10월 말까지 관찰이 가능하다. 실내 사육은 온도 25℃(±2), 습도 65%(±2), 광주기 16L:8D의 조건에서 성충의 암ㆍ수 형태 측정, 발육특성, 기주 및 산란선호성을 조사하였다. 체장(♀: 26.20 mm, ♂: 23.88 mm), 체폭(♀: 11.35 mm, ♂: 10.57 mm ), 두폭(♀: 3.84 mm, ♂: 3.64 mm), 주둥이(♀: 7.90 mm, ♂: 7.27 mm). 더듬이(♀: 9.87 mm, ♂: 9.69 mm), 앞다리(♀: 12.50 mm, ♂: 12.27 mm), 가운뎃다리(♀: 14.61 mm, ♂: 13.12 mm), 뒷다리(♀: 16.90 mm, ♂: 16.53 mm), 생체중(♀: 0.46 g, ♂: 0.31 g)으로 각각 조사되었다. 우리나라에는 앞가슴등판 끝에 가시가 있는 개체가 있고, 가시의 유무는 마지막 5령 탈피시 생겨난다. 암ㆍ수 구분은 생식기와 배마디의 점무늬로 구별된다. 기주선호성은 예덕나무, 무늬예덕나무, 피마자, 털인동, 감귤나무, 느티나무의 열매, 엽병, 주맥, 가지를 흡즙하였다.

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is an oligophagous insect feeding on a few species of Solanaceae plants, including Nicotina tabacum. This study investigated the relationship between H. assulta and plants, focusing on oviposition preference and larval performance of the specialist in host and non-host plants. (1) In choice experiments, N. tabacum and Phaseolus vulgaris were put in a cage with 5 females and 10 males. Most of eggs (ca. 98%) were layed in N. tabacum, whereas few eggs in P. vulgaris. (2) In non-choice experiments, N. tabacum, Datura stramonium, or P. vulgaris was individually put in a cage with 3 females and 6 males, resulting that N. tabacum was the most preferred host, followed by D. stramonium and P. vulgaris. Oviposition was delayed about 2 days in P. vulgaris (a non-host plant) compared to the two host plants. (3) Larval performances were also compared with the three plants. Larval growth was better in N. tabacum followed by D. stramonium and P. vulgaris, High mortality (ca. 100%) of larvae was observed in P. vulgaris, suggesting toxic component(s) derived from the non-host plant might cause the death. The ovipositional avoidance in P. vulgaris is current being investigated to search for the oviposition deterrent, which could be useful for the environment-friendly pest management of H. assulta.

In terms of aphid species identification, both host plant association and morphological characteristics are crucial factors. However, aphids in the genus Aphis Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Aphididae) often are cryptic in morphology due to their rapid radiation. Moreover, overlapping host plant species can make difficult situation worse. Three cryptic species Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis glycines Matsumura, and Aphis rhamnicola sp. nov. occur together on the Buckthorn, Rhamnus spp. in the overwintering season in Korea. Due to lacking informative morphological characters and host plant sharing, the new species recently has been recognized as a distinct species. In this study, A. rhamnicola sp. nov. on various host plants was compared with the primary host sharing species, A. gossypii and A. glycines, based on morphological and molecular characteristics. In the results, there were significant genetic differences between three species, despite the high similarities in morphology. Our results provide strong evidence for establishing new species, which seems to be a typical heteroecious species that alternates between only primary host, Rhamnus spp., and various secondary hosts. We describe a new species, A. rhamnicola sp. nov., for apterous and alate vivipara, fundatrix, ovipara, and gynopara, including diagnostic key for host sharing species in genus Aphis.

The developmental time of immature stages of Paromius exiguus (Distant) was studied at eight different constant temperatures (17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5 and 35°C) with a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h on two host plants, Imperata cylinderica and Calamagrostis epigeios. On both host plants, the developmental time decreased with increasing temperatures. A significant difference in the developmental times was observed between two host plants for each nymphal stage and for the total nymphal stage as well. For completion of the total nymphal stage, the development time at 17.5 and 35°C were 69.6 and 16.6 days on I. cylinderica and 38.6 and 13.8 days on C. epigeios, respectively. The relationship between developmental rate and temperature was fitted to a linear regression model and the six nonlinear models (Lactin 1, Lactin 2, Briere 1, Briere 2, Logan 6 and Taylor). Except for the Taylor model, all of the five nonlinear models fitted the data for the total nymphal stage of the current study well, according to the high r2 value, on both host plants. The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the two-parameter Weibull function.