The purpose of this paper is to compare how the South and North Korean press used the terms of address and honorifics for the leaders of the two Koreas. We analyze the press reports related to the three inter-Korean summits in 2018 and the Panmunjeom meeting among the leaders of two Koreas and USA in 2019. We focused on the data of address terms and honorifics for President Moon Jae-in and Kim Jong-un used by the South Korean and North Korean newspapers. Specifically, we looked at the difference in usages between the South Korean newspapers and North Korea's newspaper Rodong Sinmun, the difference in usages between the Hankyoreh and Chosun Ilbo in South Korea, and the difference in usages between the 2000 and 2018 inter-Korean summits. Through this analysis and discussion, we can clearly see that many factors affect the use of language in the media, such as the political system of the two Koreas, the political attitude of the two South Korean media toward North Korea, and the age of the top leaders of North Korea.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of social factors on the use of honorific language by discourse completion test. Participants complete a short discourse by filling in their responses in conversations that may occur in families, schools, and workplaces where the social status and solidarity of the listener is predetermined. Honorific styles of sentence endings of their responses are analyzed by the generalized linear mixed model. The results show that social status and solidarity are statistically significant factors in the use of honorific styles, but their effects are dependent on the discourse situation. The ratio of using honorific styles gradually increases as the formality of situation increases (i.e., family < school < workplace). Interestingly, when the solidarity is low at the workplace, the ratio of using honorific styles is consistently high regardless of the social status of the listener. These results show that the use of Korean honorific styles is pragmatically changing according to the discourse situation.

Kang, Hyeon-Seok. & Kim, Minji. 2018. “A Multivariate Analytical Study of Variation Patterns of Honorific Final Endings in KakaoTalk Dialogue”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(1). 1~30. On the basis of KakaoTalk conversation data, this paper investigates the variations found in the use of honorific final endings, expecially haeyo and hapsyo styles. For this study we collected 3,087 tokens of honorific final endings from the dialogue of 8 KakaoTalk group chat rooms. Through multivariate analyses using Goldvarb and LVS, we examined whether the linguistic and external constraints, which were claimed by Kang (2011) to constrain the usage of haeyo and hapsyo styles in spoken language, also operate in the KakaoTalk dialogues. The results of the analyses revealed not only far more variants in the KakaoTalk data (12 variants of haeyo and 6 variants of hapsyo) than in spoken language but also various additional variants realized with pronunciation spelling and partial omission of final endings. As in the spoken language, ‘sentence type’, ‘speaker's gender’, ‘rituality of utterance’, and ‘formality of situation’ were analyzed as constraints which had a strong effect on the variation. In the data examined, besides haeyo and hapsyo styles, new honorific styles of hao, hasoseo, seupjyo, handayo, hasem/hasam were also found. Two new types of variants which was not yet discussed in previous studies, were also observed in the data: variants of ‘syam’ and ‘syeom’ of hasem/hasam styles and two variants of ‘yo’ realized with consonant addition to the onset position.

Kang Hyeon-seok. 2012. A Comparative Sociolinguistic Study of Protestant and Buddhist Prayer Texts with a Focus on Sentence Type, Speech Act, and Hearer Honorifics. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(2). pp. 1-31. This paper analyzes 180 prayer texts of Protestantism and Buddhism (90 per each), and investigates differences in sentence types, speech acts, and hearer honorifics. More various sentence types were observed in Buddhist prayers than in Protestant prayers. In addition. more declaratives were used in the former, while more imperatives were found in the latter. In Buddhist prayers, speech acts of stating and promising were performed more often, whereas in Protestant prayers petitioning and thanking speech acts were found in a higher proportion. An attempt was made to explain these differences on the basis of different doctrinal and philosophical background of the two religions. Two kinds of analysis of hearer honorifics were conducted in this study: The first was based on the speech levels of different sentence ending styles; the second, a comprehensive analysis, was performed incorporating all the relevant factors in hearer honorification: sentence ending styles, politeness markers ‘-op-’ & ‘-si-’, and the auxiliary verb ‘juda’. The latter analysis proved to be more accurate and could reveal inter-religion differences that the former was not able to disclose. Different patterns of hearer honorifics used in the two religions’ prayer texts were attributed to two distinctly transmitted linguistic subcultures. Two additional phenomena of synchronic and diachronic variation observed in the prayers are also introduced and examined: 1) speech accommodation phenomena (Giles & Ogay 2007) found in the prayers of teachers teaching children in churches and Buddhist temples, 2) ongoing language change in prayer language.

This paper contrasts different of usages of honorifics in Korean and Japanese based on the actual use of honorifics Japanese and Korean high school students. Based upon such contrast this paper elucidates the following points: First, in case of direct honorifics, the differences of ages or statuses become the first standard to determine the usage of honorifics in Korean. However, in Japanese, in addition to differences of ages or statuses, the degree of closeness/ familiarity between the speaker and the listener is an important determinant. Therefore, Korean children use honorific to their parents in Korea, while Japanese children don't. Second, in case of indirect honorifics, it is widely believed that Koreans use honorific by the rule of unconditional honorific and Japaneses use it by the rule of conditional honorific. However, various factors such as the degree of familiarity or closeness between the speaker and the listener, etc. influence the usage of indirect honorifics in Korean. Therefore, the rule of honorifics for Korean and Japaneses languages is quite ambiguous. Third, in Korean honorifics, we can find conditional honorific which is also called as restrained honorific. However, it is generally not used except for in a hierarchical society such as the military.

中国自古就誉为礼仪之邦，主要是因为中国人十分注重对别人的恭敬谦 让，这种传统的礼仪文化，集中体现在汉语中大量的敬词谦词雅语上。这些 敬谦词，有的至今还在使用，有的随着社会的发展产生了变化。敬谦词又是 构成敬语的主要组成部分。敬语是人际交往中不可忽视的用语，自古以来人 们使用敬语表达了自己对对方的敬意。本论文本着对汉语敬语的研究，着重 对构成敬语中的敬词进行了探讨。主要以第一部分,引言;第二部分，汉语 敬语中的敬词类型;第三部分，使用称谓敬词的敬语;第四部分，使用行为 敬词的敬语; 第五部分，结束语等五个部分，对现代汉语敬语中自古以来常 用的称谓敬词、行为敬词的传承及使用方法进行了阐述。语言作为人与人之 间相互交流的工具，可以反映一个人的个性修养和文化素质。勤用敬语可以 表达一方对另一方的信任和敬重。而使用敬语时必须要心口如一才能真正的 表达对对方的尊重及敬意。

中国自古就誉为礼仪之邦，主要是因为中国人十分注重对别人的恭敬谦 让，这种传统的礼仪文化，集中体现在汉语中大量的敬词谦词雅语上。这些 敬谦词，有的至今还在使用，有的随着社会的发展产生了变化。敬谦词又是 构成敬语的主要组成部分。敬语是人际交往中不可忽视的用语，自古以来人 们使用敬语表达了自己对对方的敬意。本论文本着对汉语敬语的研究，着重 对构成敬语中的敬词进行了探讨。主要以第一部分,引言;第二部分，汉语 敬语中的敬词类型;第三部分，使用称谓敬词的敬语;第四部分，使用行为 敬词的敬语; 第五部分，结束语等五个部分，对现代汉语敬语中自古以来常 用的称谓敬词、行为敬词的传承及使用方法进行了阐述。语言作为人与人之 间相互交流的工具，可以反映一个人的个性修养和文化素质。勤用敬语可以 表达一方对另一方的信任和敬重。而使用敬语时必须要心口如一才能真正的 表达对对方的尊重及敬意。

The purpose of this research is to examine features of addressee honorifics by observing sentence endings used by the Jeongam village that consists of major speech group speakers from Chungcheongbuk-do and minor speech group speakers from Hamgyeongbuk-do. Addressee honorifics in the Jeongam dialect are distinct with respect to social status or social conditions such as social positional relationships between speaker and listener, the listener's native region, the occupation of the listener, intimacy between speaker and listener, and so on. The speakers of the Jeongam dialect recognize different levels of addressee honorifics such as 'Yeye, Yaya, Eungeung' and like the Hamgyeongbuk-do dialect it is possible to divide them into sub-levels. It is also observed that imperative and request sentence endings, which are used in the Jeongam dialect are a mixture of the Chungbuk cJjalect and the Hamgyeongbuk-do dialect. This is understood as an overlapping phenomena of the two dialects due to the fact that Hamgyeongbuk-do dialect speakers outnumber Jeongam speakers where Chungbuk dialect speakers live. This indicates that features of the Chungbuk dialect and the Hamgyeongbuk-do dialect coexist in the Jeongam dialect through borrowing.