Research has been conducted on acoustic metamaterials that control the transmission characteristics of reflected and refracted waves using phase delay by resonators. Using one-dimensional theory, the phase delay equations for the 1/4 wavelength and Helmholtz resonator are presented. These one-dimensional analysis results are compared with the results predicted by three-dimensional FEM. The advantages and disadvantages of 1/4 wavelength and Helmholtz resonator were confirmed in implementing phase delay. An acoustic metamaterial with a refraction angle of 30° was manufactured using multiple tubes and then the sound pressure distribution was measured. A relatively large sound pressure was measured at the target position of 30°, which was compared with the 3D FEM analysis results. Simulations confirmed that a phase delay range closer to 2π was more effective in refraction, but varying the number of resonators was found to have minimal impact on which additional research is needed for generalization.

The acoustic emission (AE) method as a passive non-destructive monitoring technique is proposed for real-time monitoring of mechanical degradation in underground structures, such as deep geological disposal of high-level nuclear waste (HLW). This study investigates the low-frequency characteristics of AE signals emitted during the fracturing of meter-scale concrete specimens; uniaxial compression tests (UCT) in a lab scale and Goodman jack (GJ) tests in a 1.3 m-long concrete block were conducted while acquiring the AE signals using low-frequency AE sensors. The results indicate a sharp increase in AE energy emission at approximately 60% and 80% of the yield stresses in the UCT and GJ tests, respectively. The collected AE signals were primarily found in two frequency bands: the 4-28 kHz range and the 56-80 kHz range. High-frequency AE signals were captured more as the stress increased in the GJ tests, which was in contrast to the UCT tests. Furthermore, the AE signals obtained from the Goodman jack tests tended to lower RA values than the UCT results. This study presents unique experimental data with low-frequency AE sensors under different loading conditions, which provides insights into field-scale AE monitoring practices.

The underground environment has an advantage to minimize the external influences because it is isolated space with surrounded rock medium. Therefore, underground rock has been used recently as the target for a disposal system of spent fuel with high-level radioactive. The disposal system mainly consists of natural barrier (i.e., surrounded rock medium) and engineered barrier (i.e., concrete lining, plug, backfill, canister, and buffer). In particular, the engineered barrier is important for long-term storage because it has to preferentially block the leakage of radioactive nuclide. Non-destructive technologies (NDT) have been utilized to monitor the state of disposal system for considering the limitation in deep depth conditions such as limited environment for direct damage inspection. Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring technique is an effective method to monitor the damage (crack) magnitude, history (i.e., crack evolution), and location using high-frequency elastic waves. To apply the AE monitoring method in the disposal system, the characteristics of damaged materials should be considered. The concrete lining has multi-failure behavior (i.e., brittle and ductile) resulted from composition as cement and reinforcing steel bar. Therefore, it important to investigate the AE characteristics according to the failure level of reinforced concrete for damage monitoring of the disposal systems. In this study, the four-point bending tests were carried out to measure the AE signals from the cracking of reinforce concrete specimens in laboratory. The test specimens were prepared with different strength. After the experiment, the AE characteristics were analyzed using the AE parameters with loading and failure state in the curve of time-stress. This study will be helpful for damage monitoring using AE technique in the field of high-level radioactive disposal system.

Deep geologic disposal of high-level nuclear wastes (HLW) requires intensive monitoring instrumentations to ensure long-term security. Acoustic emission (AE) method is considered as an effective method to monitor the mechanical degradation of natural rock and man-made concrete structures. The objectives of this study are (a) to identify the AE characteristics emitted from concretes as concrete materials under different types of loading, (b) to suggest AE parametric criteria to determine loading types and estimate the failure stage, and finally (c) to examine the feasibility of using AE method for real-time monitoring of geologic disposal system of HLW. This study performs a series of the mechanical experiments on concrete samples simultaneously with AE monitoring, including the uniaxial compression test (UCT), Brazilian tensile test (BTT) and punch through shear test (PTST). These mechanical tests are chosen to explore the effect of loading types on the resulting AE characteristics. This study selects important AE parameters which includes the AE count, average frequency (AF) and RA value in the time domain, and the peak frequency (PF) and centroid frequency in the frequency domain. The result reveals that the cumulative AE counts, the maximum RA value and the moving average PF show their potentials as indicators to damage progress for a certain loading type. The observed trends in the cumulative AE counts and the maximum RA value show three unique stages with an increase in applied stress: the steady state stage (or crack initiation stage; < 70% of yield stress), the transition stage (or damage progression stage; 70–90% of yield stress) and the rising stage (or failure stage; > 90% of yield stress). In addition, the moving average PF of PTST in the early damage stage appears to be particularly lower than that of UCT and BTT. The loading in BTT renders distinctive responses in the slope of the maximum RA–cumulative AE count (or tan ). The slope value shows less than 0.25 when the stress is close to 30% of BTT, 60% of UCT and 75% of PTST and mostly after 90% of yield stress, the slope mostly decreases than 0.25 in all tests. This study advances our understanding on AE responses of concrete materials with well-controlled laboratoryscale experimental AE data, and provides insights into further development of AE-base real-time diagnostic monitoring of structures made of rocks and concretes.

In this study, Target strength for multi-frequency (38 kHz, 70 kHz, 120 kHz and 200 kHz) of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) was estimated using by the KRM model. The body shape of the Chub mackerel was described by an X-ray system and the body length of 20 individuals ranged from 16 cm to 28 cm. The swimbladder tilt angle ranged between – 8 and – 14°, the maximum TS value according to the swimming angle of chub mackerel was – 33.0 dB at – 11°. The averaged TScm according to fork length was – 66.02 dB at 38 kHz, – 66.50 dB at 70 kHz, – 66.00 dB at 120 kHz and – 67.35 dB at 200kHz, respectively.

In order to collect basic information of response behavior of red seabream (Pagrus major) during pilling, works for constructing wind power station in Byeonsan Peninsular, Korea were investigated. Four cultured red seabream CRB1 to CRB4 [total length (TL): 27.1 ± 1.0 cm; body weight: 359 ± 30 g] were tagged with an acoustic tag and used in experiment. CRB1 and CRB2 to CBR4 were released on the sea surface at same time around the constructing site of the wind power plant on September 22, 2017 and July 18, 2018, respectively. The tracking of the CRB1 to CRB2 and CRB3 to CRB4 were conducted for two hours, approximately, using VR100 receiver including a directional hydrophone and VR2W receivers array consisted of 19 presence/absence receivers (VR2W receivers), respectively. The underwater noise level before (no pile driving works) and during pile driving works was measured 116.0-118.0 dB (re 1Pa) and a maximum of 160 dB (re 1Pa), respectively. CRB1 moved about 6.0 km with average swimming speed of 80.2 ± 20.5 cm/s for 2.1 hours without pile driving work. The average water depth of the sea bed on the route of CRB1 was 9.1 ± 0.4 m. CRB2 moved about 7.3 km with the average swimming speed of 96.8 ± 27.1 cm/s for 2.1 hours with pile driving work. The water depth of the sea bed on the route of CRB2 was 11.9 ± 0.6 m. At results of the Rayleigh’s z-test two fishes CRB1 and CRB2 showed significant directionality in the movement (p < 0.01). Movement mean angles of CRB1 and CRB2 were 92.7 and 251.8°, respectively. CRB2, CRB3 and CRB4 exhibited the escaping behavioral response from the noise of source during the pile driving work. The swimming speed of the CRB2 exposed on the heavy underwater noise stimuli due to the pile driving work was 1.21 times faster than that of the CRB1 exposed on the ambient underwater

본 연구는 무당개구리의 번식기간 중 울음기간 동안 음향 적 특성을 시간주기 및 일주기 분석을 통해 미기후 인자와 의 관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 강원도 치악산 국립공원 북부지역 구룡계곡의 본류 내 화강암 상부 물웅덩 이이었다. 연구기간은 무당개구리의 번식울음이 시작되기 전인 5월 초순부터 번식울음이 끝나는 7월 말까지 약 92일 간이었다. 울음녹음은 Idam PRO U11 Digital voice recorder를 이용하여 물웅덩이를 지향하도록 설치하였고 매일 24 시간 동안 실시하였다. 녹음파일 분석은 Adobe audition 프 로그램을 이용하였다. 무당개구리 번식울음의 시간주기 및 일주기 특성을 1시간을 10분 단위로 하여 1회 이상 울면 1점, 울지 않으면 0점을 부여하여 1시간동안 지속적으로 울 경우 최대 6점을 부여하였다. 미기후는 물웅덩이에 온습 도데이터 로거(Testo 174h)를 설치하여 10분 단위 온도 및 습도를 측정하였다. 이외에 시간강수량, 풍속, 습도, 전운량, 일사 및 일조 등의 기상자료는 치악산지역 상세관측자료 (AWS)를 활용하여 수집하였다. 무당개구리 울음과 기후요 인간 상관관계 규명을 위한 통계분석은 IBM SPSS Statisics(version 21)을 이용하였다. 무당개구리 울음 분석 결과, 24시간 주기에서는 조사기 간 중 일출시간(05시 10분 내외)보다 이른 04시 30분경부 터 울음이 폭발적으로 증가하여 불규칙한 경향의 울음을 나타내도 일몰시간인(19시 40분 내외)보다 이른 17시 30분 경부터 급격한 감소세를 보였으며 밤 동안에는 울음활동이 둔한 것으로 나타났다. 울음 패턴과 대상지 내 미기후적 인 자와 상관 분석한 결과, 주변 온도와 울음이 양의 상관관계 (p<0.01)를 나타내어 기온이 높아질수록 울음이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 주변습도와 울음은 음의 상관관계 (p<0.01)로 나타났다. 전체 번식기간 일주기의 가장 큰 특징 은 초기와 후기 2번의 스파이크(spike)가 발생되며, 약 한달 동안 유지되는 중반기에는 지속적인 울음이 유지되면서 시 간의 경과에 따른 간헐적인 스파이크(spike)가 발생되는 경 향을 나타내었다. 그러나 일주기 울음빈도와 기후인자간 상 관관계를 분석한 결과, 온도(최고, 최저, 평균), 습도, 강수 량, 전운량, 일조량과의 상관관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 내용을 종합해 보면, 무당개구리는 하루 동안 서 식처 내의 태양주기에 따른 온·습도 변화에는 규칙적인 울 음 패턴을 보였으나, 전체 번식기간 내에서는 기후인자와 상관성이 없는 울음패턴을 보여주었다. 또한 일주기에서 보 여준 울음빈도 스파이크(spike)는 기후적 인자 영향보다는 태양의 움직임에 따른 울음 사이클을 보여준 것으로 사료된 다. 즉, 무당개구리는 여름철에 장기간 번식울음을 내지만 날씨에는 비의존적인 번식 전략을 지니고 있는 것으로 판단 되었다. 본 연구는 무당개구리의 번식활동을 처음부터 끝까 지 장기간에 걸쳐 상세하게 모니터링 한 최초의 연구로 무 당개구리 번식울음의 기초자료를 제공함과 아울러, 다른 양 서류 종과의 번식전략을 비교해 볼

This study was focused on acoustic scattering characteristics of jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus) at frequency 38, 70, and 120 kHz by Kirchhoff-ray mode (KRM) model. The body length (BL) of 16 individuals ranged in 12.2~22.0 cm (mean±S.D.: 17.8±3.2 cm) and the swimbladder length ranged in 4.2~8.6 cm (mean±S.D.: 6.6±1.6 cm) and the swimbladder cross section ranged in 1.7~6.6 cm2 (mean±S.D.: 3.8±1.6 cm2). This result shows that results correlate well between the BL and the length and cross section of swimbladder. The swimbladder angle ranged in 7~12°and the maximum TS values ranged in –16~–5°at tilt angle. The averaged TS-to-BL relationship were TS38kHz=20log10BL-65.33 (R2=0.66), TS70kHz=20log10BL-65.90 (R2=0.67), and TS120kHz=20log10BL-66.65 (R2=0.65). These results can be used fundamental data in order to estimate distribution and biomass of jack mackerel by using hydro-acoustic method.

Acoustic target strength (TS) measurement and theoretical acoustic scattering models were applied to estimate the TS for assessing the fish biomass. TS measurement was made of ex situ sailfin sandfish Arctoscopus japonicus at 70 and 120 kHz, and then compared to backscatter model prediction. The live sandfish was tethered in seawater using monofilament lines. Measurements were made versus incidence angle, −50° to 50° relative to dorsal aspect directions. Distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) model was used to calculated TS pattern. The TS values of sandfish (body length: 16.2 cm) at 70 and 120 kHz were ‒66.94 dB and ‒64.45 dB, respectively, and were about 20 dB lower than TS of other fishes in Korea waters. These TS levels were distributed within the range of the theoretical TS. Ex situ measurement and theoretical TS may be applied to improve acoustical detection and biomass estimation of the sandfish, and is necessary to measure with various lengths.

The aim of this study is to find out the behavior and acoustic backscattering of the large jellyfish Nemopliema nomurai using hydroacoustics in situ. N. nomurai was distributed at depths ranging from 10~15 m during the day. Regarding the behavior of N. nomurai, there was no significant change in depth, and 3D tortuosity was not high. The vertical direction was ±10° from the horizontal, and moving speed was 0.9~1.5 m s–1.With regard to hydro–acoustical characteristics, the mean TS of N. nomurai ranged from –69.6~–56.0 dB at 38 kHz and –69.4~–54.5 dB at 120 kHz. TS variation (Max TS–Min TS) at 38 and 120 kHz was 0~10.2 dB and 0.2~16.0 dB, respectively. Mean TS and TS variation (Max TS–Min TS) of N. nomurai were higher at 120 kHz than at 38 kHz. The results showed that the use of hydroacoustics was effective in estimating the distribution depth, behavior, and acoustic characteristics of the target.