The cultivation of green manure crops provide various beneficial influences on agricultural systems. However, there have been few studies on the use of green manure crops on upland field in Korea. The purpose of this study is the selection of green manure crop species suitable for subsequent upland crops. For this study, two leguminous green manure crops and four graminaceous crops were used as following: (1) hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), (2) crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), (3) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), (4) rye (Secale cereale L.), (5) triticale (Triticosecale wittmack), (6) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant-available nitrogen (PAN) release from each green manure crops was estimated using PAN prediction equation. Graminaceous green manure crops produced more biomass (dry plant matter) up to 1.5 times than leguminous crops. However, PAN % was much higher in leguminous crops due to their high nitrogen content (2.4 ～ 4.4%). In late may, hairy vetch was estimated to provide PAN as much as 11kg/10a which meet nitrogen need for nearly all (except waxy corn) upland crops used in this study. However, PAN from crimson clover and graminaceous green manure crops was much lower mainly due to low biomass production and low nitrogen content, respectively. Overall, hairy vetch could be most appropriate green manure crop for upland crop cultivation in Korea.

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fertilization with the application of mixed organic matter after cultivating green manure crops on the growth and saponin content of Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. Methods and Results: Five type of cultivation of green manure crops were done: hairy vetch as a single seedling crop (HV), hairy vetch and rye as a mixture of seedling (HV/R), additional fertilization with mixed organic matter after cultivation of a seedling mixture (HV/R/MO), chemical fertilizer (CF), and a non-treated control (NT). The total nitrogen content was the highest in the HV/R/ MO treatment, followed by the HV, CF, HV/R and NT treatments, respectively. Nitrogen fixation was higher in the single seedling treatment with hairy vetch (HV) than in the treatment with a mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedling (HV/R). Moreover, the growth of C. lanceolata was greatly increased by the application of additional fertilizer after treatment with the mixture of hairy vetch and rye seedlings. The HV/R/MO treatment produced the highest total lancemaside content among the treatments, followed by HV, HV/ R, CF, and NT, respectively. Conclusions: It was verified that C. lanceolata experienced superior growth with the application of mixed organic matter as additional fertilizer after the cultivation of green manure crops, and the content of its major saponins, lancemasides were also increased by this treatment.

In this study, microorganism community characteristics of organic managed soil which applied rye (Secale cereal L.) as green manure for 25 years, were determined. The chemical properties of organic soil showed high level of organic matter and available P2O5, while the level of exchangeable cation was low. The analysis of dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization indicated that the values in on organic soil were significantly higher than those of the control. It suggested that the microorganism community of organic soil had high microorganism activity, compared to the control. In addition, when the 16S rRNA genetargeted NGS (Next generation sequencing) analysis was conducted to estimate the class of bacterial community, the class level of bacterial taxon composition on organic soil showed higher portion of Sphingobacteriia, Acidobacteriia, Gammaproteobacteria, Solibacteres and Planctomycetia. By base on the results of various reports in which organic managed soil had high portion of Acidobacteriia and Planctomycetia, the characteristic of taxon composition in organic soil, which showed the high percentages of Ktedonobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Acidobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria, was resulted from the application of rye as a green manure for the long term. However, further researches were needed because the crop effect was not considered in this study.

이 연구는 도라지의 유기재배를 위하여 3년근 이식 예정지에 풋거름 작물 재배에 따른 도라지 뿌리의 생육특성 및 사포닌 함량에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 생육특성에서는 기재배지에서의 뿌리의 직경 및 곁뿌리 수는 호밀 재배구에서 가장 굵거나 많았으며, 뿌리 생체중은 풋거름작물 재배구간 차이는 없었으나, 대조구에 비해 높게 나타났다. 도라지 뿌리의 무기성분 함량에서는 무기성분별 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며 특히, 기재배지에서의 호밀 처리구에서 높은 함량이 나타났다. 사포닌 함량의 변화에서는 기재배지에서는 호밀 재배구에서 모든 사포닌 함량이 가장 높은 함량으로 나타났으며, 새재배지에서는 헤어리베치 재배구에서 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 대조구에 비해 풋거름작물 재배구의 기재배지와 새재배지 모든 재배구에서 사포닌의 함량이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 도라지 유기재배 시 풋거름작물에 따른 뿌리의 생육 특성 및 약리성의 변화 등의 유의적인 차이가 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 연차 간 재배 시 호밀 재배구에 생육 및 약리성이 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

Green manure has been used as alternative to chemical fertilizer. To evaluate the effect of green manure on the chemical properties of top-soil and sorghum yield, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV), manure barley (MB), and a mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley (HV+MB) were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 100 kg-N N ha -1 before the sorghum was transplanted. Total biomass of sorghum grown in the HV, MB, and HV+MB treatments was 13.1, 31.6, and 25.2 t ha -1 , respectively, and the nitrogen production of the treatments was 81, 74, and 145 ㎏ ha -1 , respectively. The SPAD value of the uppermost leaf of sorghum plants grown in the soils with HV, MB, or HV+MB were very similar until heading stage; however, at maturity, the SPAD value of sorghum cultivated in the soils with HV was lower than that of sorghum in the soils with MB or HV+MB. This could be because the nitrogen release from HV was too rapid to supply nitrogen to sorghum during the later stage of grain filling. Compared with chemical fertilizers, the incorporation of green manure increased the pH, exchangeable cations (K + , Mg ++ , and Ca ++ ), and total nitrogen in soil postharvest, indicating an improvement in soil chemical properties. Total carbon content increased in soil with green manure incorporated, but decreased in the chemical fertilized soil, suggesting that sorghum cultivation using green manure may sequester carbon in soils. The yield of sorghum cultivated with green manure was not different from the yield of sorghum cultivated with chemical fertilizers. These results suggest that the mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley can be a useful chemical fertilizer alternative in sorghum cultivation.