This paper examines the language of comments on K-pop YouTube videos from the 1970s to the 1990s. Specifically, it analyzes the comments on compilation videos of songs by Cho Yong-pil and Hye-euni, the most popular of that era, focusing on the topics discussed and the titles used for the two singers. The analysis reveals that netizens frequently post comments in five main thematic categories. In ‘Sharing Memories’ and ‘Celebrating and Encouraging’ categories, netizens engage with one another, sharing their feelings as member of a temporary community. Regarding the use of address terms, netizens are found to treat Cho Yong-pil with more respect and reverance than Hye-euni, while also using they friendlier titles for him. This difference is interpreted as a result of factors such as the age and gender differences between the two singers, variations in name composition, career continuity, and levels of popularity. The study suggests that netizens who engage with YouTube music videos are not merely interested in the video content but also express their attitudes toward the featured artists and interact with other viewers.

Lee, Jeongbok. (2023). “Analysis of Netizens' Attitudes Toward the Language of K-pop Lyrics: Focusing on BTS”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(4), 235-277. This study analyzes the language of K-pop lyrics and netizens’ attitudes toward it to clarify the relationship between K-pop lyrics and the Korean language. The number of K-pop songs written in English is increasing, and the proportion of English in the lyrics is high as well. There has also been an increase in the number of songs having only English lyrics. In addition, there are many songs whose lyrics have been changed to Japanese to promote them in Japan. Some netizens had a positive attitude toward foreign language lyrics and stated that they were aware that K-pop was expanding overseas and catering to fans worldwide; therefore, the use of foreign language lyrics was understandable. Furthermore, they stated that such lyrics were good because they provided a different feeling. However, negative attitudes were stronger because many felt that the lyrics of K-pop songs that used large amounts of English were not easily comprehensible, blurred the identity of K-pop, and lowered the quality of the songs. The researchers believe that having Korean lyrics is the minimum requirement for K-pop, and when K-pop maintains its identity and receives love worldwide, the Korean and Hangul that support it will also receive global attention.

This study examines the types and usage of abbreviations of foreign proper nouns used in media articles based on a basic understanding of Korean abbreviations, and seeks to identify the effects of their use. Abbreviations of foreign proper nouns are widely used for reasons of economy, ease of identification, and to facilitate the provision of information. There are two types of abbreviations. Romanized abbreviations are characterized by strong economy and identifiability but have difficulty conveying meaning, and they also distinguish the social classes of speakers by their knowledge of loan words or understanding of foreign languages, thereby threatening to undermine social integration. In contrast, abbreviations translated into Korean have the advantage of easily conveying meaning and not hindering language accessibility, but they are weak in identifiability and their number remains exceedingly small. The reason for the excessive use of Romanized abbreviations by the government and media seems to be that no provision for Korean translation abbreviations was made earlier. It is necessary to create and publicize Korean abbreviations widely, as well as create good Korean translation terms with the introduction of foreign proper nouns into Korean.

Terms of address and honorifics have been dealt with importantly in the sociolinguistic studies in Korea. The purpose of this paper is to examine the results of sociolinguistic research focusing on the Korean address forms. We look at the main flows and characteristics of the studies, and then review the representative research dividing them into several subtypes. Based on these discussions, we present the direction for the sociolinguistic study of address forms. The sociolinguistic study of address forms in Korea has been in full swing since the 1990s. Recently, there have been increasing attempts to study the use of address form independently from honorifics, and the social awareness of the importance of address forms in Korean use has increased. While early sociolinguistic studies of address forms focused on family titles, there have been many studies on status titles, address forms in internet space, and comparisons between Korean and other languages’ address forms. By studying the address forms from a sociolinguistic point of view and method, we could achieve the qualitative development more clearly than the previous studies that were carried out by identifying and structuring the list of titles. This article reveals the various usages of titles in the social context, and grasp the speaker's intentions, strategies, and conflicts related to the use of them. However, there have been some issues that need to be paid attention to or resolved in future research.

The purpose of this paper is to compare how the South and North Korean press used the terms of address and honorifics for the leaders of the two Koreas. We analyze the press reports related to the three inter-Korean summits in 2018 and the Panmunjeom meeting among the leaders of two Koreas and USA in 2019. We focused on the data of address terms and honorifics for President Moon Jae-in and Kim Jong-un used by the South Korean and North Korean newspapers. Specifically, we looked at the difference in usages between the South Korean newspapers and North Korea's newspaper Rodong Sinmun, the difference in usages between the Hankyoreh and Chosun Ilbo in South Korea, and the difference in usages between the 2000 and 2018 inter-Korean summits. Through this analysis and discussion, we can clearly see that many factors affect the use of language in the media, such as the political system of the two Koreas, the political attitude of the two South Korean media toward North Korea, and the age of the top leaders of North Korea.

The purpose of this study is to point out the problems of Korean language policy and education through some phenomena of variation and change in Korean language, and to show how they should go in the future. Since language policy and education are directly related to the status of language, in Chapter 2 we outline the current status and situation of Korean. In Chapter 3, we examine some of the variations and changes in Korean language, which are highly interesting from a social perspective. Based on these results, in Chapter 4, we present the direction of Korean policy and education as ‘rich and just Korean’. So far, the key direction of policy and education for the Korean language has been ‘window-dressing language policy’ and ‘window-dressing language education’. They have attempted to refine Korean by simplifying and abstracting the various language facts and disregarding of the elements that seemed not to be beautiful. The language policy and education caught up in the ‘beautiful Korean’ obsession have lasted for decades in Korean. Now Korean speakers should be liberated from ‘beautiful and pure Korean’ ideology. We should pay more attention to local dialects, North Korean words, slang and buzzwords, and net languages. We need to accept new concepts through contact with other languages. With its diversity, richness, and political correctness, Korean will be able to keep its place firmly in the strong waves of English and grow into an important language of the world.

This study aims to examine the sociolinguistics of the abusive language used by NAVER news commentators. The results are as follows. First, it can be seen that there are many comments on political articles, and criticizing the government's policies or accusing the former and present presidents. Those who wrote those comments were usually in their forties, and the commentators who add profane comments were in their fifties. Moreover, the percentage of males who comment using profanity is quite high. In the case of commentaries on political articles, the ratio of male authorship was overwhelmingly high, however, in the case of social/cultural articles, the proportion of women who wrote commentaries was higher. The most frequent type of profanity was of the “mental deficiency type”, followed by the “sexual phenotype.” People commenting on news articles used abusive words, but they change their forms in various ways, this tactic is derived from the response to blocking profanity. Second, according to the analysis of the survey results, the respondents stated that they occasionally wrote comments on internet news but did not use profanity in the internet space. The most common reason for using profanity on the internet was “habitual”, followed by “trying to relieve stress”. The reaction to such profanity was intensive and ambivalent at the same time. The reason for using profanity was mainly attributed to positive and insensitive reactions. However, the result of a regarding how to cope with the abusive use language in internet comments showed that the respondents should mostly refrain from using it or should not use it. Also, the respondents thought that it was necessary for the manager to adopt measures to change the forced conversation on the internet site. Due to the high rate of responses to “striking out”, “strong regulation”, and “abusive deletion programs” in an effort to prevent the abusive language use in the internet space, the respondents generally did not seem to have any objection to these regulations.

본 연구에서는 한국원자력연구원의 핵연료가공시설 굴뚝 내에서 9곳의 시료채취 위치를 선정하여 ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999 지침에서 제시하는 기준에 따라 그 적절성을 평가하였다. 유체를 포함한 다중물리 해석 소프트웨어인 COMSOL을 활용하여 유동교란 지점으로부터 굴뚝 직경의 배수 높이 위치(L/D) 단면에서의 속도분포, 유동각 및 10 μm 크기의 입자분포 등의 항 목에 대하여 기준만족 여부를 평가하였다. 평가 결과, 5 L/D 이상에서 속도분포에 대한 기준을 만족했으며, 평균 유동각에 대한 기준은 모든 위치에서 만족했다. 입자분포에 대한 기준은 5 L/D 와 9 L/D 에서 만족하였으나, 그 분포가 일부에서 기 준을 만족하지 못하였다. 균일한 입자분포를 얻기 위한 방법으로 굴뚝 내 정적 혼합장치(static mixer)와 둘레링(perimeter ring)을 추가하는 것을 제안하고, 이에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 정적 혼합장치를 추가한 경우에는 5-10 L/D, 둘레링을 추가 한 경우에는 5 L/D 및 7-10 L/D 에서 입자분포에 대한 기준을 만족하였다. 보완을 위하여 추가한 2 가지 조건에서, 입자분포 에 대한 기준을 만족하는 지점은 속도분포 및 평균 유동각에 대한 기준 역시 만족하고 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 사 용한 방법은 신규시설뿐만 아니라, 현장입증시험 수행이 어려운 운영중인 시설에 대하여 시료채취 위치의 적절성을 평가하 기 위한 방법으로 활용될 수 있다.

Lee, Jeongbok. 2016. “Unintentional Use of Discriminatory Expressions by Netizens”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 24(3). 345~377. The purpose of this study is to analyze the usages of discriminatory expressions used unintentionally by netizens on social network services (SNS), from a critical perspective, and to think about the problems and countermeasures of them. In chapter 2, we first review the previous studies related to the unintentional use of discriminatory expressions. Then we present three types of unintentional use of discriminatory expressions as ‘use discriminatory expressions in condition of changing the functions of them’, ‘use discriminatory expressions in condition of changing the target of discrimination’, ‘use discriminatory expressions in condition of not recognizing them’. In chapter 3, the unintentional usages of discriminatory expressions are analyzed upon the types of discriminatory expressions. In chapter 4, we present the problems of unintentional discriminatory expressions, and look for measures to prevent the use of them. Throughout all these discussions, we identified that netizens unintentionally use diverse expressions of discrimination on SNS, and the parties of discrimination are deeply hurt by the use of such expressions. The awareness and empathy of individual speakers are utmost important to prevent or eliminate the unintended use of discriminatory expressions. Along with them, efforts are needed urgently in fields of language education and language policy for reducing the use of these expressions and its negative impact.

HPLC-MS/MS를 이용하여 벌꿀의 동물용의약품 동시분석을 위한 분석법을 정립하고자 식품공전 중 벌꿀에 규격이 설정된 11종의 동물용의약품을 2개 그룹 Group 1 (streptomycine, dihydrostreptomycine, neomycine)과 Group 2 (oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cymiazole, chloramphenicol, amitraz, coumaphos, fluvalinate)으로 나눠서 동시에 분석 할 수 있는 방법을 연구 하였다. 두 그룹모두 RT는 15분 이내였고, 검출한계는 0.0056~0.0643 μg/g, 정량한계는 0.0169~0.1948 μg/g으로 나타났으며 Group 1 (0.05~1.0 μg/g의 농도범위)과 Group 2 (0.01~1.0 μg/mL) 의 검량선을 작성한 결과 각 동물용의약품의 직선상관계수(R2)는 0.9917~0.9987, 0.9923~1.000으로 매우 양호한 상태를 보였고, 최종 농도가 0.25 μg/g, 1.0 μg/g에서의 회수율은 Group 1 65.1~80.6%, Group 2 64.2~90.3%를 나타났다, 또한 area 및 RT 에 대한 inter (n = 3), intra day (n = 6) RSD (%) 분석결과는 area는 10.92%이하, RT은 1.57% 이하로 나타나 양호한 수준을 보여 벌꿀 중 동물용의약품동시분석 방법으로 적합하다고 판단된다.

Shu Xin-yao & Lee Jeong-bok. 2015. “A comparative analysis of the internet nicknames used by Korean and Chinese netizen”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(3). 205~238. Internet nickname is a kind of temporary names that netizen want to use them to show the identity and differentiation from other netizen in the internet communication. The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze the internet nicknames which are created and used distinctively in SNS of Korea and China. The main emphasis of this study is on the structures, the types of meanings, and making motivations of internet nicknames. The data are collected from the Twitter used by Korean netizen, and the Weibo used by Chinese netizen. The structural aspects of internet nicknames are divided into single structure and composite structure. The meaning types of internet nicknames are divided into ‘self-information’, ‘idol information’, ‘pursuit information’ and ‘the others’. The motivations of creating internet nicknames by netizen are divided into ‘linguistic efficiency motivation’, ‘creative expression motivation’, ‘play motivation’, ‘strengthen relation motivation’, and ‘psychological liberation motivation’. As a result of research, we could clarify the sameness and the difference of the linguistic culture on cyberspace between Korea and China by analyzing the internet nicknames.

and mimetic words between Korean and Chinese internet communication”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(1). 145~175. The purpose of this paper is to compare the usages of onomatopoeia and mimetic words between Korean and Chinese internet communication. In this paper, we summarize concretely what kinds of onomatopoeia and mimetic words have been used, and analyze the semantic function, the features of the usages of onomatopoeia and mimetic words, dividing them into two types of “came from everyday words” and “made in internet”. The results of analysis are the followings. The fact that there are some concomitant features of the usages of onomatopoeia and mimetic words between Korean and Chinese network communication were confirmed. On the contrary, there are also a few kinds of differences. On account of character input features of Chinese, many pinyin character's repetition forms and pinyin character reduction forms had been used. The “ORZ” and other image letters were used for positive and negative emotion together by China netizens. Take it as a whole, because of differences in characters and character input mode of two languages, there are differences of the usages of onomatopoeia and mimetic words. But they have many similarities of usages, on account of the same motivation and culture of netlanguage use between Korean and Chinese internet communication.

This study was done to analyze the contents of minerals and to investigate the ratio of measured values to labeled values and to analyze the ratio of calcium to other minerals in 68 specimen with minerals - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. Content of calcium, iron and zinc in samples after microwave digestion was analyzed with an ICP-OES. The measured values of calcium were ranged 82.2~293.1% of the labeled values in 38 samples composed calcium - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products. The measured values of iron and zinc were ranged 83.3~301.0%, 90.1~314.1% of the labeled values in minerals - fortified commercial beverages, noodles, cereals and grain products, 42, 24 samples. The Ca : Fe ratios were 90.55 (50.55~220.64) in fruit & vegetable juice, 850.41 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 553.49 in blended beverage, 179.07 (118.37~238.01) in soy milk, 204.39(41.64~397.52) in noodle, 296.97(121.64~868.88) in fried noodle, 30.89(15.69~ 62.05) in cereal and 7.73(0.22~49.92) in grain product. The Ca : P ratios were 1.44(0.96~1.98) in fruit & vegetable juice, 1.92 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 1.66 in blended beverage, 4.23(2.25~7.72) in soy milk, 1.14(0.28~1.97) in noodle, 1.88(1.17~2.42) in fried noodle, 1.29(0.87~2.92) in cereal and 0.30(0.06~1.57) in grain product. The Ca : Mg ratios were 1.85(0.87~5.04) in fruit & vegetable juice, 28.72 in fruit & vegetable beverage, 2.97 in blended beverage, 5.27(2.93~9.36) in soy milk, 3.97(1.34~7.57) in noodle, 6.77(4.63~10.78) in fried noodle, 4.40(2.30~12.55) in cereal and 1.17(0.23~7.48) in grain product. These results suggest calcium contents and the ratio of calcium contents to other minerals in calcium-fortified food products should be strictly controlled. Moreover, to avoid problems with Excessive nutrition, there must be initiatives for better understanding on food labelling and nutrition for fortified food.

The safety of fake anti-impotence drugs (fake Viagra : 26 samples, fake Cialis : 25 samples) distributed in Gyeonggi province was studied by monitoring the concentrations of anti-impotence pharmaceutical ingredient and their analogues. The concentrations of anti-impotence pharmaceutical ingredient 4 specis and their analogues 17 specis were estimated using by HPLC/PDA, LC-MS/MS. The range of concentration of sildenafil in fake viagra was 40~199 mg/tablet, among them the portion of the concentrations of sildenafil over 150 mg/tablet exceeded 65%. 3 cases in tested samples contained sildenafil and tadalafil. The range of concentration of sildenafil in fake cialis was 102~249 mg/tablet, among them the portion of the concentrations of sildenafil over 150 mg/tablet exceeded 88%. One case in tested samples contained demethylhongdenafil (90 mg/tablet). These results indicate that there were many fake anti-impotence drug contained high level of anti-impotence pharmaceutical ingredients, a sustainable monitoring and the blocked distribution of fake anti-impotence drugs recommended.

곡류에서 오염되는 곰팡이독소인 아플라톡신과 데옥시 니발레놀을 경기도 내 유통 곡류 및 그 가공품 205개 시료에서 분석하였다. 총아플라톡신은 16개 시료(8%)에서 0.01~27.88 μg/kg 농도로 검출되었고, 데옥시니발레놀은 56 개 시료(27%)에서 2.2~754.4 μg/kg 농도로 검출되었으며, 8개 시료는 아플라톡신과 데옥시니발레놀이 동시에 검출 되었다. 아플라톡신의 검출빈도는 건조옥수수와 부침가루 각각 33%, 튀김가루 25%, 수수 18%, 밀과 기장에서 각각 13%로 나타났고, 데옥시니발레놀의 검출빈도는 율무 85%, 밀 75%, 팝콘용옥수수가공품 60%, 수수 55%, 보리 44%와 건조옥수수 33%로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 기초로 한 곡류의 총아플라톡신과 데옥시니발레놀의 성인 1일 인체노출량은 0.80 (×) 10−3 μg/kg b.w./day과 0.18 μg/kg b.w./day 이었으며, 데옥시니발레놀의 성인 1일 인체노출량은 JECFA에서 제정된 PMTDI 1 μg/kg b.w./day 대비 18.5%에 해당하는 농도로 곡류 섭취를 통한 건강상의 위해 가능성은 미약한 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 총아플라톡신이 가장 높게 검출된 건조옥수수 (27.88 μg/kg)와 데옥시니발레놀이 가장 높게 검출된 율무 (754.4 μg/kg)의 경우 총아플라톡신은 국내·외 규제 최고 농도를 초과한 수준이었으며, 데옥시니발레놀은 일부 국외 규제 최고농도를 초과한 수준이었다. 따라서 지구온난화로 우리나라의 기후조건이 곰팡이가 생육하기 좋은 환경으로 변해가므로 곡류제품이 원산지로 부터 소비에 이르기까지 생산·유통과정 중 어느 시점에서 곰팡이독소가 오염되는지에 대한 연구·관리가 더욱 활발히 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

어린이집 유아들이 공용으로 사용하는 수건의 미생물 오염도와 분리된 식중독 미생물의 장독소 유전자 및 장독소 생산 특성을 분석하여 어린이집 유아 사용 수건의 위생 안전성을 확보하고자 어린이가 손 씻은 후 공용으로 사용 하는 수건 22개 (사용 전 7개, 사용 중 15개)를 연구대상으로 하였다. 일반세균수는 평균 6.2 log CFU/100 cm2로 검출되었고 진균수는 평균 4.1 log CFU/100 cm2로 검출되었 으며 대장균군은 사용 전 수건의 경우 7건 중 4건 (57.1%), 사용 중인 수건의 경우 15건 모두에서 (100%) 검출되었 다. 어린이 사용 수건의 미생물 오염도가 높게 나타나 수 건의 위생적인 살균 세탁 및 상대습도가 낮은 곳에 보관하는 등의 보관 방법 개선이 필요한 것으로 판단되었다. Salmonella spp.의 경우 실험에 사용된 모든 수건에서 검출되지 않았으나, Staph. aureus는 22건 중 5건 (22.7%), B. cereus는 11건 (50.0%)에서 검출되어 B. cereus 오염이 가장 심각한 것으로 나타났다. Staph. aureus 장독소 유전 자와 독소 단백질은 모두 불검출 되었으나 분리 동정된 11균주의 B. cereus 장독소 유전자 실험 결과 hblC, hblD, hblA 유전자가 각각 72.7, 72.7, 54.5% 검출되고 nheA, nheB, nheC 유전자가 각각 81.8, 72.7, 54.5% 검출되었으며 cytK, entFM 장독소 유전자는 각각 45.5, 90.0% 검출 되었다. B. cereus 장독소 실험결과 HBL 장독소는 11균주 중 8균주 (72.7%), NHE 장독소는 5균주 (45.5%) 검출되었고 HBL과 NHE 장독소 중 하나 이상을 생산하는 B. cereus 균주는 10균주 (90.9%)로 나타났다. 수건에 오염된 B. cereus 균주의 교차오염에 따른 식중독 위험성이 상존 하는 것으로 나타나 개인별 수건 또는 종이 타올 사용을 고려하여야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

Cosmetics using natural materials which was purchased in retail stores, distributed in Gyeonggi province(32 samples) and online through internet(24 samples) were analyzed by pesticide residues and target preservatives for assessing the safety of it. Natural or organic certifications was identified in 22 samples among 56 samples and most of them were Ecocert. Pesticide residues was detected in 3 samples among 56 samples and each compound and concentration was permethrin(0.6 mg/kg), tricyclazole(11.7 mg/kg) and malathion(0.05 mg/kg). All of it was purchased through internet. Target preservatives was detected in 13 samples among 56 samples and one of them was over the maximum allowed concentration and the rest of them were within the maximum allowed concentration of the respective preservatives. The compound which was over the maximum allowed concentration was benzoic acid and compounds which were within the maximum allowed concentration were sorbic acid, benzoic acid and methylparaben. They were all identified substances in products and the number of detected preservatives in retail stores were higher than online samples purchased through internet. As a result of this study, The method of analyzing pesticide residues and limit in cosmetics using natural materials should be set up as soon as possible and the monitoring about preservatives in cosmetics using natural materials should be conducted on continuously.

Lee, Jeong-bok. 2012. Usages, Research Trends, and Challenges of Net-language in the Smart-phone Era. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 20(1). pp. 177-211. We can access to high-speed internet at anytime and anywhere thanks to the advent of smart-phones which are fully equipped with computer and mobile phone. Such being the case, netizens' language use in real-time has increased significantly in the social network services (SNS) such as Twitter, Facebook, etc. So smart-phones and mobile internet have become an important part of our lives, and the time and opportunities of reading and writing in cyberspace are also rising rapidly. The purpose of this paper is to identify the use of net-language in 2012 and look at the recent research trends and challenges of net-language. In section 2, we introduce the usages of net-language in the SNS. In section 3, the recent research trends of net-language adopted in the SNS will be examined. Then, we present the future direction and challenges of research on net-language. Through this process, it has been confirmed that the reading and writing activities in cyberspace have become a part of our everyday life, and the characteristics of net-language are observed to be transferred to everyday language. It appears to be necessary to study the new phenomena of net-language and linguistic cultures which are emerging with the advent of smart-phones and mobile internet. We want to point out the necessity of research on the new emerging and changing of net-language. In addition to that, the effects of net-language on the netizen should be studied and dealt with in a more serious way.

This study was conducted to evaluate the microbiological hazard on nursery school children's hands and to investigate the reduction effect of hand washing education. A total of 59 nursery school children's hands were tested. The average number of total aerobic bacteria was 3.72 ± 0.38 log CFU/hand. Five children's hands(2 male and 3 female) were positive(14.3%) for the coliform bacteria. These results showed that hand washing education are required repetitively. Among the pathogenic bacteria tested in this study, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were detected in 9(25.7%) and 16(45.7%) out of 35 their hands, respectively. Twelve out of sixteen B. cereus isolates(70.0%) produced enterotoxin. The results indicate that the hand hygiene of nursery school children needs to be improved. Comparing before and after hand washing in educated and non-educated group, the reduction effect of total aerobic bacteria on their hands was 0.42 and 0.60 log CFU/hand, respectively. The educated group showed 0.18 log CFU/hand higher reduction effect than non-educated group but microorganism did not eliminate perfectly. From the results, using a hand sanitizer after washing with soap and the continuous hand washing education are required to control the contaminated bacteria on nursery school children's hands.