This study evaluates ground-motion (GM) acceleration conversion methods by applying them to strain-rate data from a horizontal Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) array under both idealized and real-world conditions. We test four conversion methods—1) slant-stacking, 2) Lior’s method, 3) Lindsey’s method, and 4) Curvelet transform—through numerical modeling and by applying them to a publicly available 9 km horizontal DAS array dataset. Numerical simulations reveal critical calculation factors specific to each method and show that numerically derived apparent ground velocity can deviate from theoretical values when multiple elastic waves arrive simultaneously. In real-world applications, the slant-stacking and Lior’s methods are relatively insensitive to the measurement length of the straight DAS array. By contrast, the Curvelet method exhibits strong sensitivity to this factor, whereas Lindsey’s method shows weaker dependence. Implementing Lior’s method in the frequency-wavenumber domain also requires pre-determining water-levels by comparing adjacent seismograms. Additionally, we find that Lior’s method generates excessively high spectral levels above 13 Hz, which may lead to underestimation of the high-frequency spectral attenuation parameter (κ0), a key parameter in GM simulation. Collectively, these findings provide a technical guideline for the use of horizontal DAS arrays in future observational earthquake seismology.

This study examined how the embossing effect of electroactive polyvinylchloride (PVC) gel, an electrically responsive material that changes shape under electrical stimulation, can be simulated in CLO3D and applied to shape-changing garment design. Three simulation approaches were developed based on the deformation characteristics of the electroactive PVC gel: pressure, warp and weft shrinkage, and elastic band strength adjustments. The visual similarity of each simulation approach and the actual deformation behavior of the gel were comparedusing experte valuations. The results demonstrated that the warp and weft shrinkage adjustment method most closely reproduced the embossing effect of the gel. Simulation settings with a shrinkage rate of 130% or lower and a pattern size of 3 inches or smaller yielded the most stable and aesthetically effective outcomes. Using these optimal conditions, three skirt designs (basicfitted, flare, and asymmetric) were proposed to verify the practical applicability of this embossing effect in garment design. By presenting a digital simulation-based method for reviewing designs that incorporate electroactive materials, these findings suggest practical design strategies for smart textiles and interactive fashion. This study also indicates the need for future research to extend this approach to a broader range of garment items and integrate user experience-based evaluations.

성과, 생산성, 자기계발이 점점 더 강조되는 현대 사회에서, 반복된 행 동을 통해 개인이 자신의 정체성을 구성하는 방식은 새로운 중요성을 갖게 되었다. 제 임스 클리어의 􋺷작은 습관의 힘􋺸은 행동 변화에 대한 실천적이고 연구 기반의 접근을 제시하며, 작고 일관된 습관이 정체성과 지속적인 변형의 기초를 이룬다고 강조한다. 한편 전혀 다른 영역처럼 보이는 W.B. 예이츠의 시는 상징적·철학적·영적 탐구를 통 해 의례, 반복, 그리고 변화하는 자아라는 유사한 개념을 다룬다. 본 논문은 클리어의 행동과학과 예이츠의 시적 통찰 사이의 연관성을 탐구하며, 표현 방식의 차이에도 불 구하고 두 사상가 모두 개인의 성장에 있어 반복의 중요성을 강조한다고 주장한다. 클 리어의 ‘행동 변화의 네 가지 법칙’과 예이츠의 상징적 ‘가이어’ 개념을 함께 분석함 으로써, 습관과 정체성의 관계가 의도적 행위와 존재론적 성찰이 상호작용하는 복합적 과정임을 밝힌다. 또한 본 연구는 각 사상가가 행위 주체성과 결정론 사이의 균형을 어떻게 사유하는지, 그리고 행동이든 시적 창작이든 ‘훈련’이 어떻게 ‘되어감’의 의례 로 기능하는지를 고찰한다. 습관과 정체성에 관한 기존 연구 틀 속에서 클리어와 예이 츠를 대화적으로 배치함으로써, 본 연구는 자아에 대한 다학제적 관점을 제시하며, 반 복의 변형적 성격을 통해 인간의 잠재력을 계발하는 경로로서 습관과 예술이 모두 기 능할 수 있음을 제안한다.

파울루 코엘류는 자기 탐색과 내적 변화를 강조하는 영성 중심의 서사 로 널리 알려진 브라질의 작가이자 시인이다. 영성은 그의 문학적 비전의 핵심 요소로 서 탐색, 각성, 자기실현과 같은 반복적 모티프를 형성한다. 그의 반(半)자전적 소설 􋺷순례자􋺸는 산티아고 순례길을 따라가는 여정을 서술하며, 의미, 지혜, 자기 인식으로 나아가는 심오한 움직임을 상징한다. 이 작품은 단순한 육체적·감정적 시련의 묘사를 넘어, 규율, 신념, 그리고 람(RAM) 전통의 신비적 가르침에 기반한 보다 깊은 심리 적·영적 탐구를 보여준다. 본 논문은 􋺷순례자􋺸를 칼 융의 개성화 이론을 통해 분석한 다. 이 이론은 개인의 성장을 의식과 무의식의 통합을 통해 전체성에 도달하는 평생의 과정으로 이해한다. 자아, 그림자, 원형적 상징, 영적 각성과 같은 융의 개념들을 활용 하여, 코엘류가 겪는 만남, 시련, 자기 의심의 순간들을 개성화 과정의 단계로 해석한 다. 이 순례는 외적 도전이 내적 심리 갈등을 반영하는 원형적 여정으로 기능하며, 이 를 통해 자기 인식과 변형이 촉진된다. 주요 상징, 영적 수행, 서사적 사건들을 분석 함으로써, 본 연구는 코엘류 의 여정에서 심리적 성숙과 영적 깨달음이 어떻게 상호작 용하는지를 조명한다. 궁극적으로 작가로서의 정체성을 수용하는 순간은 개성화의 완 성을 의미하며, 이는 분열된 탐색자에서 통합된 자기로의 전환을 나타낸다. 본 논문은 융 심리학이 􋺷순례자􋺸를 자기실현과 내적 전체성의 서사로 이해하는 데 유용한 해석 틀을 제공한다.

Fiber laser welding is considered an effective joining process for cryogenic storage structures because of its high welding speed, narrow heat-affected zone, and low thermal deformation. In this study, butt welding was performed on 10 mm-thick SUS316L plates using a fiber laser system, and the distortion behavior according to welding conditions was experimentally evaluated. The main process variables were laser power (4.0 and 4.5 kW) and welding speed (36–54 mm/s), and five welding cases were investigated. Distortion was measured at multiple locations on the welded specimens, and heat input was calculated from laser power and welding speed. The results showed that, under the 4.0 kW condition, distortion increased as welding speed decreased and heat input increased. At a constant welding speed of 48 mm/s, increasing the laser power from 4.0 kW to 4.5 kW caused a slight increase in distortion. Among all conditions, the 4.5 kW-54 mm/s case showed the largest distortion. In addition, identical heat input conditions did not always produce the same distortion level, indicating that welding distortion was affected not only by heat input but also by the combination of laser power and welding speed. These results provide basic data for the prediction and control of welding distortion in fiber laser butt-welded SUS316L for cryogenic hydrogen storage tank applications.

In the fabrication of curved steel plates for shipbuilding, post line-heating is widely used to induce plastic deformation by applying local heat and controlling residual stress. However, the process is still dependent on skilled labor and empirical methods, making it difficult to ensure consistent quality and precision. To improve the automation and standardization of the post line-heating process, this study aims to investigate the relationship between heating conditions and the resulting deformation behavior of marine structural steel plates. Experiments were conducted on AH36 steel specimens under 24 different heating conditions, including three plate thicknesses (12mm, 16mm, 20mm), two heating speeds, two gas flow ratios, and two torch tip types. Maximum deformation was measured across 15 locations per case. The results showed that thinner plates exhibited greater deformation, and higher heat input—such as slower heating speed and higher gas flow—led to increased deformation. The 800-type torch tip, with a narrower flame focus, also induced larger deformation than the 1000-type. These findings provide fundamental data for optimizing post line-heating parameters and establishing automated correction processes in shipbuilding applications.

This study investigated the hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of PH13-8Mo precipitation-hardening stainless steel. Hot compression tests were performed at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1,200 °C and strain rates of 0.01 to 10 s-1. Constitutive equations based on the Zener-Hollomon parameter were established by considering the compensation of strain, where the material constants were fitted with 6th-order polynomials. The established model showed high predictability with a correlation coefficient of 0.994 and an average absolute relative error of 4.39 %. A hot processing map was developed based on the Dynamic Materials Model, identifying unstable regions characterized by negative instability criteria under low-temperature/high-strain-rate conditions, as well as specific moderate-rate zones. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) integrated analysis [inverse pole figure (IPF), kernel average misorientation (KAM), and grain orientation spread (GOS)] revealed that while dynamic recrystallization promoted grain refinement through necklace structures at 900 °C and 0.01 s-1, high-temperature deformation at 1,200 °C led to significant grain coarsening and high transformation-induced stress. Furthermore, regions of instability were confirmed to cause flow localization and strain hotspots, detrimental to structural integrity. Consequently, the moderate temperature region around 1,100 °C with a low strain rate is proposed as the optimal window for achieving uniform and stable prior austenite grain structures.

This research presents a GRNN(General regression neural network) approach for modeling the high temperature deformation flow behavior of 316L stainless steel under 800℃, 900℃ and 1000℃ and strain rates of 0.0002/s, 0.002/s and 0.02/s. There are many machine learning approaches of modeling the hot deformation of metallic alloys. Among them, the neural network approach is one of the most popular. However, the neural network approach takes a relatively long time and effort to compose and optimize the final model. In this research, GRNN is applied to study its applicability for modeling the hot deformation flow stress behavior. The prediction results were studied by calculating various types of error and observing the distribution of prediction error. The predicted results by the GRNN were very accurate and the GRNN was found to be highly applicable to modeling the flow stress of the hot deformation of 316L stainless steel.

This study investigates the deformation behavior of AH32 steel plates under various line heating conditions in the post line-heating process. A total of 24 experimental cases were conducted by varying material thickness (12mm, 16mm, 20mm), heating speed, oxygen and acetylene flow rates, and torch tip size. Deformation was measured at 35 points per specimen, with emphasis on the maximum deformation at the 300mm X-axis location. The deformation results were classified into three groups: high (≥4.0mm), medium (2.0–3.9mm), and low (≤1.0mm). The results confirmed that material thickness had the greatest effect on deformation, followed by heat input parameters such as heating speed and gas flow rate. High deformation occurred under low heating speed and high flow rate conditions, while low deformation was observed in thick plates with fast heating and low flow rates. These findings highlight the importance of controlling heat input and geometric factors for deformation correction. The data acquired from this study can be utilized as a reference for optimizing automated post line-heating processes in shipbuilding.

This study investigated the hot deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) characteristics of a coarse-grained Fe-24Mn steel slab using plane strain compression (PSC) tests. Tests were conducted at 900-1,000 °C and strain rates of 0.5-10 s-1. Constitutive equations based on the Zener-Hollomon parameter accurately predicted flow stress ( ). A processing map based on the Dynamic Materials Model (DMM) predicted flow instability at high strain rates (10 s-1) due to a negative strain rate sensitivity exponent. However, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed that these regions actually exhibited a fully recrystallized microstructure with low Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) values, contradicting the DMM prediction. This discrepancy is attributed to adiabatic heating during high-speed deformation, which induces thermal softening and provides the driving force for DRX. Consequently, the region with negative power dissipation efficiency at high strain rates should be reinterpreted not as a failure zone, but as a window for efficient microstructural refinement. The study identifies 950 °C and 10 s-1 as the optimal processing conditions for grain refinement of the as-cast slab.

This study investigates the thermo-mechanical behavior and residual stress characteristics of friction stir welding (FSW) in an aluminum inverter housing using finite element analysis (FEA). FSW experiments were first conducted under various tool rotation and traverse speed conditions, and temperature histories were measured using K-type thermocouples. The optimal process condition was identified through tensile testing, and the heat input was estimated by comparing experimental and numerical results. The estimated heat source was incorporated into a transient thermal elasto-plastic analysis to evaluate deformation and residual stresses in an inverter housing model. The results indicated that residual stress distributions varied depending on the welding start position. In particular, when welding started at P3 (near thick ribs and bosses) residual stresses were reduced by approximately 30% compared to P1, owing to the higher local stiffness and enhanced heat dissipation that mitigated temperature gradients. Conversely, welding initiated at P1, a flat region with insufficient reinforcement, resulted in higher stress concentrations. These findings confirm that the welding start position significantly influences residual stress behavior in inverter housings and provide fundamental insights for developing residual stress control strategies in FSW of large-scale components.

샤옌은 루쉰의 소설 축복(1924)을 영화 <축복>(1956)으로 각색하는 과정에서 원 작과 상이한 서사적 양상을 드러낸다. 본고는 이러한 변용을 단순한 충실성의 문제 로 환원하기보다, ‘17년 시기’ 중국영화의 정치⋅이념적 조건 속에서 각색 텍스트의 의미가 어떻게 재구성되고 배치되는지를 검토한다. 이를 위해 린다 허천(Linda Hutc heon)의 각색 이론을 방법론적 틀로 삼아, 각색을 고정된 결과물이 아니라 맥락 속 에서 이루어지는 과정으로 파악하고자 한다. 특히 지식인 서사의 변형, 보이스오버 (画外音, Voice-over)의 삽입, 그리고 ‘문턱 찍기’ 장면의 서사적 재구성에 주목하여, 화자 구조와 시점, 장면 연출의 변화가 관객의 해석 가능성과 서사적 의미 조직 방 식에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석한다. 이러한 논의는 루쉰 각색 연구에서 상대적으로 덜 조명되어 온 각색의 맥락성과 재맥락화의 문제를 구체적 사례를 통해 재 검토하게 한다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

본 논문은 예이츠(W. B. Yeats)의 후기 시에 나타나는 몸의 위상을 니 체(Friedrich Nietzsche)의 몸 철학, 특히 􋺷차라투스트라는 이렇게 말했다􋺸에 제시된 ‘큰 이성’과 ‘작은 이성’ 개념을 중심으로 분석한다. 엘리엇(T. S. Eliot)이 지적했듯, 예이츠는 노년에 이르러서도 자기 갱신을 지속하며, 노쇠한 몸을 단순한 한계가 아니 라 새로운 사유와 창조를 가능하게 하는 동력으로 재구성한다. 후기 시에서 몸은 생물 학적 쇠퇴의 상징이 아니라 상상력과 예술적 통찰의 근원으로 기능하며, 이는 전통적 인 형이상학적 이원론을 비판하고 몸을 사유와 가치 창조의 중심으로 본 니체의 철학 과 긴밀히 공명한다. 본 논문은 자아와 영혼의 대화 , 탑 , 미친 제인이 주교와 이 야기하다 를 중심으로, 자아가 영혼을 포용하며 ‘나’에서 ‘우리’로 확장되는 과정, 노 쇠한 몸이 상상력과 창조적 활동을 촉발하는 양상, 몸과 정신이 대립을 넘어 상호 의 존적 관계로 재구성되는 방식을 분석한다. 이를 통해 본 논문은 예이츠가 니체의 사유 를 수용하면서도 몸과 정신의 관계를 위계적 포섭이 아닌 상호적 조화의 구조로 변용 하고 있음을 밝힌다. 아울러 노쇠한 몸을 창조적 사유를 갱신하는 근원적 힘으로 재배 치함으로써 예이츠 후기 시의 이해를 위한 새로운 해석적 틀을 제시한다.

Rapid post-earthquake retrofit decisions require reliable estimates of interstory drift ratio. Conventional field practices either depend on instrumented measurements constrained by sparse sensor coverage or rely on qualitative expert judgment. This study aims to develop a CNN-based interstory drift ratio prediction method for reinforced concrete columns using strain-derived damage images. Reinforced concrete columns are modeled and analyzed in OpenSees to obtain strains and displacements. Strain fields are converted into strain-derived damage images through threshold-based staging that encodes discrete damage states. Structural parameters are concatenated to the damage image by adding fixed-value columns so the network can read structural context in a single two-dimensional input. We design systematic comparisons to isolate the benefit of structural information and section coverage. First, models without structural parameters are trained. Second, single-parameter variants are trained where only one attribute is provided. Third, full-parameter models include all attributes. For each setting, both single-section and multi-section inputs are evaluated. Samples are split by case and then divided 80/20 into training and validation sets. Model performance is reported using RMSE, MAE, and R-squared. The proposed approach achieves accurate inter-story drift ratio prediction overall, with improved performance when all structural parameters and multi-section inputs are used.

This study examines the deformation and stress characteristics of an aerospace turbine wheel under centrifugal, thermal and pressure loads. Design modification is focused on the neck of the disk, which is a structurally critical area. Increasing the neck thickness significantly reduces radial deformation from centrifugal force, while thermal and pressure-induced deformations remain nearly unchanged. Stress at the blade root is minimally affected by geometric changes, but the disk neck stresses decrease notably when the radius is between 3.25 and 4.00 mm. Beyond 4.00 mm, stress rises again due to a shift in the peak stress location to the rear side. Yielding is first observed at a 3.5 mm radius, where deformation is also reduced to 0.29 mm. This geometry thus offers the best balance between strength and deformation. The findings provide a method to determine optimal neck design for prescribed design conditions.

지하 매설 수도관은 연약지반의 지반침하, 도심지의 부등침하, 싱크홀 등에 의한 허용한계를 초과하는 지반영구변형에 의해 손상이 발생할 수 있다. 지반변형으로부터 수도관을 보호하기 위한 관이음의 사용으로 수도시설의 안전성 확보가 요구된다. 따라서 매립 수도관의 과도 지반변형에 대한 안전성 평가를 위하여 다중적층형 벨로우즈를 신축관 이음으로 적용한 수도 배관시스템을 제작하 였다. 제작된 배관시스템의 굽힘 및 처짐에 대한 변형 성능 확인을 위하여 4점 굽힘 시험을 수행하였다. 4점 굽힘 시험 결과를 바탕으 로 국내 연약지반 모델을 고려하여 KS D ISO 16134에 따라 지반변형에 대한 안전성을 평가하였다. 안전성 평가 결과 다중적층형 벨로우즈 신축관 이음의 지반변형에 대한 성능은 매우 우수한 것으로 평가되었다.

In this study, the shape of the exterior, not the inside of the product, was modified. Various exterior shape change plans were compared and reviewed through injection molding analysis, and among them, the most effective shape for suppressing warpage deformation was derived. The shape of the product was modified to optimize the bending deformation of the cover located at the top of the automobile battery case. The analysis was conducted under a total of three conditions, each of shape A, which is a rectangular parallelepiped shape at the top of the product, and shape B, which is concave on the side of the product. As a result of the study, both shape A and shape B were reduced compared to the amount of bending deformation of the original shape. Among them, shape B2, which showed the largest reduction, decreased by 82.096% from the amount of bending deformation of the original shape.

There have been meaningful changes in column stirrup spacing by KDS 41 20 00 in 2022, which is to decrease one of the spacing limits from the minimum section dimension to half of the minimum section dimension. Decreased column stirrup spacing increases the seismic shear resistance of columns and the seismic performance of the entire building. Among the effects of the column stirrup spacing change, this study focused on deformation compatibility in the seismic design of building frame system buildings with ordinary shear walls for seismic design category D. The beams and columns in building frame systems shall satisfy moment and shear strength, or deformation capability induced by seismic design displacement for satisfaction of the deformation compatibility. The commentary of KDS 41 17 00 describes that the deformation compatibility check can be ignored if the members in moment frames are upgraded to intermediate section details. The study showed that the deformation compatibility of columns was satisfied without additional consideration if the building frame systems were designed by the decreased column spacing in KDS 41 20 00. However, beams adjacent to walls needed further consideration, such as the recommendation of commentary in the code.