The occurrence of heat waves estimated on historical runs of climate change was compared to that on reanalysis data from 1981 to 2005. Heat waves in the future then were predicted on the basis of climate change scenarios from 2006 to 2100. For the past period, the heat wave days predicted from the climate change scenarios data overestimated and than those by the reanalysis data. For the future period, the heat wave days increased until the mid-21st century and then stay stagnant by the RCP 2.6 scenario. However, the yearly heat wave days steadily increased until 2100 by the RCP 8.5 scenario. The synoptic cause of the most severe year of the heat wave days was analyzed as a strong high pressure developed around the Korean peninsula. The high pressure under the RCP 2.6 scenario was caused by the high level jet stream in the border area between China and Russia, whereas the high pressure under the RCP 8.5 scenario was caused by the strong high level jet stream and pressure ridge in the East Sea.

By adopting a 2D time-dependent wave code, we investigate how mode-converted waves at the Ion-Ion Hybrid (IIH) resonance and compressional waves propagate in 2D density structures with a wide range of field-aligned wavenumbers to background magnetic fields. The simulation results show that the mode-converted waves have continuous bands across the field line consistent with previous numerical studies. These waves also have harmonic structures in frequency domain and are localized in the field-aligned heavy ion density well. Our results thus emphasize the importance of a field-aligned heavy ion density structure for ultra-low frequency wave propagation, and suggest that IIH waves can be localized in different locations along the field line.

Regulation of fruit ripening may help extend fruit shelf life and prevent losses due to spoilage. Here, we investigated whether sound treatment could delay tomato fruit ripening. We treated harvested tomato fruits with low-frequency sound waves (1 kHz) for 6 h, and then monitored various characteristics of the fruits over 14-day period at 23±1°C. Seven days after the treatment, 85% of the treated fruits were green, versus fewer than 50% of the non-treated fruits. Most of the tomato fruits had switched to the red ripening stage by 14 days after treatment. Ethylene production and respiration rate were lower in the treated than non-treated tomatoes. Furthermore, changes in surface color and flesh firmness were delayed in the treated fruits. To investigate how sound wave treatment affects fruit ripening, we analyzed the expression of ethylene-related genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. We found that the expression level of several ethylene biosynthetic and ethylene signaling pathway-related genes was influenced by sound wave treatment. These results demonstrate that sound wave treatment delays tomato fruit ripening by altering the expression of important genes in the ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signaling pathways.

Regulation of fruit ripening may help extend fruit shelf life and prevent losses due to spoilage. Here, we investigated whether sound treatment could delay tomato fruit ripening. We treated harvested tomato fruits with low-frequency sound waves (1 kHz) for 6 h, and then monitored various characteristics of the fruits over 14-day period at 23±1°C. Seven days after the treatment, 85% of the treated fruits were green, versus fewer than 50% of the non-treated fruits. Most of the tomato fruits had switched to the red ripening stage by 14 days after treatment. Ethylene production and respiration rate were lower in the treated than non-treated tomatoes. Furthermore, changes in surface color and flesh firmness were delayed in the treated fruits. To investigate how sound wave treatment affects fruit ripening, we analyzed the expression of ethylene-related genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. We found that the expression level of several ethylene biosynthetic and ethylene signaling pathway-related genes was influenced by sound wave treatment. These results demonstrate that sound wave treatment delays tomato fruit ripening by altering the expression of important genes in the ethylene biosynthesis and ethylene signaling pathways.

Studies on the distribution of floor damage has been actively conducted through dynamic response analysis using short-period earthquakes. However, the damage caused by long-period earthquakes are likely to occur in Korea. In this study, the floor damage distribution of structure depending on the characteristic of seismic wave cycles was identified and compared, which leads the paper to serve as base line data for the future damage limitation.

In this study, Long-period component seismic wave is determined to a large damage of the non-structural material as compared to the structure damage when it is input to high-rise buildings, which allows to perform a vibration table test, was evaluated for damage or loss of the non-structural material.

Earth’s magnetopause separating the fast and often turbulent magnetosheath and the relatively stagnant magnetosphere provides various forms of free energy that generate low-frequency surface waves. The source mechanism of this energy includes current-driven kinetic physical processes such as magnetic reconnection on the dayside magnetopause and flux transfer events drifting along the magnetopause, and velocity shear-driven (Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) or density/ pressure gradient-driven (Rayleigh-Taylor instability) magnetohydro-dynamics (MHD) instabilities. The solar wind external perturbations (impulsive transient pressure pulses or quasi-periodic dynamic pressure variations) act as seed fluctuations for the magnetopause waves and trigger ULF pulsations inside the magnetosphere via global modes or mode conversion at the magnetopause. The magnetopause waves thus play an important role in the solar wind-magnetosphere coupling, which is the key to space weather. This paper presents recent findings regarding the generation of surface waves (e.g., Kelvin- Helmholtz waves) at the Earth’s magnetopause and analytic and observational studies accountable for the linking of the magnetopause waves and inner magnetospheric ULF pulsations, and the impacts of magnetopause waves on the dynamics of the magnetopause and on the inner magnetosphere.

본 연구에서는 파랑에너지 감소에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 호안의 물리적 특성치인 마찰면적과 공극률이 증가된 다양한 호안의 형태와 배열을 도출하였으며 연안의 범위에 포함되는 다양한 수리조건에 대해 수리모형실험을 실시하여 반사파 감쇄효과를 분석하였다. 일반적으로 호안 피복으로 많이 시공되는 사석의 형태와 형상이 비슷한 구형(원형)형상과 단위 부피안에 마찰면적과 공극률을 극대화 시킬 수 있는 이상적인 형상에 대해 연구하였다. 표면적/부피 비율이 큰 형상이 단위 부피안에 마찰면적과 공극률 증가시킬 수 있는 사석형상으로 원기둥(Cylinder)과 얇은 판(Thin Plate) 형상의 경우 원형사석 대비 마찰면적이 2~17배 증가하였다. 이렇게 도출한 사석형상을 이용하여 총 33 종류의 실험모형을 제작하여 다양한 조건에서 규칙파 및 불규칙파 수리모형실험을 실시하였다. 실험 결과 파랑에너지 저감에는 마찰면적 보다는 공극률의 영향이 컸으며 마찰면적과 공극률이 같이 증가되는 것이 파랑에너지 저감 효율이 가장 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 최대 25%의 반사율 저감율을 보였으며 파도의 진행방향과 연직방향으로 접촉 면적이 작을수록 파랑에너지 감소 효과가 커 파도의 방향에 대한 사석의 배치도 파랑에너지에 큰 영향을 미치는 인자인 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 경사에 따른 영향 분석 결과 완경사(1:3.0)가 급경사(1:1.5) 보다 최대 49% 반사파 감쇄효과가 있는 것으로 측정되어 호안 경사가 완만할수록 파랑에너지 감소 효과가 좋았으나 급경사 충진형 호안구조 형식의 경우 최대 66% 반사율 저감율을 보여 급경사라도 마찰면적과 공극률을 극대화하면 파랑에너지 감소에 효과적이며 이를 활용하면 친환경성 및 경제성을 갖춘 호안구조물 설치가 가능 할 것으로 판단된다.

Now a days, frequency of abnormally high temperatures like heat wave by global warming and climate change is increasing constantly and the number of patient with heat related illness are jumping rapidly. In this study, we chose the case day for the heat wave in Busan area(Busan and Yangsan), 2013 which it was the most hottest year during 21th century. And then, we analysed the weather condition using automatic synoptic observing system(ASOS) data. Also, four indices, heat index(HI), wet bulb globe temperature(WBGT), Man-ENvironment heat EXchange model(MENEX)’s results like Physiological subjective temperature(PST), Physiological strain(PhS), were calculated to evaluate the thermal comfort and stress quantitatively. However, thermal comfort was different as the each station and thermal comfort index during same time. Busan’s thermal indices (HI: hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: very hot) indicated relatively higher than Yansan’s (HI: very hot, WBGT: sweltering, PST: very hot, PhS: sweltering). It shows that Busan near coast is relatively more comfortable than Yangsan located in inland.

The objective of this study is to examine the nonlinear fluid characteristics near and inside a moonpool in various sea conditions. We estimate the flow of the free surface in a moonpool taking into account the viscosity effect and the hydrodynamic forces that affects a moonpool and hull through CFD calculations. The comparison of horizontal forces per wave length shows that the hydrodynamic force is greater for the long wave length than short wave length, and the greatest hydrodynamic force acts on the moonpool when the wave length is equal to the ship’s length. The horizontal force decreases as the wave amplitude decreases, and the hydrodynamic force acting on the moonpool in λ=LBP is 10 times that in λ=LBP/3. The free surface demonstrates the piston mode, in which it oscillates up and down while remaining essentially flat, and the rise of the free surface level increases as the wave length increases. We can assume that the hydrodynamic force acting on the moonpool increases owing to the effect of a strong vortex for λ=LBP and owing to the rise of the free surface level for λ=LBP ×2.

Recent earthquake events arising all over the world, cause serious damages to material/ human resources every year. South Korea, categorized to be relatively safe from earthquakes, recently became subject to frequent seismic events, which made it essential to prepare for damages caused by such events. Failure of hydraulic structures, such as dams, can cause serious damages to resources in the lower reaches of a river. In this study, Seismic stability evaluation was performed to determine the crest displacements of dam caused by the 40 earthquake waves recorded actually.

Using the Irregular Waves based on Spectrum, the structural analysis of the hybrid substructure for offshore wind turbines is carried out through ANSY ASAS in time domain. The comparison of numerical results between P-M spectrum and JONSWAP spectrum is made to investigate the ultimate structural safety. It is found that the suggested hybrid substructure can be an effective substructure for offshore wind turbines.

Generally, levee design is performed through deterministic methods. However, deterministic methods, which are unable to take into account the heterogeneity of a physical system, is limited to overcome variable uncertainties taking place in the natural phenomena. Accordingly, structure design based on reliability analysis considering the uncertainty of variables are getting spotlight. Climate changes and global warming occurring all over the world, are ground to frequent natural disasters, such as earthquakes, which can lead to serious damages based on their magnitude. In this research, a seismic safety assessment method for levees is introduced, adopting the concept of reliability analysis methods.

Recent earthquake events arising all over the world, cause serious damages to material/ human resources every year. South Korea, categorized to be relatively safe from earthquakes, recently became subject to frequent seismic events, which made it essential to prepare for damages caused by such events. Failure of hydraulic structures, such as dams, can cause serious damages to resources in the lower reaches of a river. In this study, as a counterproposal for deterministic safety assessment for seismic events on dams, which cannot take into account the uncertainty of various parameters, a method is introduced which constructs a safety chart by creating an artificial seismic wave considering uncertainties of seismic sources, propagation paths and site effects.

수중구조물은 해수면 아래에 건설되어 경관을 유지하며 파랑 에너지 감쇠를 통해 정온역을 형성할 수 있다. 특히 공명 현상에 의한 Bragg 반사를 이용한 다열 수중구조물은 재료량을 대폭 절감할 수 있다는 경제적 장점이 있어 오늘날 파랑으로부터 해안 도시를 보호하기 위하여 많이 사용된다. 그러나 오랜 시간동안의 수중구조물 사이 퇴적 작용은 수중구조물의 성능에 영향을 주어 초기 설계값과 다른 특성을 나타내어 해안 도시 안전에 위협을 가할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 다열 수중구조물 사이 퇴적에 의한 파랑의 반사율을 고유함수전개법을 이용하여 해석하였다. 정확한 반사율 계산에 필요한 구간의 수를 검토했으며, 소멸파 성분의 개수를 16개로 제안하였다. 수중구조물의 개수가 증가할수록 최대반사율이 증가하며 완전투과를 나타내는 상대수심의 수가 증가하였다. 퇴적 높이가 증가할수록 공명 현상 효과와 최대반사율이 감소하며, 최대반사율을 나타내는 상대수심의 위치 또한 변함을 확인하였다. 또한 퇴적 높이에 따른 반사율 양상이 상대수심마다 상이하였다. 그러므로 다열 수중구조물 설계 시 퇴적에 의한 성능 변화를 고려하거나, 준설작업을 통한 수중구조물 유지보수가 필요하다.

기존의 파랑에 의한 부유체 해석은 유체에 의한 압력을 스프링 하중으로 가정하여 해석을 하거나 구조물의 변위가 커서 격자의 겹칩현상에 의한 제약으로 인해 파고가 비교적 작을 때에만 해석이 용이했었다. 본 연구에서는 국내적용이 가능하도록 저수지수면이나 연안과 같은 공유수면위에 띄어 발전을 하는 부유식 태양광 발전시스템의 안전성 검토를 위해 유체-구조 연성해석을 실시하였다. 기존 부유체 구조물 해석에서 파랑에의해 발생하는 구조체에서의 압력해석과 구조물의 응력해석을 따로 실시하였지만 본 연구에서는 동시에 해석이 가능하도록 하였다. 또한, 유체와 연동되는 부분을 부유체로 제한하여 격자의 겹침현상을 방지하였다. 이를 위해 구조해석 모듈과 유체해석 모듈이 함께 포함되어 있는 ANSYS 프로그램을 사용하였다. 파랑에 의해 부유체가 상하로 이동할 때 발생하는 응력을 검토하였으며 단위구조물 2개가 힌지로 연결되어 있는 경우에 대해서 구조체 프레임과 연결부의 안전성도 검토하였다. 풍속이 30 m/s 일 때와 45 m/s일 때로 풍파를 산정하여 파랑의 경계조건으로 사용하였다. 구조물 해석시 태양광 발전모듈에는 응력이 작용하지 않는다고 판단하여 본 해석에서는 제외하였다. 수치모의 결과 파고가 높은 경우가 응력의 최대값이 7.9~9.5 % 더 크게 산정되었으며 부유구조체의 지지점이 3개 일 때가 6개 일 때 보다 최대응력이 약 6배정도 크게 산정되었다.

Wave profiles coming with oblique angle to trapezoidal submerged breakwater on the porous seabed are computed numerically by using a boundary element method. The analysis method is based on the wave pressure function with the continuity in the analytical region including fluid and structure. When compared with the existing results on the oblique incident wave, the results of this study show good agreement. The fluctuation of wave profiles is increased in the rear of the submerged breakwater due to the increase of the transmission coefficient, as the incident angle increases. In addition, in the case of the wave profiles passing over the submerged breakwater on porous seabed, it is able to verify that the attenuation of wave height occurs more significantly due to the wave energy dissipation than that of passing over the submerged breakwater on the impermeable seabed. The results indicate that wave profile own high dependability regarding the change of oblique incident waves and porous seabed. Therefore, the results of this study are estimated to be applied as an accurate numerical analysis referring to oblique incident waves and porous seabed in real sea environment.

The spatial focusing of time reversal Lamb waves on a plate has attracted considerable attention for identifying the location of an input source. This study investigates the spatial focusing performance on a plate with respect to the number of piezoelectric (PZT) sensors for varying locations of input sources. In particular, a small number of PZT sensors produce spatial focusing through the virtual sensor effect due to reflection of Lamb waves at plate edges. The spatial focusing performance with respect to the number of PZT sensors is quantified in terms of signal to noise ratio through numerical simulation and its implication is discussed

This study investigates wave propagation characteristics when guided waves propagate in a waveguide surrounded by non-homogeneous media. Assuming that the medium consists of same size elements, the acoustic properties of each element were determined using SWFEM method. The boundary conditions of each element and the waveguide were determined by random number.